Ocular surface microbiota in patients with varying degrees of dry eye severity

AIM:To elucidate the profiles of commensal bacteria on the ocular surfaces of patients with varying severity of dry eye(DE).METHODS:The single-center,prospective,case-control,observational study categorized all participants into three distinct groups:1)control group(n=61),2)mild DE group(n=56),and 3)moderate-to-severe DE group(n=82).Schirmer’s tear secretion strips were used,and the bacterial microbiota was analyzed using 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene sequencing.RESULTS:The three groups had significant differences in alpha diversity:the control group had the highest richness(Chao1,Faith’s phylogenetic diversity),the mild DE group showed the highest diversity(Shannon,Simpson),and the moderate-to-severe DE group had the lowest of the above-mentioned indices.DE severity was positively correlated with a reduction in beta diversity of the microbial community,with the moderate-to-severe DE group exhibiting the lowest beta diversity.Linear discriminant analysis effect size presented distinct dominant taxa that significantly differed between each.Furthermore,the exacerbation of DE corresponded with the enrichment of certain pathogenic bacteria,as determined by random forest analysis.CONCLUSION:As DE severity worsens,microbial community diversity tends to decrease.DE development corresponds with changes in microbial constituents,primarily characterized by reduced microbial diversity and a more homogenous species composition.

Effect of Optimization of Hemodialysis on Ophthalmological Variables in Patients with End Stage Renal Disease

Background: Conventional hemodialysis (HD) used in treating end stage renal disease (ESRD) can result in multiorgan insult including the eye-owing to the resultant reperfusion after the ischemic event. Optimization of HD can be done using a process called remote ischemia which includes applying cycles of brief, nonlethal ischemia followed by reperfusion to one limb. This method sends signal to the end organs to prepare themselves for the upcoming ischemia thus preventing their injury. Aim: To evaluate the effect of remote ischemia preconditioning in HD on ophthalmological variables. Patients and Methods: A pre-post interventional analytical study conducted on patients receiving hemodialysis. Remote ischemia preconditioning was done before each HD session incorporating 3 cycles of alternating ischemia and reperfusion (5 minutes each) performed in the upper limb using sphygmomanometer cuff. Ophthalmic examination was done at baseline and 3 months after HD optimization. Assessment was done half to one hour pre- and post-session for visual acuity, corneal, conjunctival deposits, tear break up time (TBUT), anterior chamber depth and central macular thickness. Results: The study included 50 eyes of 25 patients with almost equal gender distribution and mean age of 37.52 ± 9.824 years. They were maintained on hemodialysis for median 10 years (range 3-25 years). The commonest cause of ESRD was hypertension. The studied ocular parameters showed insignificant change after pre-conditioned HD except for TBUT that was statistically longer (p = 0.018). Conclusion: Optimization of hemodialysis using remote ischemia does not seem to have significant ocular effect apart from prolonged TBUT. .

万家寨水库冰情浅议

由于万家寨水库蓄水 ,库区河道由不封河转为稳定封冻河段 ,回水末端到拐上河段受冰花、冰块阻水影响水位壅高 ,交通水泥厂断面最高壅水 6 5m ,超过水库设计回水淹没线。作者在现场观察基础上 ,结合万家寨水库实测冰情资料 ,对万家寨水库封、开河情况进行了介绍 ,就流量、流冰密度、库水位及地形等因素对封。

阿尔泰大型-超大型矿床富集区地壳演化

通过构造、岩浆、变质、成矿等地质作用及其时空演化规律的对比分析,以及物探重力、航磁及遥感信息的综合研究,认为古生代阿尔泰富蕴地幔热柱成因的三联点裂谷形成与演化———“手风琴式”开合,是阿尔泰大型- 超大型矿床富集区形成与演化的根本原因。地幔热柱热地幔物质大规模上涌和横向扩张,产生三联点裂谷系统,导致古大陆解体,形成阿尔泰“洋岛型”蛇绿岩、阿尔泰型花岗岩、花岗岩化、高温低压变质带和主要大型- 超大型矿床;地幔热柱活动停止或间息,导致三联点裂谷系统发生A 型俯冲而封闭造山,形成三叉式陆间造山带和同造山花岗岩、中高压变质带及部分矿藏。

Association between tear film break up time and blink interval in visual display terminal users

AIM：To investigate the association between tear film break up time（TBUT）and blinking interval in visual display terminal（VDT）users.METHODS：Nine hundred and thirty VDT users underwent dry eye testing,and functional visual acuity（FVA）test.The blinking interval during FVA was compared with TBUT.Subjects with longer blinking interval than TBUT were considered as unstable tear film.Logistic regression analysis revealed the risk factors for unstable tear group.RESULTS：Among 930 workers,858 subjects（92.3%）participated in this study.Almost 80% of the subjects were categorized into the unstable tear group.Unstable tear group has significantly lower Schirmer values and TBUT（17.5±11.6 vs 21.1±11.5 mm,3.7±2.6 vs 5.7±2.7s,both P〈0.001）.There were no significant differences in epithelial staining or severity of symptoms.Logistic regression showed that over 40y was a risk for being unstable tear group[odds ratio（OR）=1.53;95%confidence interval（CI）=1.06-2.20].Contact lens use was protective factor for being in the unstable tear group（OR=0.37;95%CI=0.26-0.53）.CONCLUSION：Subjects with shorter TBUT than blinking interval are prevalent among VDT users.Subjects over the age of 40 shows an increased risk for unstable tear film.

Doppler instability of antispiral waves in discrete oscillatory reaction-diffusion media

This paper investigates antispiral wave breakup phenomena in coupled two-dimensional FitzHugh-Nagumo cells with self-sustained oscillation via Hopf bifurcation. When the coupling strength of the active variable decreases to a critical value, wave breakup phenomenon first occurs in the antispiral core region where waves collide with each other and spontaneously break into spatiotemporal turbulence. Measurements reveal for the first time that this breakup phenomenon is due to the mechanism of antispiral Doppler instability.

The~1.4 GaA-type granitoids in the“Chottanagpur crustal block”(India),and its relocation from Columbia to Rodinia?

In paleogeographic reconstructions of the Columbia and Rodinia Supercontinents,the position of the Greater India landmass is ambiguous.This,coupled with a limited understanding of the tectonic evolution of the mobile belts along which the mosaic of crustal domains in India accreted,impedes precise correlation among the dispersed crustal fragments in supercontinent reconstructions.Using structural,metamorphic phase equilibria,chronological and geochemical investigations,this study aims to reconstruct the tectonic evolution of the Chottanagpur Gneiss Complex(CGC)as a distinct crustal block at the eastern end of the Greater Indian Proterozoic Fold Belt(GIPFOB)along which the North India Block(NIB)and the South India Block(SIB)accreted.The study focuses on two issues,e.g.dating the Early Neoproterozoic(0.92 Ga)accretion of the CGC with the NIB contemporaneous with the assembly of Rodinia,and documenting the widespread(>24,000 km^(2))plutonism of1.5-1.4 Ga weakly peraluminous,calc-alkalic to alkali-calcic and ferroan A-type granitoids(±garnet)devoid of mafic microgrannular enclaves and coeval mafic emplacements in the crustal block.These dominantly within-plate granitoids arguably formed by asthenospheric upwelling induced partial melting of garnetbearing anatectic quartzofeldspathic gneisses that dominate the Early Mesoproterozoic basement of the block.The major and trace element chemistry of the granitoids is similar to the 1.35-1.45 Ga A-type granitoids in Laurentia/Amazonia emplaced contemporaneous with the 1.5-1.3 Ga breakup of the Columbia Supercontinent.This study suggests the Chottanagpur Gneiss Complex occured as a fragmented crustal block following the breakup of the Columbia Supercontinent;the crustal block was subsequently integrated within India during the Early Neoproterozoic oblique accretion between the NIB and SIB contemporaneous with the Rodinia Supercontinent assembly.

GRAIN REFINEMENT IN BULK HYPERCOOLED Ni_(50)Cu_(50) ALLOY

Undereooling eoperiments on binary Ni50 Cu50 alloy melts were conducted. The hypercooling limit of this alloy, which is about 310K, was evaluated by mcasuring plateau time needed for the interkendritic liquid solidification and extmpolating this function to zero. This limit was exceeded first in the binary alloy undereooled by about 320K.The effect of liquid undercooling on the respective microstructure evolution was studied by optical metallogrnphy. The hypercooled microstructure contains rcsidual fragments within grain boundaries and is quite different from those obtained at undercoolings below 310K. The finding indicated the existence of dendrite break up. The dendrite break up may be induced either by remelting or by stress. By considering hyperrooling conditions and comparing two grain ndnement microstructures observed at small and larpe undereoolings, the forms of dendrite break up and the grain refinement mechanism exceeding the hypereooling limit are further discussed.

Prevalence of Dry Eye and Its Association with Various Risk Factors in Rural Setup of Western Uttar Pradesh in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Purpose: To study the prevalence of dry eye in a hospital based population of rural setup and to evaluate its association with various risk factors. Material and Methods: In this cross sectional study, patients above 20 years of age were screened randomly for dry eye. An 8 points questionnaires, slit lamp examination of meibomian glands, tear film breakup time, fluorescein staining of cornea, schirmer test were used to diagnose dry eye. The diagnosis was made when three of the five parameters were positive. The role of various occupations as well as role of different exposure factors like sunlight, excessive wind, smoking, drugs, and air pollution as dry eye risk factors was accessed. Result: Out of 445, 45.39% patients had dry eye. Dry eye prevalence was higher in those above 70 years of age (74%). It was higher in male population (51.82%) compare to female population (37.37%), nearly equal in rural (46.04%) and urban population (44.31%) and highest among factory workers (90%). Correlation of dry eye with drugs (P = 0.0002), sunlight/high temperature (P = 0.0003) and smoking (P = 0.03) were significant. Conclusion: This is a hospital based study which provides prevalence of dry eye in rural region of western Uttar Pradesh. It is more common in old age male population and significantly higher in factory workers. Out of different modifiable risk factors most important are drugs, sunlight/high temperature and smoking.

Condition Judgement of Dry Eye in Sicca Syndrome

In this paper, we presented 32 dry eyes of 16 random patients with primary Sicca Syndrome graded with rose bengal(rb), Break up time of tear film (BUT) and Schirmer 1 test (S1T). Of them, the lip biopsy and tear β2-M level were examined and overall studied. The results showed that the grade of dry eye was closely related with both the degree of lymphocyte infiltration of lip glands and level of tear β2-M, and indicated that our grading methed for dry eye based on rb, BUT and SIT is dependable, and the l...

Changes in Tear-Film Status and Ocular Surface Disease Index Score Following Prolonged Use of Face Mask

Background: Dry eye is characterized by tear film instability, decreased tear volume and a high Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score. Face masks have been linked to dry eye complaints in recent studies. Purpose: To evaluate the changes in tear-film status and Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score following prolonged use of face mask. Design: Cross-sectional study. Method: Patients between 18 to 70 years using masks regularly for at least 2 hours/day for at least 5 days/week from different eye-care centres in Dhaka were included. All subjects were divided into 4 groups. Mask use lasted approximately 2 hours/day in Group 1, 4 hours/day in Group 2, 6 hours/day in Group 3 and 8 hours or more/day in Group 4. Evaluation of symptoms, tear- film stability and tear volume was done by Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) scores, Tear-film Break-Up Time (TBUT) and Schirmer-1 test. Average of right & left eye’s Tear-film Break Up time (TBUT) and Schirmer-1 value were noted. Results: Total 100 patients were enrolled (n = 100). The TBUT (p < 0.001) and Schirmer-1 measurement (p = 0.01) were significantly lesser and Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score were significantly higher in patients using face-masks for longer time (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Patients who wore masks for prolonged time had tear film instability, reduced tear volume and higher Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score.

A randomized,fellow eye,comparison of keratometry,aberrometry,tear film,axial length and the anterior chamber depth after eye rubbing in non-keratoconic eyes

Background:To investigate the effect of eye rubbing on keratometry(K),aberrometry,tear film break-up-time(TFBUT)and anterior chamber depth(ACD).Methods:Volunteers without any corneal pathology or dry eyes were randomised to rubbing in one eye and the fellow-eye was control.Eye rubbing was performed for 2 min.Primary outcomes studied were anterior and posterior K changes.Secondary outcomes were changes in TFBUT,axial length(AL)&ACD,K changes in various zones,asphericity and aberrometry.Pre and post rubbing K,aberrometry,ACD and TFBUT were assessed in a predetermined sequence.The relationship of the above parameters to axial length(AL)was also assessed.Astigmatism was analysed using vector analysis.Results:Pre versus post rubbing,anterior flatter K further flattened(42.51±1.52 D vs.42.36±1.53 D,p=0.003)and the changes to J0 vector in central cornea(−0.16±0.26 D vs.-0.27±0.33 D,p=0.038)suggested change to against-the-rule(ATR)astigmatism.There was significant change in Z^(+2)_(2) polynomial following rubbing.We found a positive correlation between axial length and change in posterior K(r=0.335,p=0.020).The TFBUT reduced following eye rubbing(15.3 s vs.13.9 s,p=0.0001).There was a positive correlation between AL and increase in ACD post rubbing(r=0.300,p=0.038).There was a positive correlation between ACD and change in mean posterior K(r=0.305,p=0.035).Conclusions:In healthy eyes,following eye rubbing,there is a significant change in TFBUT and central anterior K changes towards ATR astigmatism.Longer eyes had more changes in posterior K and ACD.Whereas,eyes with deeper ACD showed more steepness of posterior K.

介绍两个句套子take on和break up的用法

1.take on 同…较量,接受…的挑战例句:We will take the aggressors on and wipe them out resolutely.我们将迎击侵略者,并坚决地消灭他们。注意:在中学英语中,take on 还有个意思是"雇佣"。例句:we have decided to take on a new boy in our hotel.我们决定雇佣一个新男孩在旅馆工作。