Investigation of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene propellant breaking characteristics and mechanism impacted by submerged cavitation water jet

A submerged cavitation water jet(SCWJ)is an effective method to recycle solid propellant from obsolete solid engines by the breaking method.Solid propellant's breaking modes and mechanical process under SCWJ impact are unclear.This study aims to understand those impact breaking mechanisms.The hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene(HTPB)propellant was chosen as the research material,and a self-designed test system was used to conduct impact tests at four different working pressures.The high-speed camera characterized crack propagation,and the DIC method calculated strain change during the impact process.Besides,micro and macro fracture morphologies were characterized by scanning electron microscope(SEM)and computed tomography(CT)scanning.The results reveal that the compressive strain concentration region locates right below the nozzle,and the shear strain region distributes symmetrically with the jet axis,which increases to 4% at first 16th ms,the compressive strain rises to 2% and 6% in the axial and transverse direction,respectively.The two tensile cracks formed first at the compression strain concentrate region,and there generate many shear cracks around the tensile cracks,and those shear cracks that develop and aggregate cause the cracks to become wider and cut through the tensile cracks,forming the tensile-shear cracks and the impact parts eventually fail.The HTPB propellant forms a breaking hole shaped conical after impact 10 s.The mass loss increases by 17 times at maximum,with the working pressure increasing by three times.Meanwhile,the damage value of the breaking hole remaining on the surface increases by 7.8 times while 2.9 times in the depth of the breaking hole.The breaking efficiency is closely affected by working pressures.The failure modes of HTPB impacted by SCWJ are classified as tensile crack-dominated and tensile-shear crack-dominated damage mechanisms.

Cavitation cloud impingement and scattering motion of jet in rock breaking process

The cavitation cloud impingement of the jet in the rock breaking process was experimentally investigated to reveal the jet erosion mechanism in drilling of petroleum exploitation. Serial erosion tests and flow visualization were performed, where the cavitation cloud motion in the erosion crater was obtained with the designed transparent specimen. Various erosion patterns were identified in the whole erosion process based on the eroded specimen topography. The shallow eroded crater with a shrinking erosion area is generated by the combination of impinging and scattering cavitation clouds. The increase of l_(d) promotes the development of cavitation cloud σ_(c) but reduces the impingement frequency f_(d), suggesting that the jet aggressive ability is enhanced when the balance between σ_(c) and f_(d) is reached. The cavitation cloud motion in the erosion crater was investigated with the transparent specimen. The erosion in the crater at shorter exposure periods T_(e) is generated by the combination of impingement and restricted scattering of cavitation clouds. With the continuous development of the erosion damage, the jet's aggressive ability is diminished due to the erosion expansion on sandstone, where the cavitation clouds impinge on the target and then collapse and vanish without restricted scattering.

Parity-Time symmetry helps breaking a new limit

Parity-Time(PT)symmetry is an emerging concept in quantum mechanics where non-Hermitian Hamiltonians can exhibit real eigenvalues.Now,PT symmetric optical microresonators have been demonstrated to break the bandwidth-efficiency limit for nonlinear optical signal processing.

Across two phylogeographic breaks: Quaternary evolutionary history of a mountain aspen (Populus rotundifolia) in the Hengduan Mountains

Biogeographical barriers to gene flow are central to plant phylogeography.In East Asia,plant distribution is greatly influenced by two phylogeographic breaks,the Mekong-Salween Divide and Tanaka-Kaiyong Line,however,few studies have investigated how these barriers affect the genetic diversity of species that are distributed across both.Here we used 14 microsatellite loci and four chloroplast DNA fragments to examine genetic diversity and distribution patterns of 49 populations of Populus rotundifolia,a species that spans both the Mekong-Salween Divide and the Tanaka-Kaiyong Line in southwestern China.Demographic and migration hypotheses were tested using coalescent-based approaches.Limited historical gene flow was observed between the western and eastern groups of P.rotundifolia,but substantial flow occurred across both the Mekong-Salween Divide and Tanaka-Kaiyong Line,manifesting in clear admixture and high genetic diversity in the central group.Wind-borne pollen and seeds may have facilitated the dispersal of P.rotundifolia following prevalent northwest winds in the spring.We also found that the Hengduan Mountains,where multiple genetic barriers were detected,acted on the whole as a barrier between the western and eastern groups of P.rotundifolia.Ecological niche modeling suggested that P.rotundifolia has undergone range expansion since the last glacial maximum,and demographic reconstruction indicated an earlier population expansion around 600 Ka.The phylogeographic pattern of P.rotundifolia reflects the interplay of biological traits,wind patterns,barriers,niche differentiation,and Quaternary climate history.This study emphasizes the need for multiple lines of evidence in understanding the Quaternary evolution of plants in topographically complex areas.

Generating highly active oxide-phosphide heterostructure through interfacial engineering to break the energy scaling relation toward urea-assisted natural seawater electrolysis

Urea-assisted natural seawater electrolysis is an emerging technology that is effective for grid-scale carbon-neutral hydrogen mass production yet challenging.Circumventing scaling relations is an effective strategy to break through the bottleneck of natural seawater splitting.Herein,by DFT calculation,we demonstrated that the interface boundaries between Ni_(2)P and MoO_(2) play an essential role in the selfrelaxation of the Ni-O interfacial bond,effectively modulating a coordination number of intermediates to control independently their adsorption-free energy,thus circumventing the adsorption-energy scaling relation.Following this conceptual model,a well-defined 3D F-doped Ni_(2)P-MoO_(2) heterostructure microrod array was rationally designed via an interfacial engineering strategy toward urea-assisted natural seawater electrolysis.As a result,the F-Ni_(2)P-MoO_(2) exhibits eminently active and durable bifunctional catalysts for both HER and OER in acid,alkaline,and alkaline sea water-based electrolytes.By in-situ analysis,we found that a thin amorphous layer of NiOOH,which is evolved from the Ni_(2)P during anodic reaction,is real catalytic active sites for the OER and UOR processes.Remarkable,such electrode-assembled urea-assisted natural seawater electrolyzer requires low voltages of 1.29 and 1.75 V to drive 10 and600 mA cm^(-2)and demonstrates superior durability by operating continuously for 100 h at 100 mA cm^(-2),beyond commercial Pt/C||RuO_(2) and most previous reports.

Determination of the flooding zone during a dam break in a channel with a bend in the presence of several obstacles by the VOF method

This paper aims to investigate a dam break in a channel with a bend in the presence of several obstacles.To accurately determine the flood zones,it is necessary to take into account many factors such as terrain,reservoir volume.Numerical modeling was used to determine the flood zone.Numerical modeling based on the Navier-Stokes equations with a turbulent k-epsilon RNG model,the Volume of Fluid(VOF)method and the PISO algorithm were used to analyze the flow in a bend channel at an angle of 10 with the obstacles.To verify the numerical model,a test on dam break in the 450 channel was conducted.The simulation results were compared with experimental data and with the numerical data of existing data.Having been convinced of the correctness of the mathematical model,the authors carried out a numerical simulation of the main problem in three versions:without barriers,with one obstacle,with two obstacles.According to the obtained numerical results,it can be noted that irregular landforms held the flow,a decrease in water level and a slower time for water emergence could be seen.Thus,the water flow without an obstacle,with one obstacle and with two obstacles showed 4.2 s,4.4 s and 4.6 s of the time of water appearance,respectively.This time shift can give a certain advantage when conducting various events to evacuate people.

Team China’s Groundbreaking Success at Paris Olympics

China’s Olympic delegation at the Paris 2024,with 404 athletes competing in 232 events across 30 sports,clinched 40 gold,27 silver,and 24 bronze medals,marking their best performance at an Olympics held abroad.The success of these athletes across various disciplines demonstrates the country’s efforts to expand its athletic prowess while also marks a new chapter for Chinese sportsmanship on the international stage.

Enhancing textile production:Smartex exhibits groundbreaking solutions

Smartex,a trailblazing leader in textile industry innovation,was proud to announce its return to ITM 2024,showcasing unparalleled advancements in quality control and production efficiency.Building on the success of previous exhibitions at ITM 2022 and ITMA Milan 2023,Smartex emerges stronger than ever,presenting its complete Smartex System tailored to transform textile manufacturing.

Coffee Break和Seminar:提升大学生创新能力的有效方法——南京农业大学生物学理科基地大学生科研训练计划的实践

大学生科研训练（Student Research Training，SRT）计划是提高大学生科研能力的重要途径之一，也是培养国家理科基地创新性人才的重要举措。为了解决在实施SRT过程中出现的老师与学生交流不足的问题，南京农业大学引入了以Coffee Break和Seminar为主体的交流模式。经过近四年的实践探索，该模式有力地完善和保障了SRT的顺利实施，大大促进了创新型人才的培养。文章对此进行了详细的阐述。

单一界化限制与BREAK类结果句式的推导

Tenny(1994)提出的单一界化限制规定一个事件最多只能被界化一次。但是,这一论断受到了BREAK类结果句式的挑战,因为这类句式包含两个界点。本文以事件结构理论为背景,从维度的视角对这一论断进行了修订和重新解释。以此为基础,本文提出了一个基于维度和影响性并将运动事件和变化事件统于一体的事件句法模型,对英汉语BREAK类结果句式的生成过程进行了推导和分析。研究表明,这个句法模型体现出了界性、动性和影响性等事件结构特征之间的相互关系,可以较好地处理BREAK类结果句式的推导。

WAVE TRANSFORMATION AND BREAKING OVER A RECTANGULAR STEP

An idealized numerical wave flume has been established by finite element method on the bases of Navier Stokes equations through prescribing the appropriate boundary conditions for the open boundary,incident boundary,free surface and solid boundary in this paper.The characteristics of waves propagating over a step have been investigated by this numerical model.The breaker wave height is determined depending on the kinetic criterion.The numerical model is verified by laboratory experiments,and the empirical formula for the damping of wave height due to breaking is also given by experiments.

Study on Characters of Hard Seeds of Amphicarpaea edgeworthii Benth. (Leguminosae) and Methods for Breaking Dormancy

[Objective] This study aimed to understand the characters of hard seeds of Amphicarpaea edgeworthii Benth. （Leguminosae） and explore the methods for break- ing dormancy. [Method] For both aerial and subterranean seeds of A. edgeworthii, the morphological characteristics were observed and the appropriate temperature for germination was explored. For aerial seeds of A. edgeworthii, the characters of hard seeds were studied, and concentrated sulfuric acid treatment, hot water soak treat- ment and mechanical damage treatment were compared to explore the methods for breaking seed dormancy. [Result] The aerial seeds were oblate and averaged 3.38 mm in length, 3.02 mm in width, 1.88 mm in thickness, 15.32 g in thousand grain weight, with a hard seed rate after of up to 98% natural maturation. The subter- ranean seeds were approximately oblate with a maximum diameter of 15 mm and a hundred grain weight of （50.08-58.26 g）; among all the treatments for breaking hardseededness, cutting seed coat treatment and concentrated sulfuric acid treatment for 20 minutes were the most effective methods, whereas hot water soak treatment was the least effective method; constant temperature between 20 and 30 ℃ was optimum for the germination of aerial seeds, and alternative temperature of 30/20 ℃ was most appropriate for the germination of subterranean seeds. [Conclusion] Cutting seed coat treatment and concentrated sulfuric acid treatment for 20 minutes were the most effective methods to break the hardseededness of A. edgeworthii.

增强上肢力量对提高街舞的重要性研究——breaking舞种

根据调查没有接受过或者自发进行上肢力量锻炼的人群中有95%以上认为breaking中的难度动作很难完成,其难度动作中较为基础简单的动作都完成的很吃力,但是经过上肢力量锻炼的人群中有87%以上认为breaking中的难度动作相对比较容易,自己练习起来比较容易,控制能力明显比没有经过锻炼的人群要强很多,能正确地发力。

试谈二级C语言之break语句在循环语句中的使用

全国计算机等级考试是在每年的三月份与九月份举行,其中作为本科生报考人数最多的就是二级C语言,C语言的上机操作题每年困扰着这无数的大学生们,二级C语言的上级操作题分为三题,即填空题,改错题,编程题,总共100分,本文举例了二级C语言的一些试题加以分析,并且着重介绍了break语句在循环语句中的使用。

C语言程序设计中break语句分析

在C语言程序设计课程中,break语句有两个作用:一是应用于switch语句中,可以结束多分支选择结构;二是应用于循环结构中,可以结束本层循环。通过实例分析出break语句使用的条件,break语句的功能,以及注意事项,明确了break语句的使用方法。

Auto-pick first breaks with complex raypaths for undulate surface conditions

First-break picking is the key step in seismic data processing for surveying undulate surfaces, and directly infl uences the precision of near-surface modeling and effects of static corrections. The current first-break auto-picking methods may fail when the signalto-noise ratio（SNR） is low for seismic data in the undulate area, and require labor and time intensive manual picking. This study develops an improved super-virtual interferometry（SVI） method that combines multichannel and multidomain quality control（MMQC） techniques to achieve auto-picked first breaks. The improved SVI method extends the SVI application to enhance the SNR for near-surface scattered waves for the first time, which allows for the SVI method to adapt to first breaks with complex raypaths by linear combination of refractions and near-surface scattered waves. Methods of inverse and multidomain interferometry are developed to effectively enhance the virtual records extracted by the SVI method. The deconvolution filter for waveforms is used to increase resolution and reduce false picks, while the MMQC technique is designed to auto-correct false picks and increase the stability of auto-picking first breaks. The robust technique developed in this study enables stable processing of large 3D seismic datasets. Higher quality results are obtained using the approach presented in this paper to actual field data from the mountain areas in western China, when compared to some commonly used commercial software.

任务驱动 语言实践——新标准英语(一年级起始)第七册 Module 7 Unit 1 Did you break your toy?课堂实录与评析

【教材分析】 语言功能：就过去发生的事提问和回答 语言结构：Did you fall？ Yes, I did. Did you seea scary thing？ No, I didn＇t. 教学目标： 知识目标：a能准确认读及运用单词break、monster、cry。

浅谈DOS中Ctrl+C和Ctrl+Break的屏蔽

众所周知,当用户按下Ctrl+Break或Ctrl+C键时,DOS会在屏幕上光标所在位置显示“^C”并调用中断 INT23H,立刻结束程序的执行。DOS命令中BREAK可以设置DOS对Ctrl+C检查的条件,如BREAK OFF指定DOS只在读键盘和写屏幕与打印机时才进行对Ctrl+C的检查。本文给出一个使用驻留程序的方法简单而有效地屏蔽Ctrl+C和Ctrl+Break,并提供了一个截取组合键的小技巧。

Lacustrine Basin Slope Break — A New Domain of Strata and Lithological Trap Exploration

Based on the studies of the Songliao Basin characterized by Cretaceous down-warping, of the Jurassic compressional flexural Junggar basin and of the Bohai Bay Basin characterized by Paleogene rifting, the multiple-grades slope break has developed in lacustrine basins of different origins. Their genetic types can be divided into tectonic slope break, depositional slope break and erodent slope break. The dominant agent of the slope break is tectogenesis, and the scale of slope breaks relates with the size of tectogenesis. The results of the study show that control of mutual grades slope breaks on atectonic traps mainly represent: 1) Atectonic traps develop close to mutual grades slope breaks, with beads-shaped distribution along the slope breaks. 2) In the longitudinal direction, the development of atectonic traps is characterized by the inheritance. 3) Different slope breaks and their different geographical positions can lead to different development types of atectonic traps. 4) A slope break can form different kinds of atectonic traps because of its great lateral variation. 5) The existence of mutual-grade slope breaks leads to different responses of erosion and deposition at different geographical positions in the basin. The oil source bed, reservoir and cap rock combination of atectonic traps is fine. 6) The oil-bearing condition of atectonic traps controlled by slope breaks is very favorable.

XRCC1 and DNA polymerase β in cellular protection against cytotoxic DNA single-strand breaks

Single-strand breaks （SSBs） can occur in cells either directly, or indirectly following initiation of base excision repair （BER）. SSBs generally have blocked termini lacking the conventional 5＇-phosphate and 3＇-hydroxyl groups and require further processing prior to DNA synthesis and ligation. XRCC1 is devoid of any known enzymatic activity, but it can physically interact with other proteins involved in all stages of the overlapping SSB repair and BER pathways, including those that conduct the rate-limiting end-tailoring, and in many cases can stimulate their enzymatic activities. XRCC1^-/- mouse fibroblasts are most hypersensitive to agents that produce DNA lesions repaired by monofunctional glycosylase-initiated BER and that result in formation of indirect SSBs. A requirement for the deoxyribose phosphate lyase activity of DNA polymerase β （pol β） is specific to this pathway, whereas pol β is implicated in gap-filling during repair of many types of SSBs. Elevated levels of strand breaks, and diminished repair, have been demonstrated in MMS- treated XRCC1^-/-, and to a lesser extent in pol β^-/- cell lines, compared with wild-type cells. Thus a strong correlation is observed between cellular sensitivity to MMS and the ability of cells to repair MMS-induced damage. Exposure of wild-type and polβ^-/- cells to an inhibitor of PARP activity dramatically potentiates MMS-induced cytotoxicity. XRCC1^-/- cells are also sensitized by PARP inhibition demonstrating that PARP-mediated poly（ADP-ribosyl）ation plays a role in modulation of cytotoxicity beyond recruitment of XRCC 1 to sites of DNA damage.