The long-standing challenge in the treatment of prostate cancer is to overcome therapeutic resistance during progression to lethal disease.Aberrant transforming-growth factor-b(TGF-b)signaling accelerates prostate tum...The long-standing challenge in the treatment of prostate cancer is to overcome therapeutic resistance during progression to lethal disease.Aberrant transforming-growth factor-b(TGF-b)signaling accelerates prostate tumor progression in a transgenic mouse model via effects on epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT),and neuroendocrine differentiation driving tumor progression to castration-resistant prostate cancer(CRPC).Neuroendocrine prostate cancer(NEPC)is highly aggressive exhibiting reactivation of developmental programs associated with EMT induction and stem cell-like characteristics.The androgen receptor(AR)is a critical driver of tumor progression as well as therapeutic response in patients with metastatic CRPC.The signaling interactions between the TGF-β mechanistic network and AR axis impact the EMT phenotypic conversions,and perturbation of epithelial homeostasis via EMT renders a critical venue for epithelial derived tumors to become invasive,acquire the neuroendocrine phenotype,and rapidly metastasize.Combinations of microtubule targeting taxane chemotherapy and androgen/AR targeting therapies have survival benefits in CRPC patients,but therapeutic resistance invariability develops,leading to mortality.Compelling evidence from our group recently demonstrated that chemotherapy(cabazitaxel,second line taxane chemotherapy),or TGF-β receptor signaling targeted therapy,caused reversion of EMT to mesenchymal-epithelial transition and tumor re-differentiation,in in vitro and in vivo prostate cancer models.In this review,we discuss the functional contribution of EMT dynamic changes to the development of the neuroendocrine phenotypedthe newly characterized pathological feature of prostate tumors in the context of the tumor microenvironment-navigated cell lineage changes and the role of this neuroendocrine phenotype in metastatic progression and therapeutic resistance.展开更多
BACKGROUND With recent research advances,adipose-derived stromal/stem cells(ASCs)have been demonstrated to facilitate the survival of fat grafts and thus are increasingly used for reconstructive procedures following s...BACKGROUND With recent research advances,adipose-derived stromal/stem cells(ASCs)have been demonstrated to facilitate the survival of fat grafts and thus are increasingly used for reconstructive procedures following surgery for breast cancer.Unfortunately,in patients,following radiation and chemotherapy for breast cancer suggest that these cancer treatment therapies may limit stem cell cellular functions important for soft tissue wound healing.For clinical translation to patients that have undergone cancer treatment,it is necessary to understand the effects of these therapies on the ASC's ability to improve fat graft survival in clinical practice.AIM To investigate whether the impact on ASCs function capacity and recovery in cancer patients may be due to the chemotherapy.METHODS ASCs were isolated from the cancerous side and noncancerous side of the breast from the same patients with receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy(NAC)or notreceiving NAC.ASCs were in vitro treated with 5-fluorouracil(5-FU),doxorubicin(DXR),and cyclophosphamide(Cytoxan)at various concentrations.The stem cells yield,cell viability,and proliferation rates were measured by growth curves and MTT assays.Differentiation capacity for adipogenesis was determined by qPCR analysis of the specific gene markers and histological staining.RESULTS No significant differences were observed between the yield of ASCs in patients receiving NAC treatment and not-receiving NAC.ASCs yield from the cancerous side of the breast showed lower than the noncancerous side of the breast in both patients receiving NAC and not-receiving NAC.The proliferation rates of ASCs from patients didn’t differ much before and after NAC upon in vitro culture,and these cells appeared to retain the capacity to acquire adipocyte traits simile to the ASCs from patients not-receiving NAC.After cessation and washout of the drugs for another a week of culturing,ASCs showed a slow recovery of cell growth capacity in 5-FU-treated groups but was not observed in ASCs treated with DXR groups.CONCLUSION Neoadjuvant therapies do not affect the functioning capacity of ASCs.ASCs may hold great potential to serve as a cell source for fat grafting and reconstruction in patients undergoing chemotherapy.展开更多
Background The aim of this study was to investigate DNA content and expression of c-erbB-2, PS2, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) proteins in breast carcinomas with neuroendocrine (NE) cell differentiation.Methods...Background The aim of this study was to investigate DNA content and expression of c-erbB-2, PS2, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) proteins in breast carcinomas with neuroendocrine (NE) cell differentiation.Methods Chromogranin, c-erbB-2, PS2, and PSA in 131 samples of breast cancer were detected immunohistochemically. Classic Feulgen staining image analysis techniques were used to quantify DNA content in 81 of the breast cancer samples.Results The c-erbB-2 positive rate in breast carcinoma samples containing neuroendocrine cells was 37.5% and the rate of high expression of c-erbB-2 (++ or +++) was 33.3%, both significantly lower than that in breast carcinomas without neuroendocrine cells (62.6% and 68.7%, respectively, P<0.05). The rates of positive PS2 and PSA expression in breast carcinoma samples containing neuroendocrine cells were 72.2% and 55.0%, respectively, both significantly higher than that in breast carcinoma samples without neuroendocrine cells (45.0% and 16.4%, respectively, P<0.05). In NE (+) samples, the integral optical density, DNA index, DNA stemline peak, > 5c aneuploidy cells, and rate of aneuploidy among cells were all lower than that in NE (-) breast carcinomas (P<0.01). In NE (+) grade I or II breast carcinomas, these indices were also all lower than that in the NE (-) breast carcinoma samples (P<0.01).Conclusion Breast carcinomas with neuroendocrine differentiation have a lower rate of malignancy. Neuroendocrine differentiation could serve as a prognostic marker in clinical practice.展开更多
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cause of malignancy in males and the third leading cause of cancer mortality in the United States. The standard care for primary PCa with local invasive disease mainly is surge...Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cause of malignancy in males and the third leading cause of cancer mortality in the United States. The standard care for primary PCa with local invasive disease mainly is surgery and radiation. For patients with distant metastases, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a gold standard. Regardless of a favorable outcome of ADT, patients inevitably relapse to an end-stage castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) leading to mortality. Therefore, revealing the mechanism and identifying cellular components driving aggressive PCa is critical for prognosis and therapeutic intervention. Cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotypes characterized as poor differentiation, cancer initiation with self-renewal capabilities, and therapeutic resistance are proposed to contribute to the onset of CRPC. In this review, we discuss the role of CSC in CRPC with the evidence of CSC phenotypes and the possible underlying mechanisms.展开更多
目的:探讨6例伴印戒细胞分化的原发性乳腺癌的临床病理特征、免疫表型、诊断和鉴别诊断。方法:对6例伴印戒细胞分化的原发性乳腺癌的临床特点、病理学特征、免疫组化特点等进行分析,并复习相关文献。结果:6例患者均为女性,平均年龄45岁...目的:探讨6例伴印戒细胞分化的原发性乳腺癌的临床病理特征、免疫表型、诊断和鉴别诊断。方法:对6例伴印戒细胞分化的原发性乳腺癌的临床特点、病理学特征、免疫组化特点等进行分析,并复习相关文献。结果:6例患者均为女性,平均年龄45岁,均因发现乳腺肿块而就诊。镜下肿瘤细胞呈印戒状,胞浆内可见大空泡,核被挤于一侧,呈弥漫性、巢状及条索状分布于乳腺纤维间质中。6例中有3例为单纯型的印戒细胞癌,3例合并其他类型浸润性乳腺癌。免疫组化显示:6例中有5例肿瘤细胞ER为阳性,3例E-Cad her in阳性。6例中Her-2(3+)1例、Her-2(2+)2例、Her-2(1+)3例。6例中5例均有腋窝淋巴结转移。5例行乳腺改良根治切除术,1例行单纯乳腺切除术。2例分别于术后3年及4年发生远处转移。6例至随访结束均存活。结论:伴印戒细胞分化的乳腺癌的病理诊断主要依赖于其特征性组织学表现与免疫组化染色特点。与其他类型乳腺浸润性癌相比,伴印戒细胞分化的乳腺癌更具侵袭性,预后较差。展开更多
基金This work is supported by a Schwab Foundation Grant and the James F.Hardymon Endowment in Urologic Research at the University of Kentucky(NK,PJH)the University of Kentucky Summer Undergraduate Research Experience in Environmental Health Sciences(SURES)program(HD).
文摘The long-standing challenge in the treatment of prostate cancer is to overcome therapeutic resistance during progression to lethal disease.Aberrant transforming-growth factor-b(TGF-b)signaling accelerates prostate tumor progression in a transgenic mouse model via effects on epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT),and neuroendocrine differentiation driving tumor progression to castration-resistant prostate cancer(CRPC).Neuroendocrine prostate cancer(NEPC)is highly aggressive exhibiting reactivation of developmental programs associated with EMT induction and stem cell-like characteristics.The androgen receptor(AR)is a critical driver of tumor progression as well as therapeutic response in patients with metastatic CRPC.The signaling interactions between the TGF-β mechanistic network and AR axis impact the EMT phenotypic conversions,and perturbation of epithelial homeostasis via EMT renders a critical venue for epithelial derived tumors to become invasive,acquire the neuroendocrine phenotype,and rapidly metastasize.Combinations of microtubule targeting taxane chemotherapy and androgen/AR targeting therapies have survival benefits in CRPC patients,but therapeutic resistance invariability develops,leading to mortality.Compelling evidence from our group recently demonstrated that chemotherapy(cabazitaxel,second line taxane chemotherapy),or TGF-β receptor signaling targeted therapy,caused reversion of EMT to mesenchymal-epithelial transition and tumor re-differentiation,in in vitro and in vivo prostate cancer models.In this review,we discuss the functional contribution of EMT dynamic changes to the development of the neuroendocrine phenotypedthe newly characterized pathological feature of prostate tumors in the context of the tumor microenvironment-navigated cell lineage changes and the role of this neuroendocrine phenotype in metastatic progression and therapeutic resistance.
文摘BACKGROUND With recent research advances,adipose-derived stromal/stem cells(ASCs)have been demonstrated to facilitate the survival of fat grafts and thus are increasingly used for reconstructive procedures following surgery for breast cancer.Unfortunately,in patients,following radiation and chemotherapy for breast cancer suggest that these cancer treatment therapies may limit stem cell cellular functions important for soft tissue wound healing.For clinical translation to patients that have undergone cancer treatment,it is necessary to understand the effects of these therapies on the ASC's ability to improve fat graft survival in clinical practice.AIM To investigate whether the impact on ASCs function capacity and recovery in cancer patients may be due to the chemotherapy.METHODS ASCs were isolated from the cancerous side and noncancerous side of the breast from the same patients with receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy(NAC)or notreceiving NAC.ASCs were in vitro treated with 5-fluorouracil(5-FU),doxorubicin(DXR),and cyclophosphamide(Cytoxan)at various concentrations.The stem cells yield,cell viability,and proliferation rates were measured by growth curves and MTT assays.Differentiation capacity for adipogenesis was determined by qPCR analysis of the specific gene markers and histological staining.RESULTS No significant differences were observed between the yield of ASCs in patients receiving NAC treatment and not-receiving NAC.ASCs yield from the cancerous side of the breast showed lower than the noncancerous side of the breast in both patients receiving NAC and not-receiving NAC.The proliferation rates of ASCs from patients didn’t differ much before and after NAC upon in vitro culture,and these cells appeared to retain the capacity to acquire adipocyte traits simile to the ASCs from patients not-receiving NAC.After cessation and washout of the drugs for another a week of culturing,ASCs showed a slow recovery of cell growth capacity in 5-FU-treated groups but was not observed in ASCs treated with DXR groups.CONCLUSION Neoadjuvant therapies do not affect the functioning capacity of ASCs.ASCs may hold great potential to serve as a cell source for fat grafting and reconstruction in patients undergoing chemotherapy.
基金ThisstudywassupportedbytheFoundationforScienceandTechnologyofZhejiangProvince (No 96110 3 0 97)
文摘Background The aim of this study was to investigate DNA content and expression of c-erbB-2, PS2, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) proteins in breast carcinomas with neuroendocrine (NE) cell differentiation.Methods Chromogranin, c-erbB-2, PS2, and PSA in 131 samples of breast cancer were detected immunohistochemically. Classic Feulgen staining image analysis techniques were used to quantify DNA content in 81 of the breast cancer samples.Results The c-erbB-2 positive rate in breast carcinoma samples containing neuroendocrine cells was 37.5% and the rate of high expression of c-erbB-2 (++ or +++) was 33.3%, both significantly lower than that in breast carcinomas without neuroendocrine cells (62.6% and 68.7%, respectively, P<0.05). The rates of positive PS2 and PSA expression in breast carcinoma samples containing neuroendocrine cells were 72.2% and 55.0%, respectively, both significantly higher than that in breast carcinoma samples without neuroendocrine cells (45.0% and 16.4%, respectively, P<0.05). In NE (+) samples, the integral optical density, DNA index, DNA stemline peak, > 5c aneuploidy cells, and rate of aneuploidy among cells were all lower than that in NE (-) breast carcinomas (P<0.01). In NE (+) grade I or II breast carcinomas, these indices were also all lower than that in the NE (-) breast carcinoma samples (P<0.01).Conclusion Breast carcinomas with neuroendocrine differentiation have a lower rate of malignancy. Neuroendocrine differentiation could serve as a prognostic marker in clinical practice.
文摘Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cause of malignancy in males and the third leading cause of cancer mortality in the United States. The standard care for primary PCa with local invasive disease mainly is surgery and radiation. For patients with distant metastases, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a gold standard. Regardless of a favorable outcome of ADT, patients inevitably relapse to an end-stage castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) leading to mortality. Therefore, revealing the mechanism and identifying cellular components driving aggressive PCa is critical for prognosis and therapeutic intervention. Cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotypes characterized as poor differentiation, cancer initiation with self-renewal capabilities, and therapeutic resistance are proposed to contribute to the onset of CRPC. In this review, we discuss the role of CSC in CRPC with the evidence of CSC phenotypes and the possible underlying mechanisms.
文摘目的:研究TGF-α是否具有EGF相似的可诱导前列腺癌DU145细胞发生神经内分泌分化(neuroendocrine differentiation,NED)的作用,并探讨TGF-α诱导的前列腺癌DU145细胞神经内分泌分化对肿瘤化疗耐药性的影响。方法:将接受不同培养液处理的DU145细胞分为3组:2%FBS组、2%FBS+TGF-α5 ng/mL组和2%FBS+TGF-α10 ng/mL组。显微镜下观察TGF-α处理后DU145细胞的形态变化;Real time RT-PCR法检测神经特异性烯醇化酶(neuron-specific enolase,NSE)mRNA的表达水平;Western印迹检测NSE,P-糖蛋白(P-glycoprotein,P-gp),多药耐药相关蛋白1(multiple drug resistance protein,MRP1)和Bcl-2蛋白的表达水平。流式细胞术分析TGF-α(5μg/mL)处理后DU145细胞周期的变化;MTT比色法测定TGF-α(5μg/mL)对DU145细胞顺铂化疗耐药性的影响。结果:同2%FBS组相比,2%FBS+TGF-α处理组的DU145细胞出现多形性,细胞伪足伸出;NED标志物NSEmRNA的表达水平升高,分别为上调了(3.6±0.5)倍(P<0.05)和(10.1±0.1)倍(P<0.01);细胞的NSE,Bcl-2和MRP1蛋白的表达水平也明显增加,但未检测到P-gp蛋白的表达;同时,TGF-α(5μg/mL)处理后DU145细胞的G1期细胞比例降低,S期和G2/M期细胞比例升高;顺铂的化疗耐药性增加。结论:TGF-α也可诱导前列腺癌DU145细胞神经内分泌分化增强,从而进一步增强DU145细胞对顺铂的化疗耐药性。
文摘目的:探讨6例伴印戒细胞分化的原发性乳腺癌的临床病理特征、免疫表型、诊断和鉴别诊断。方法:对6例伴印戒细胞分化的原发性乳腺癌的临床特点、病理学特征、免疫组化特点等进行分析,并复习相关文献。结果:6例患者均为女性,平均年龄45岁,均因发现乳腺肿块而就诊。镜下肿瘤细胞呈印戒状,胞浆内可见大空泡,核被挤于一侧,呈弥漫性、巢状及条索状分布于乳腺纤维间质中。6例中有3例为单纯型的印戒细胞癌,3例合并其他类型浸润性乳腺癌。免疫组化显示:6例中有5例肿瘤细胞ER为阳性,3例E-Cad her in阳性。6例中Her-2(3+)1例、Her-2(2+)2例、Her-2(1+)3例。6例中5例均有腋窝淋巴结转移。5例行乳腺改良根治切除术,1例行单纯乳腺切除术。2例分别于术后3年及4年发生远处转移。6例至随访结束均存活。结论:伴印戒细胞分化的乳腺癌的病理诊断主要依赖于其特征性组织学表现与免疫组化染色特点。与其他类型乳腺浸润性癌相比,伴印戒细胞分化的乳腺癌更具侵袭性,预后较差。
