Inetetamab combined with pyrotinib and chemotherapy in the treatment of breast cancer brain metastasis: A case report

BACKGROUND Breast cancer brain metastasis(BCBM)is an advanced breast disease that is difficult to treat and is associated with a high risk of death.Patient prognosis is usually poor,with reduced quality of life.In this context,we report the case of a patient with HER-2-positive BCBM treated with a macromolecular mAb(ine-tetamab)combined with a small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor(TKI).CASE SUMMARY The patient was a 58-year-old woman with a 12-year history of type 2 diabetes.She was compliant with regular insulin treatment and had good blood glucose control.The patient was diagnosed with invasive carcinoma of the right breast(T3N1M0 stage IIIa,HER2-positive type)through aspiration biopsy of the ipsilateral breast due to the discovery of a breast tumor in February 2019.Immunohistochemistry showed ER(-),PR(-),HER-2(3+),and Ki-67(55-60%+).Preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy,i.e.,the AC-TH regimen(epirubicin,cyclophosphamide,docetaxel-paclitaxel,and trastuzumab),was administered for 8 cycles.She underwent modified radical mastectomy of the right breast in November 2019 and received tocilizumab targeted therapy for 1 year.Brain metastasis was found 9 mo after surgery.She underwent brain metastasectomy in August 2020.Immunohistochemistry showed ER(-)and PR.(-),HER-2(3+),and Ki-67(10-20%+).In November 2020,the patient experienced headache symptoms.After an examination,tumor recurrence in the original surgical region of the brain was observed,and the patient was treated with inetetamab,pyrotinib,and capecitabine.Whole-brain radiotherapy was recommended.The patient and her family refused radiotherapy for personal reasons.In September 2021,a routine examination revealed that the brain tumor was considerably larger.The original systemic treatment was continued and combined with intensity-modulated radiation therapy for brain metastases,followed by regular hospitalization and routine examinations.The patient’s condition is generally stable,and she has a relatively high quality of life.This case report demonstrates that in patients with BCBM and resistance to trastuzumab,inetetamab combined with pyrotinib and chemotherapy can prolong survival.CONCLUSION Inetetamab combined with small molecule TKI drugs,chemotherapy and radiation may be an effective regimen for maintaining stable disease in patients with BCBM.

Research Progress in Brain Metastasis of Breast Cancer

The incidence rate of breast cancer is very high.Some patients were diagnosed as stage IV patients at the first diagnosis and had distant metastasis.Bone,lung and liver are the common metastatic sites of breast cancer.Although brain is the least common metastatic site of breast cancer,the incidence of brain metastasis in newly diagnosed breast cancer patients is increasing year by year.After brain metastasis,the disease develops rapidly,and because of the existence of blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier,it is difficult for drugs to reach the focus,and the curative effect is poor,leading to poor prognosis of patients with brain metastasis of breast cancer.Previous studies have also explored the clinical characteristics of brain metastases from breast cancer and the factors affecting prognosis.Different ages,races,histological grades,T stages,N stages,molecular subtypes,and pathological types are the main factors affecting the occurrence and prognosis of brain metastases from breast cancer.Studies on the characteristics,mechanisms,and treatment plans of brain metastases from breast cancer have also been reported at home and abroad.This article reviews the clinical characteristics,pathogenesis and treatment progress of brain metastases from breast cancer,aiming to provide some ideas and basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment and drug research of brain metastases from breast cancer.

A nanoagent for concurrent therapy of breast cancer bone metastasis and cancer-induced bone pain through SLC7A11 interruption and photodynamic therapy

Bone metastasis,a life-threatening complication of advanced breast cancer,is often accompanied by debilitating pain(cancer-induced bone pain,CIBP)that severely impairs life quality and survival.The concurrent treatment of bone metastases and CIBP remains a clinical challenge because the therapeutic options are limited.In this study,we construct a near-infrared light-activated nano-therapeutic system to meet this conundrum.In detail,sorafenib(SRF)and photosensitizer(chlorin e6,Ce6)are encapsulated into mesoporous hydroxyapatite nanoparticles(HANPs),which are further functionalized with hyaluronic acid(HA)to obtain HA-SRF/Ce6@HANPs system.The designed nanoplatform destroys tumor cells in vitro and in vivo via the synergism of SRF(interrupting the exchange of cystine/glutamate by inhibiting SLC7A11)and photodynamic therapy(PDT,inducing reactive oxygen species generation).The decrease in tumor burden and reduction of extracellular glutamate significantly attenuate CIBP in mice model with developing bone cancer.Moreover,the combination of HA-SRF/Ce6@HANPs and PDT inhibit osteoclasts activation,promote osteoblast differentiation and accelerate bone repair.Overall,the nanoagent with good biocompatibility may provide an effective therapy method for the concurrent treatment of breast cancer bone metastasis and CIBP.

Mechanism of Regulatory Effect of MicroRNA-206 on Connexin 43 in Distant Metastasis of Breast Cancer

Background： MicroRNA-206 （miR-206） and connexin 43 （Cx43） are related with the distant metastasis of breast cancer.It remains unclear whether the regulatory effect of miR-206 on Cx43 is involved in metastasis of breast cancer.Methods： Using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, the expressions of miR-206 and Cx43 were determined in breast cancer tissues, hepatic and pulmonary metastasis （PM）, and cell lines （MCF-10A, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231）.MCF-7/MDA-M-231 cells were transfected with lentivirus-shRNA vectors to enhance/inhibit miR-206, and then Cx43 expression was observed.Cell counting kit-8 assay and Transwell method were used to detect their changes in proliferation, migration, and invasion activity.The mutant plasmids of Cx43-3＆#39; untranslated region （3＆#39;UTR） at position 478-484 and position 1609-1615 were constructed.Luciferase reporter assay was performed to observe the effects of miR-206 on luciferase expression of different mutant plasmids and to confirm the potential binding sites of Cx43.Results： Cx43 protein expression in hepatic and PM was significantly higher than that in the primary tumor, while no significant difference was showed in messenger RNA （mRNA） expression.MiR-206 mRNA expression in hepatic and PM was significantly lower than that in the primary tumor.Cx43 mRNA and protein levels, as well as cell proliferation, migration, and invasion capabilities, were all significantly improved in MDA-MB-231 cells after reducing miR-206 expression but decreased in MCF-7 cells after elevating miR-206 expression, which demonstrated a significantly negative correlation between miR-206 and Cx43 expression （P =0.03）.MiR-206 can drastically decrease Cx43 expression of MCF-7 cells but exerts no effects on Cx43 expression in 293 cells transfected with the Cx43 coding region but the lack of Cx43-3＆#39;UTR, suggesting that Cx43-3＆#39;UTR may be the key in Cx43 regulated by miR-206.Luciferase expression showed that the inhibition efficiency was reduced by 46.80% in position 478-484 mutant, 16.72% in position 1609-1615 mutant;the inhibition was totally disappeared in double mutant （P =0.02）.Conclusions： MiR-206 can regulate the expression of Cx43, the cytobiological activity, and the metastasis of breast cancer through binding to the two binding sites in Cx43-3＆#39;UTR： position 478-484 and position 1609-1615.

MicroRNAs in breast cancer and breast cancer stem cells and their potential for breast cancer therapy

The discovery of the first miRNA, lin-4, in Caenorhabditis elegans initiated a new era of miRNA biology. Sincethen, thousands of miRNAs annotated, many of which have have been identified and been shown to play roles in a variety of biological processes, including development, differentiation, apoptosis, proliferation, and cell death） Furthermore, growing evidence indicates that miRNA deregulation is a critical cause of cancer formation. The biogenesis, function, and potential application of miRNAs have become active areas of research. With the development of molecular biological technologies, such as northern blotting with radio-labeled probes, cloning, quantitative PCR, serial analysis of gene expression （SAGE）-based techniques, bead-based profiling methods, and oligonucleotide microarrays,2 it is possible to conduct miRNA research precisely and comprehensively. BIOGENESIS OF MICRORNAS MicroRNAs are derived from introns or exons of protein- coding and non-coding genes,3＇4 and are either transcribed by polymerase II as a long primary transcript （primary miRNA） or originate from the introns of mRNAs. Primary miRNAs are further processed by the Drosha microprocessor complex, which recognizes stem-looped secondary structures within primary miRNAs, resulting in the excision and release of-70 nucleotide hairpin precursors termed pre-miRNAs （precursor microRNAs）.5 The mirtron subclass of miRNAs, which are encoded in the introns of genes, generate pre-miRNAs directly from byproducts of intron splicing and disbranching events in the nucleus with the assistance of a ＂debranching enzyme＂.6 After being exported from the nucleus by exportin-5, the pre-miRNAs are subsequently cleaved by Dicer to release a 22-nucleaotide miRNA-miRNA duplex. One strand of this duplex is incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex （miRISC）, and eventually serves as a mature microRNA, while the other strand is degraded. The ＂seed＂ region of the mature microRNA （nucleotides 2-8 at the 5＇ end） can bind partially or completely to the 3＇UTR of specific protein-coding gene mRNAs.7＇8 MicroRNAs regulate their targets by directly cleaving mRNAs or inhibiting protein synthesis, depending on the degree of complementarity with the 3＇UTRs of their targets.4

Harnessing the value of TCTP in breast cancer treatment resistance: an opportunity for personalized therapy

Early identification of breast cancer (BC) patients at a high risk of progression may aid in therapeutic and prognostic aims. This is especially true for metastatic disease, which is responsible for most cancer-related deaths. Growing evidence indicates that the translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) may be a clinically relevant marker for identifying poorly differentiated aggressive BC tumors. TCTP is an intriguing protein with pleiotropic functions, which is involved in multiple signaling pathways. TCTP may also be involved in stress response, cell growth and proliferation-related processes, underlying its potential role in the initiation of metastatic growth. Thus, TCTP marks specific cancer cell sub-populations with pronounced stress adaptation, stem-like and immune-evasive properties. Therefore, we have shown that in vivo phospho-TCTP levels correlate with the response of BC cells to anti-HER2 agents. In this review, we discuss the clinical relevance of TCTP for personalized therapy, specific TCTP-targeting strategies, and currently available therapeutic agents. We propose TCTP as an actionable clinically relevant target that could potentially improve patient outcomes.

Screening of miRNAs associated with lymph node metastasis in Her-2-positive breast cancer and their relationship with prognosis

The aim of this study was to identify some biomarkers for predicting lymph node metastasis and prognosis of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(Her-2)-positive breast cancer(BC). We analyzed correlations between micro RNAs(mi RNAs) and the prognosis of patients with BC based on data collected from The Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA) database. The expression levels of mi R-455, mi R-143, and mi R-99 a were measured in clinical samples of Her-2-positive BC patients with different degrees of lymph node metastasis. We investigated the impacts of overexpressed mi R-455 on the proliferation and invasiveness of MDA-MB-453 cells and measured its effects on the expression of long non-coding RNA(lnc RNA) metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1(MALAT1) by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(q RT-PCR). The expression of mi R-455 was significantly and positively correlated to the prognosis and overall survival(OS) of the BC(P=0.028), according to TCGA information. The expression level of mi R-455 was positively correlated with OS and relapse-free survival(RFS) of patients with Her-2-positive BC, and was negatively correlated with the number of metastatic lymph nodes(P<0.05). Transwell assay suggested that MDA-MB-453 cells became much less invasive(P<0.01) after being transfected with mi R-455 mimics. During the q RT-PCR, the expression level of MALAT1 declined significantly after transfection(P<0.01). Overexpressed mi R-455 significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of MDA-MB-453 cells and the expression of MALAT1. We conclude that mi R-455 may be a useful potential biomarker for forecasting lymph node metastasis and the prognosis of Her-2-positive BC patients. mi R-455 may play an important role in lymph node metastasis of BC by interacting with MALAT1.

ESR1 alterations and metastasis in estrogen receptor positive breast cancer

Endocrine therapy is essential for the treatment of patients with estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer, however, resistance and the development of metastatic disease is common. Understanding how ER+ breast cancer metastasizes is critical since the major cause of death in breast cancer is metastasis to distant organs. Results from many studies suggest dysregulation of the estrogen receptor alpha gene (ESR1) contributes to therapeutic resistance and metastatic biology. This review covers both pre-clinical and clinical evidence on the spectrum ofESR1 alterations including amplification, point mutations, and genomic rearrangement events driving treatment resistance and metastatic potential of ER+ breast cancer. Importantly, we describe how these ESR1 alterations may provide therapeutic opportunities to improve outcomes in patients with lethal, metastatic breast cancer.

A non-toxic approach for treatment of breast cancer and its metastases: capecitabine enhanced photodynamic therapy in a murine breast tumor model

Aim: Breast cancer (BCA) in women is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity;distant metastases occur in ~40% of cases. Here, as an alternative to ionizing radiation therapy and chemotherapy and their associated side effects, we explored a new combination approach using capecitabine (CPBN) and aminolevulinate-based photodynamic therapy (PDT). We had previously developed a combination PDT approach in which 5-fluorouracil (5FU), a differentiation-promoting agent, increases the levels of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) in cancer cells when given as a neoadjuvant prior to aminolevulinic acid (ALA). However, 5FU can be toxic when administered systemically at high levels. We reasoned that CPBN, a known chemotherapeutic for BCA and less toxic than 5FU (because CPBN is metabolized to 5FU specifically within tumor tissues), might work equally well as a PDT neoadjuvant. Methods: Murine 4T1 BCA cells harboring a luciferase transgene were injected into breast fat pads of female nude mice. CPBN (600 mg/kg/day) was administered by oral gavage for 3 days followed by intraperitoneal ALA administration and PDT with red light (633 nm) on day 4. Tumor growth and regression were monitored in vivo using bioluminescence imaging. Histological changes in primary tumors and metastases were assessed by immunohistochemistry after necropsy. ;Results: CPBN pretreatment of 4T1 tumors increased cellular differentiation, reduced proliferation, raised PpIX levels, enhanced tumor cell death, and reduced metastatic spread of 4T1 cells post-PDT, relative to vehicle-only controls. Conclusion: The use of CPBN as a non-toxic PDT neoadjuvant for treatment of BCA represents a novel approach with significant potential for translation into the clinic.

Molecular pathogenesis of bone metastases in breast cancer: Proven and emerging therapeutic targets

Metastatic occurrence is the principal cause of death in breast cancer patients. The high osteotropism makes breast cancer the most common primary tumor type associated with metastatic bone disease. The peculiar clinical aspects associated with metastases limited to the skeletal system suggest considering these cases as a distinctive subset of metastatic patients with a better prognosis. Because bone is frequently the first metastatic site in disease relapse, it is feasible that the next improvement in therapeutic options for bone metastatic disease could be associated with an improvement of survival expectation and quality of life in breast cancer patients. Study of the molecular basis of bone remodeling and breast cancer osteotropism has allowed identification of several therapeutic candidates involved in formation and progression of bone metastases. These targets are frequently the determinants of positive feedback between the tumor and bone cells whose clinical outcome is osteolytic lesions. In this review, we discuss the physiopathologic features underlying targeted therapeutic strategies aimed at interfering with the aberrant bone remodeling associated with breast cancer metastases.

Optic Nerve Metastasis from Breast Carcinoma after Treatment with Taxanes

Introduction: The incidence of ocular metastasis from Breast Carcinoma is only between 5% - 30%, mainly located in choroid, but the location in optic nerve is even more infrequent. We present a rare case that combined both locations sequentially in the same eye. Methods: Case report. Results: A 58-year-old woman with advanced breast cancer was referred with a choroidal metastasis in her right eye which responded well to systemic Taxol and Avastin. Afterwards, she developed an optic nerve metastasis in the same eye when she was under the treatment, so it was changed to Docetaxel. Unfortunately the patient didn’t respond to this treatment and died. Conclusions: Choroidal metastasis secondary to breast cancer generally responds well to radiotherapy. Even so, in cases that a great deterioration of visual acuity is expected after radiation, chemotherapy like taxanes is an alternative to preserve vision with complete tumor regression. Nevertheless, the presentation of a second metastasis in optic nerve can be indicative of inadequate treatment of metastatic disease or complication of the treatment, or both.

Lenvatinib-and vadimezan-loaded synthetic high-density lipoprotein for combinational immunochemotherapy of metastatic triple-negative breast cancer

Metastatic triple-negative breast cancer(TNBC)is the most aggressive type of breast cancer.Combination of systemic chemotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade is effective but of limited benefit due to insufficient intratumoral infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes(CTLs)and the accumulation of immunosuppressive cells.Herein,we designed a lenvatinib-and vadimezan-loaded synthetic high-density lipoprotein(LV-sHDL)for combinational immunochemotherapy of metastatic TNBC.The LV-sHDL targeted scavenger receptor class B type 1-overexpressing 4T1 cells in the tumor after intravenous injection.The multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor(TKI)lenvatinib induced immunogenic cell death of the cancer cells,and the stimulator of interferon genes(STING)agonist vadimezan triggered local inflammation to facilitate dendritic cell maturation and antitumor macrophage differentiation,which synergistically improved the intratumoral infiltration of total and active CTLs by 33-and 13-fold,respectively.LV-sHDL inhibited the growth of orthotopic 4T1 tumors,reduced pulmonary metastasis,and prolonged the survival of animals.The efficacy could be further improved when LV-sHDL was used in combination with antibody against programmed cell death ligand 1.This study highlights the combination use of multitargeted TKI and STING agonist a promising treatment for metastatic TNBC.

MicroRNAs in breast cancer: oncogene and tumor suppressors with clinical potentia

MicreRNAs （miRs） are small single-stranded RNA molecules, which function as key negative regulators of post-transcriptional modulation in almost all biological processes. Abnormal expression of microRNAs has been ob- sewed in various types of cancer including breast cancer. Great efforts have been made to identify an association between microRNA expression profiles and breast cancer, and to understand the functional role and molecular mechanism of aberrant-expressed microRNAs. As research progressed, ＇oncogenic microRNAs＇ and ＇tumor sup- pressive microRNAs＇ became a focus of interest. The potential of candidate microRNAs from both intercellular （tissue） and extraceUular （serum） sources for clinical diagnosis and prognosis was revealed, and treatments involving microRNA achieved some amazing curative effects in cancer disease models. In this review, advances from the most recent studies of microRNAs in one of the most common cancers, breast cancer, are highlighted, especially the functions of specifically selected microRNAs. We also assess the potential value of these microRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic markers, and discuss the possible development of microRNA-based therapies.

Management of breast cancer brain metastases: Focus on human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer

After the introduction of trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody that binds to human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), the overall survival (OS) among patients with HER2-positive breast cancer has been substantially improved. However, among these patients, the incidence of brain metastases (BM) has been increasing and an increased proportion of them have died of intracranial progression, which makes HER2-positive breast cancer brain metastases (BCBM) a critical issue of concern. For local control of limited BM, stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and surgical resection are available modalities with different clinical indications. Postoperative or preoperative radiation is usually delivered in conjunction with surgical resection to boost local control. Adjuvant whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) should be deferred for limited BM because of its impairment of neurocognitive function while having no benefit for OS. Although WBRT is still the standard treatment for local control of diffuse BM, SRS is a promising treatment for diffuse BM as the technique continues to improve. Although large molecules have difficulty crossing the blood brain barrier, trastuzumab-containing regimens are critical for treating HER2-positive BCBM patients because they significantly prolong OS. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are more capable of crossing into the brain and they have been shown to be beneficial for treating BM in HER2-positive patients, especially lapatinib combined with capecitabine. The antiangiogenic agent, bevacizumab, can be applied in the HER2-positive BCBM scenario as well. In this review, we also discuss several strategies for delivering drugs into the central nervous system and several microRNAs that have the potential to become biomarkers of BCBM.

MicroRNA-26b下调MALAT-1抑制乳腺癌MCF-7细胞恶性生物学行为的机制研究

目的 探索microRNA-26b(miR-26b)通过MALAT-1抑制乳腺癌MCF-7细胞恶性生物学行为的分子机制。方法 以乳腺癌细胞系MCF-7作为研究对象,采用慢病毒LV-miR-26b-ctrl和LV-miR-26b转染肿瘤细胞,逆转录聚合酶链反应检测MALAT-1、miR-26a和miR-26b的mRNA表达,平板克隆形成实验、CCK-8细胞增殖实验、软琼脂成瘤实验、细胞划痕实验、Transwell细胞侵袭实验分别检测肿瘤细胞的增殖、体外成瘤、迁移和侵袭能力。结果 E2组与Mock组MCF-7细胞24、48、72和96 h时吸光度值比较,经重复测量设计的方差分析,结果:(1)不同时间点吸光度值比较,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05);(2)两组吸光度值比较,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05),与Mock组比较,E2组72和96 h时细胞增殖能力较Mock组提高(P <0.05);(3)两组吸光度值变化趋势比较,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。与Mock组相比,E2组MALAT-1相对表达量升高(P <0.05),miR-26a、miR-26b mRNA相对表达量下降(P <0.05)。高表达miR-26b的乳腺癌患者的生存情况优于低表达miR-26b组,死亡风险更低(P <0.05),低表达miR-26a组患者的生存情况优于高表达miR-26a组(P <0.05),用Cox比例风险回归模型,将miR-26a作为一个独立的预后因素来比较,两组患者的死亡风险比较无差异(P>0.05)。与LV-miR-26b-ctrl组比较,LV-miR-26b-ctrl/E2组乳腺癌细胞的MALAT-1相对表达量升高(P <0.05),与LV-miR-26b-ctrl/E2组比较,LV-miR-26b/E2组乳腺癌细胞的MALAT-1相对表达量降低(P <0.05)。LV-miR-26b-ctrl组、LV-miR-26b-ctrl/E2组、LV-miR-26b/E2组细胞在24、48、72和96 h时吸光度值比较,经重复测量设计的方差分析,结果:(1)不同时间点吸光度值比较,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05);(2)各组吸光度值比较,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05),LV-miR-26b-ctrl/E2组72和96 h时细胞增殖能力明显较LV-miR-26b-ctrl组增强(P <0.05),LV-miR-26b/E2组72和96 h时细胞增殖能力较LV-miR-26b-ctrl/E2组降低(P <0.05);(3)各组吸光度值变化趋势比较,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。E2处理后的LV-miR-26b-ctrl肿瘤细胞增殖和体外成瘤能力增强。与LV-miR-26bctrl/E2组比较,LV-miR-26b/E2组肿瘤细胞的增殖和体外成瘤能力降低。在24 h时,LV-miR-26b-ctrl/E2组细胞划痕间隙较LV-miR-26b-ctrl组变窄,LV-miR-26b/E2组24 h时细胞的划痕间隙较LV-miR-26bctrl/E2组明显增宽。LV-miR-26b-ctrl/E2组Transwell小室下方的乳腺癌细胞数量较LV-miR-26b-ctrl组增多,LV-miR-26b/E2组的肿瘤细胞数量较LV-miR-26b-ctrl/E2组减少。结论 下调MALAT-1可能是miR-26b抑制乳腺癌恶性生物学行为的分子机制之一,miR-26b有望成为乳腺癌治疗的调控靶点。

The role of long noncoding RNAs in cancer metastasis

Signaling pathways are tightly controlled systems that regulate the appropriate timing of gene expression required for the differentiation of cells down a particular lineage essential for proper tissue development.Proliferation,apoptosis and metabolic pathways are just a few examples of the signaling pathways that require fine-tuning,so as to control the proper development of a particular tissue type or organ system.An estimated 70%of the genome is actively transcribed,only 2%of which codes for known protein-coding genes.Long noncoding RNAs(lncRNAs)in particular,are a large and diverse class of RNAs>200 nucleotides in length,and not translated into protein.lncRNAs are essential transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulators that control the expression of genes in a spatial,temporal,and cell context-dependent manner.The aberrant expression of lncRNAs is therefore linked with a number of chronic diseases including cardiac dysfunction,diabetes,and cancer.In this review,we highlight the specific role lncRNAs have in promoting the metastatic cascade across a number of epithelial cancer models.

Aberrant microRNA expression in the development of breast carcinoma

microRNAs,a class of small non-coding regulatory RNAs,are involved in oncogenesis and cancer development.Studies have shown that aberrant miRNA expression occurs in breast cancer and is associated with specific clinicopathological features.Some miRNAs might act as suppressor genes or oncogenes,which can be considered as novel markers for breast cancer diagnosis and as prognostic factors.Here we present a review of recent discoveries on miRNAs involved in breast cancer tumorigenesis,invasion,and metastasis.

microRNAs与乳腺癌

microRNAs（miRNAs）是一类长约21～24个核苷酸的小分子非编码RNA，通过与位于靶基因mRNA 3＇UTR 区域的特异性结合位点互补配对结合，促进靶基因mRNA 的降解和/或抑制翻译过程，从而行使调节基因表达的功能。miRNAs广泛存在于真核细胞内，参与了细胞的分化、增殖、凋亡、周期调控、迁移以及肿瘤的发生发展等多种生物学进程。miRNAs表达谱是一类潜在的强有力的评估肿瘤发生、发展、诊断、治疗及预后的生物学指标，在人类肿瘤的不同类型中均存在显著差异。乳腺癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤之一，不同类型的乳腺癌组织中miRNAs的表达谱也不同。本文对目前为止发现的一些与乳腺癌发生发展、转移及治疗反应等相关的miRNAs及其下游靶基因在乳腺癌中的表达及作用进行综述。

血浆lncRNA SNHG12、miR-133b预测乳腺癌新辅助治疗效果的价值

目的探讨血浆长非编码RNA小核仁宿主基因12(lncRNA SNHG12)、微小RNA(miR)-133b预测乳腺癌新辅助治疗效果的价值。方法选取2022年1月至2023年1月在该院进行新辅助治疗的86例乳腺癌患者作为乳腺癌组,依据新辅助治疗效果分为病理学完全缓解(pCR)组和non-pCR组。另选取同期在该院进行健康体检的50例健康女性作为对照组。检测并比较所有研究对象lncRNA SNHG12、miR-133b表达水平。采用多因素Logistic逐步回归模型分析影响乳腺癌新辅助治疗效果的因素。绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析血浆lncRNA SNHG12、miR-133b单独及联合检测对乳腺癌新辅助治疗效果的预测价值。结果乳腺组血浆lncRNA SNHG12表达水平高于对照组,miR-133b表达水平低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。pCR组纳入34例患者,non-pCR组纳入52例患者。pCR组与non-pCR组雌激素受体、孕激素受体、人表皮生长因子受体-2(HER-2)、细胞增殖核抗原、分子分型比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。pCR组lncRNA SNHG12表达水平低于non-pCR组,miR-133b表达水平高于non-pCR组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic逐步回归分析结果显示,分子分型为HER-2过表达型、lncRNA SNHG12表达水平升高、miR-133b表达水平降低是乳腺癌新辅助治疗效果的危险因素(P<0.05)。ROC曲线分析结果显示,血浆lncRNA SNHG12、miR-133b单独检测预测乳腺癌患者新辅助治疗效果的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.850、0.951,均低于二者联合检测的0.963。86例乳腺癌中Luminal A型11例(pCR 1例、non-pCR 10例)、Luminal B型43例(pCR 12例、non-pCR 31例)、HER-2过表达型16例(pCR 14例、non-pCR 2例)、三阴型16例(pCR 7例、non-pCR 9例)。ROC曲线分析lncRNA SNHG12、miR-133b对4种不同亚型乳腺癌新辅助治疗效果的预测效能结果显示,血浆lncRNA SNHG12、miR-133b单独及联合检测预测Luminal B型乳腺癌患者新辅助治疗效果的AUC分别为0.753、0.974、0.981,预测HER-2过表达型乳腺癌患者新辅助治疗效果的AUC分别为0.804、0.857、0.893。预测三阴型乳腺癌患者新辅助治疗效果的AUC分别为0.849、1.000、1.000。结论乳腺癌患者血浆lncRNA SNHG12表达增高,miR-133b表达降低,二者联合检测对乳腺癌新辅助治疗效果具有较好的预测价值。

MicroRNA在乳腺肿瘤诊治和预后中的研究进展

微小核糖核酸(miRNA)是近年来发现的一类由内源基因编码的参与基因转录后水平调控的长度约为22个核苷酸的小RNA分子,在生物体内参与胚胎发育、细胞增殖等重要生命进程,调控细胞的分化、生长和凋亡,间接发挥促进与抑制癌症的作用。最近有研究表明,miRNA作为医学生物领域中重要的肿瘤分子标志物,在乳腺癌的发生、发展进程中发挥着重要作用。该文对miRNA在乳腺癌的诊断、治疗、预后等方面的相关研究进展予以综述。