苏鲁造山带新沂地区新元古代花岗片麻岩成因及对Rodinia超大陆裂解的响应

新沂地区花岗片麻岩位于苏鲁造山带的西缘。本文通过新沂地区花岗片麻岩岩相学、岩石地球化学、锆石U-Pb同位素年代学等方面的研究,探讨其成因与构造环境,以揭示Rodinia超大陆裂解事件在该地区的反响。研究认为:研究区花岗片麻岩属准铝质-弱过铝质A型花岗岩,具有高SiO_(2)、富碱、贫CaO、低Al_(2)O_(3)质量分数的特征,以及右倾海鸥型稀土元素配分模式,富集Rb、Zr、Hf等元素,严重亏损Sr、Eu、Nb、Ta等元素,形成年龄为746.0~742.5 Ma。新沂地区花岗片麻岩是来自下地壳物质为主、少量幔源物质的部分熔融,在岩浆演化过程中经历了以钾长石和斜长石为主的分离结晶,而后经过超高压变质作用最终形成。研究区花岗片麻岩形成于新元古代后碰撞伸展环境,是Rodinia超大陆裂解事件在苏鲁造山带新沂地区的最初响应。

LA-ICPMS U-Pb Ages of Zircon from Metaleucosomes, Olongbuluke Microcontinent, North Qaidam, and Implications on the Response to the Global Rodinia Supercontinent Assembly Event in NW China

U-Pb dating was conducted on different domains of zircons from metamorphosed leucosomes in Delingha （ 德令哈） complex, the lower basement rocks of the Olongbuluke （欧龙布鲁克 ） microcontinent, North Qaidam, in order to review its complex tectonothermal history. The zircon core is comprised of highly-modified magmatic zircon relicts, the zircon mantle was produced in response to anatexis of a Late Protoproterozoic thermal event; age and isotopic composition of both the zircon core and the zircon mantle have been seriously disturbed due to the thermal event related with growth of the zircon overgrowth rim. The 207 PIV 206 Pb apparent age of the overgrowth rim was estimated to be - 1 030 Ma. This Late Mesoproterozoic thermal event has been interpreted as a response to the global Rodinia supercontinent assembly event in the Olongbuluke microcontinent, Northwest China.

Assembly, Accretion and Break-up of the Paleo-Mesoproterozoic Columbia(Nuna) Supercontinent: Records in the North China Craton

Columbia(Nuna)is a Paleo-Mesoproterozoic supercontinent that was assembled during global 2.0–1.8Ga collisional events,underwent long-lived,subductionrelated accretion at key continental margins in the period

The Early Breakup of Rodinia Supercontinent in the Northeastern Margin of the Yangtze Plate： New Evidence from SIMS Zircon Ages of the Granitic Gneiss from the Chaolian Island, Shandong Peninsula

The amalgamation and breakup mechanisms of the Rodinia supercontinent during the Meso- and Neoproterozoic have been the focus of much research. However, few studies have examined the response of Neoproterozoic tectonics and magmatism along the northeastern margin of the Yangtze Plate to synchronous global events. The Qianliyan Uplift is located on the eastern margin of the Sulu orogenic belt in the ocean, but the tectonic affinity of the uplift and its relationship to the Sulu orogenic belt remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the formation age, geochemical characteristics, genesis type, and affinity of the granitic gneiss on Chaolian Island of the Qianliyan uplift and its tectonic significance.

Geochemistry and Geochronology of the High-Mg Gabbro Dykes from Quanji Massif: Implications for the Amalgamation of Tarim Block in NW China and Assembly of the Rodinia Supercontinent

The Tarim Craton is one of the major continental blocks in China.Mafic dykes,ultra-mafic–mafic–carbonatite complex and ultra-mafic–mafic pluton of 0.82–0.75 Ga widely occur in Kuluktage,Aksu and Tieklik area along

The boring billion? - Lid tectonics, continental growth and environmental change associated with the Columbia supercontinent

The evolution of Earth＇s biosphere,atmosphere and hydrosphere is tied to the formation of continental crust and its subsequent movements on tectonic plates.The supercontinent cycle posits that the continental crust is periodically amalgamated into a single landmass,subsequently breaking up and dispersing into various continental fragments.Columbia is possibly the first true supercontinent,it amalgamated during the 2.0-1.7 Ga period,and collisional orogenesis resulting from its formation peaked at 1.95-1.85 Ga.Geological and palaeomagnetic evidence indicate that Columbia remained as a quasi-integral continental lid until at least 1.3 Ga.Numerous break-up attempts are evidenced by dyke swarms with a large temporal and spatial range; however,palaeomagnetic and geologic evidence suggest these attempts remained unsuccessful.Rather than dispersing into continental fragments,the Columbia supercontinent underwent only minor modifications to form the next supercontinent （Rodinia） at 1.1 -0.9 Ga; these included the transformation of external accretionary belts into the internal Grenville and equivalent collisional belts.Although Columbia provides evidence for a form of ‘lid tectonics’,modern style plate tectonics occurred on its periphery in the form of accretionary orogens.The detrital zircon and preserved geological record are compatible with an increase in the volume of continental crust during Columbia＇s lifespan; this is a consequence of the continuous accretionary processes along its margins.The quiescence in plate tectonic movements during Columbia＇s lifespan is correlative with a long period of stability in Earth＇s atmospheric and oceanic chemistry.Increased variability starting at 1.3 Ga in the environmental record coincides with the transformation of Columbia to Rodinia; thus,the link between plate tectonics and environmental change is strengthened with this interpretation of supercontinent history.

Mid—Late Neoproterozoic rift-related volcanic rocks in China:Geological records of rifting and break-up of Rodinia

Early Cambrian and Mid--Late Neoproterozoic volcanic rocks in China are widespread on several Precambrian continental blocks, which had aggregated to form part of the Rodinia supercon- tinent by ca. 900 Ma. On the basis of petrogeochemical data, the basic lavas can be classified into two major magma types： HT （Ti/Y 〉 500） and LT （Ti/Y 〈 500） that can be further divided into HT1 （Nb/La 〉 0.85） and HT2 （Nb/La ≤ 0.85）, and LT1 （Nb/La 〉 0.85） and LT2 （Nb/La ≤ 0.85） subtypes, respectively. The geochemical variation of the HT2 and LT2 lavas can be accounted for by lithospheric contamination of asthenosphere- （or plume-） derived magmas, whereas the parental magmas of the HT1 and LT1 lavas did not undergo, during their ascent, pronounced lithospheric contamination. These volcanics exhibit at least three characteristics： （1） most have a compositional bimodality; （2） they were formed in an intracontinental rift setting; and （3） they are genetically linked with mantle plumes or a mantle surperplume. This rift-related volcanism at end of the Mid-- Neoproterozoic and Early Cambrian coincided temporally with the separation between Australia-- East Antarctica, South China and Laurentia and between Australia and Tarim, respectively.

Speculations on the mechanisms for the formation and breakup of supercontinents

The supercontinent cycle has had a profound effect on the Earth＇s evolution since the Late Archean but our understanding of the forces responsible for its operation remains elusive.Supercontinents appear to form by two end-member processes：extroversion,in which the oceanic lithosphere surrounding the supercontinent（exterior ocean） is preferentially subducted（e.g.Pannotia）,and introversion in which the oceanic lithosphere formed between dispersing fragments of the previous supercontinent（interior ocean） is preferentially subducted（e.g.Pangea）.Extroversion can be explained by ＂top-down＂ geodynamics, in which a supercontinent breaks up over a geoid high and amalgamates above a geoid low. Introversion,on the other hand,requires that the combined forces of slab-pull and ridge push（which operate in concert after supercontinent break-up） must be overcome in order to enable the previously dispersing continents to turn inward.Introversion may begin when subduction zones are initiated along boundaries between the interior and exterior oceans and become trapped within the interior ocean.We speculate that the reversal in continental motion required for introversion may be induced by slab avalanche events that trigger the rise of superplumes from the core-mantle boundary.

Strange attractors, spiritual interlopers and lonely wanderers:The search for pre-Pangean supercontinents

The observation is made that there are very strong similarities between the supercontinents Columbia, Rodinia and Pangea. If plate tectonics was operating over the past 2.5 billion years of Earth history, and dominated by extroversion and introversion of ocean basins, it would be unusual for three superconti-nents to resemble one another so closely. The term＇strange attractor＇ is applied to landmasses that form a coherent geometry in all three supercontinents. Baltica, Laurentia and Siberia form a group of＇strange attractors＇ as do the elements of East Gondwana （India, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar）. The elements of ＂West Gondwana＂ are positioned as a slightly looser amalgam of cratonic blocks in all three super-continents and are referred to as ＇spiritual interlopers＇. Relatively few landmasses （the South China, North China, Kalahari and perhaps Tarim cratons） are positioned in distinct locations within each of the three supercontinents and these are referred to as＇lonely wanderers＇. 〈br〉 There may be several explanations for why these supercontinents show such remarkable similarities. One possibility is that modern-style plate tectonics did not begin until the late Neoproterozoic and horizontal motions were restricted and a vertical style of ＇lid tectonics＇ dominated. If motions were limited for most of the Proterozoic, it would explain the remarkable similarities seen in the Columbia and Rodinia supercontinents, but would still require the strange attractors to rift, drift and return to approximately the same geometry within Pangea. 〈br〉 A second possibility is that our views of older supercontinents are shaped by well-known connections documented for the most recent supercontinent, Pangea. It is intriguing that three of the four ＇lonely wanderers＇ （Tarim, North China, South China） did not unite until just before, or slightly after the breakup of Pangea. The fourth＇lonely wanderer＇, the Kalahari （and core Kaapvaal） craton has a somewhat unique Archean-age geology compared to its nearest neighbors in Gondwana, but very similar to that in western Australia.

中亚造山带东部微陆块在Columbia—Rodinia超大陆演化中的岩浆—沉积记录

中亚造山带东部分布有多个具有前寒武纪基底的微陆块(额尔古纳、兴安、松嫩和佳木斯地块),其上存在大量元古宙地质记录,包括2.5~2.4 Ga、1.8 Ga、1.5~1.4 Ga、0.9~0.6 Ga岩浆事件和中—新元古代沉积序列,它们是回答微陆块与Columbia和Rodinia超大陆演化联系和地球中年期演化的关键对象。额尔古纳、兴安和松嫩地块发育相似的2.5~1.8 Ga基底岩石且其间缺少古老的蛇绿岩,它们可能构成了一个联合陆块,其陆核至少在2.7 Ga前已经形成,从华北克拉通北部裂解出去并在其周缘演化,2.5 Ga和1.8 Ga经历了洋陆俯冲作用,未参与克拉通化过程。1.87~1.80 Ga岩浆作用很可能是Columbia超大陆周缘俯冲作用于古老的微陆块之下的产物;兴安地块西部和白乃庙岛弧带1.45~1.32 Ga A型花岗岩—流纹岩组合及其向陆缘Hf同位素持续亏损的趋势与劳伦南部Granite—Rhyolite Province和波罗的克拉通西南Fennoscandia十分相似,可能是Columbia超大陆周缘俯冲后撤伸展的产物,俯冲后撤和陆下地幔上涌共同促进了Columbia超大陆的伸展和裂解。兴安地块西部发育岩石组合、碎屑锆石年龄和Hf同位素变化与格林威尔造山有关的同碰撞和碰撞后沉积序列相似的沉积地层,而且碎屑锆石微量元素和Hf同位素随时代的系统性变化也揭示了1.10~0.98 Ga地壳明显加厚,伴有大量古老地壳物质重熔,0.9~0.8 Ga地壳持续减薄,以古老地壳再造为主,这与Rodinia超大陆聚合阶段格林威尔造山(1080~980 Ma)及随后的垮塌伸展过程基本吻合。松嫩地块东北部954 Ma正长花岗岩很可能是松嫩与佳木斯地块陆—陆碰撞后阶段沉积岩部分熔融的产物,可能代表了Rodinia超大陆碰撞聚合在中亚造山带东部的响应。超大陆周缘前进式俯冲引发佳木斯地块与松嫩—兴安—额尔古纳联合陆块在954 Ma前碰撞拼贴,同时在外缘的佳木斯地块上产生953~939 Ma中钾—高钾钙碱性基性—中性—酸性岩组合,920~880 Ma在各地块上广泛发育中酸性钙碱性岩浆作用。从850 Ma开始,后撤式俯冲导致大量高温的钙碱性酸性岩、双峰式岩浆岩组合产出于松嫩和额尔古纳地块上,直至777 Ma和697 Ma之前开始不断裂解产生古牡丹江洋和古新林洋,而且790~560 Ma期间在额尔古纳地块西北缘、松嫩地块东缘均发育被动大陆边缘沉积,记录了Rodinia超大陆的聚合、伸展—裂解过程。另外,中亚造山带东部乃至全球其他块体上大量1.5~1.3 Ga和1.0~0.7 Ga与超大陆聚合、伸展—裂解有关的“低谷期”地质记录被不断发掘出来,暗示了地球中年期并不是前人认为的构造宁静期。

扬子陆块西缘陆良地区牛头山组火山岩的厘定及对Rodinia超大陆演化规律的指示

滇中地区位于扬子陆块西缘,发育有新元古代火山岩,是开展Rodinia超大陆演化研究的重要窗口。其中牛头山组是滇中地区重要的新元古代地层,由于缺乏精确的年代学依据,严重影响了区域地层格架的划分,并制约了对Rodinia超大陆构造演化时限的认识。本文对牛头山组的流纹质玻屑凝灰岩开展了岩相学、锆石U-Pb年代学、锆石原位Hf同位素、锆石微量元素等方面的研究,结果显示凝灰岩均由火山物质组成,锆石具明显岩浆震荡环带和自形程度高等特征;凝灰岩的锆石UPb年龄为817.9±7.7Ma、818.3±8.3Ma和822±13Ma,锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值兼具正值和负值,岩浆源区伴有地幔物质的混入,及主要与古元古代(1523.9~2107Ma)陆壳物质的熔融有关;锆石研究显示凝灰岩形成于岩浆弧,属陆壳锆石类。岩石地球化学表明,凝灰岩属硅质火山岩类,具弧火山岩性质。综合研究认为,牛头山组是华夏陆块向扬子陆块俯冲末期的沉积-岩浆响应,形成于扬子陆块西缘的弧后盆地环境,该弧后盆地可能是华南新元古代康滇裂谷的初期阶段。牛头山组沉积作用的结束,指示了扬子陆块与华夏陆块已完成汇聚,Rodinia超大陆可能形成了统一板块,同时Rodinia超大陆开始向裂解转换,及转换时间约为820Ma。

Lamprophyres from Southern Karnataka, Dharwar Craton, India: Insight on the Rodinia Break-up and Addition of Juvenile Crust

The late Archean Dharwar Craton is an important part of the Archean and Proterozoic terrains in Peninsular India.Dharwar Craton consists of Western and Eastern Blocks,separated by the Chitradurga Shear Zone.Eastern

阿尔金且末—若羌地区新元古代花岗质岩石成因及其对Rodinia超大陆汇聚时限的约束

阿尔金造山带广泛发育新元古代花岗质岩浆岩,形成年龄为800~1000 Ma,可能是Rodinia超大陆汇聚阶段的产物,因此新元古代花岗质岩浆的研究对探讨阿尔金造山带的演化过程具有重要意义。选取南阿尔金地块且末—若羌地区的花岗质岩石为研究对象,开展了详细的岩石学、岩石地球化学及地质年代学研究。结果表明:①且末—若羌地区3类花岗质岩石的轻稀土元素相对于重稀土元素富集,显示右倾配分模式,具明显的负Eu异常(δEu=0.14~0.6),富集Th、U、K等大离子亲石元素,亏损Ba、Ti、Nb、Ta、Sr等高场强元素;②锆石U-Pb年龄为899~915 Ma。综合区域地质演化历史表明,且末—若羌地区3类花岗质岩石形成于同碰撞构造环境,是Rodinia超大陆汇聚阶段板块之间俯冲、碰撞的产物。

柴北缘欧龙布鲁克地块中元古代晚期麻粒岩相变质作用——来自石榴夕线堇青石片麻岩的岩石学、相平衡模拟和U-Pb年代学的制约

在欧龙布鲁克地块乌兰北部地区察汗河岩群中识别出麻粒岩相石榴夕线堇青石片麻岩,其矿物组合为石榴子石、夕线石、堇青石、黑云母、斜长石、钛铁矿和少量钾长石等。岩相学观察显示,M1阶段矿物组合有斜长石±钾长石+石榴子石+夕线石+石英,M2阶段矿物组合有斜长石±钾长石+石榴子石+夕线石+石英+钛铁矿+黑云母,M3阶段矿物组合有堇青石+黑云母+钛铁矿+石英+石榴子石+斜长石±钾长石。相平衡模拟计算结果显示,该岩石的峰期温压条件为p=0.92~1.08 GPa,峰期温度t>790℃,峰期之后经历升温降压的p-T演化轨迹。锆石和独居石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学研究获得的变质年龄分别为1133±14 Ma和1125±37 Ma,1133~1125 Ma应代表了该期麻粒岩相变质作用的时代。结合区域地质资料和已有的研究成果,我们认为乌兰北部察汗河岩群的石榴夕线堇青石片麻岩可能形成于大洋俯冲作用下的弧或弧后构造环境,乌兰北部的岩浆-变质杂岩带经历了从中元古代晚期-新元古代早期俯冲增生到碰撞造山的演化过程,是全球Rodinia超大陆汇聚过程的响应。

华南陆块的形成与Rodinia超大陆聚合-裂解——观察、解释与检验

本文重点回顾了近十年来华南前寒武纪地质演化的主要研究进展,特别是新元古代早期扬子-华夏块体拼合形成华南陆块、新元古代中期华南的陆内裂谷岩浆作用和盆地演化及其与Rodinia超大陆的聚合-裂解的关系,并对一些重要区域地质演化和深部动力学机制的学术争议进行评述,为进一步的研究提出建议。

Rodinia超大陆裂解、Sturtian冰期事件和扬子地块东南缘大规模锰成矿作用

扬子地块东南缘是我国南华纪"大塘坡式"沉积型锰矿的重要富集区,南华纪大规模锰矿成矿作用与Rodinia超大陆裂解形成的裂谷盆地、Sturtian冰期-间冰期的气候事件具有密切关系。南华纪裂谷盆地呈北东东向展布,可分为地垒、地堑和次级地垒、地堑,锰矿主要形成于裂谷盆地的地堑区的次级地堑中。Sturtian冰期之后,冰后期经历了小冰期和小间冰期的气候波动,锰矿受这种气候波动影响,推测小冰期的富氧的寒冷海水受温度-密度环流影响进入海底,促使原生氧化锰矿的形成,之后准同生交代形成菱锰矿。冰期(或小冰期)海底的天然气水合物在冰后期(小间冰期)的泄漏促使了菱锰矿的形成。因此华南扬子地块东南缘大规模锰矿成矿作用受原型裂谷盆地和冰期-冰后期气候波动的双重影响。

中国新元古代大陆拼合与Rodinia超大陆

在对前人研究成果分析的基础上，结合对中祁连地块前寒武纪基底的研究，认为新元古代（１０００～９００Ｍａ）中国各主要克拉通地块（包括华夏地块、扬子地块、华北地块、阿拉善—祁连—柴达木地块、塔里木地块）曾经通过晋宁期碰撞拼合带发生过一次全面的多块体复杂拼贴。这次拼贴过程是全球性新元古代格林威尔碰撞造山作用和Ｒｏｄｉｎｉａ超大陆形成过程的一个组成部分。新元古代拼合的古中国地块在当时位于Ｒｏｄｉｎｉａ超大陆中北部澳大利亚、劳伦提亚和西伯利亚克拉通地块之间。中国的各主要克拉通地块只不过是巨型格林威尔碰撞带之中夹裹的一些小型地块，且都处于新元古代晚期Ｒｏｄｉｎｉａ超大陆破裂的中心部位，这些正是中国大陆上克拉通地块活动性大的早期地质背景。

滇中新元古代裂谷盆地充填序列及演化模式:对Rodinia超大陆裂解的响应

以滇中新元古代裂谷盆地沉积充填为研究对象,开展了系统的沉积学和盆地分析研究。结果表明,滇中新元古代裂谷盆地具有4个充填序列,分别代表盆地的4个发展阶段。其中,序列I为柳坝塘组及陆良组下段,沉积时限为820~800 Ma,属低密度浊流和深水饥饿沉积,代表裂谷盆地的快速沉降阶段;序列II为澄江组、陆良组上段及牛头山组,沉积时限为800~725 Ma,属扇三角洲—湖泊沉积,代表裂谷盆地的成熟发展阶段;序列III为南沱组,沉积时限可能为725~635 Ma,属大陆冰川沉积,代表裂谷盆地开始向被动大陆边缘盆地转换的阶段;序列IV主要为陡山沱组,沉积时限为635~551 Ma,属潮坪沉积,为裂谷盖地层。进一步研究揭示,滇中新元古代裂谷盆地由幼年期分布局限的小型同向半地堑盆地群演化为成熟期统一的大型半地堑盆地,属上叠滑脱盆地。综合研究证实,滇中新元古代裂谷盆地应为陆内裂谷盆地,是Rodinia超大陆裂解的产物。

华北陆块对Rodinia超大陆的响应及其特征

研究揭示华北陆块 130 0～ 10 0 0Ma和 80 0～ 6 5 0Ma都存在比较弱的岩浆 -变质事件,它们可能对应于华南陆块的碰撞(四堡运动)和裂解事件。华北陆块的四堡期蛇绿混杂岩可能只见于新元古代秦岭造山带中。秦岭造山带北缘识别出了一些花岗质侵入体,它们具有碰撞或碰撞后花岗岩的特征。华北陆块北缘的火山沉积岩系不具有离散边界杂岩的特征,它们可能揭示了大陆边缘或者大陆伸展过程。华北陆块与 80 0～ 6 5 0Ma事件相关的岩石主要为来自富集地幔的基性岩墙和来自陆内裂谷的沉积岩,它们很可能与Rodinia裂解有关。沉积学和古生物学特征表明元古宙华北陆块不同于华南陆块,而与西伯利亚陆块相似。据此可以认为华北陆块是Rodinia超大陆的一部分,它位于超大陆的边缘,可能不与华南陆块紧邻,而与西伯利亚陆块较近。

华南在Rodinia古陆中位置的讨论——扬子地块西缘变质-岩浆杂岩证据及其与Seychelles地块的对比

沿扬子地块西缘出露的一系列变质杂岩的构造性质及形成时代是分析华南地块大地构造属性的关键。这些杂岩均被初始为低角度的正断层所围限 ,具有变质核杂岩的构造性质 ,其剥露时间在177Ma左右。目前 ,对这一区域几个代表性杂岩体进行的系统的岩石学和地球化学分析表明 ,这是一套主体为与俯冲板块有关的岛弧型岩浆杂岩 ,其形成时代从 72 6～ 86 4Ma ,时间跨度在 10 0Ma以上。证明这些岩石的形成与地幔柱作用无关。上述结果与最近在Madagascar东北缘、Seychelles岛及印度的Malani的一条类似的变质岩浆杂岩带的地球化学与地质年代学研究结果完全吻合 ,这个构造带被解释为一条沿Mozambique洋东缘的巨大的向东俯冲的安第斯型俯冲 岩浆岛弧带。据此我们推测在Rodinia古大陆中 ,华南地块位于印度板块东北缘 ,其南东则可能与澳大利亚相接。