Proposed Framework for Detection of Breast Tumors

Computer vision is one of the significant trends in computer science.It plays as a vital role in many applications,especially in the medical field.Early detection and segmentation of different tumors is a big challenge in the medical world.The proposed framework uses ultrasound images from Kaggle,applying five diverse models to denoise the images,using the best possible noise-free image as input to the U-Net model for segmentation of the tumor,and then using the Convolution Neural Network(CNN)model to classify whether the tumor is benign,malignant,or normal.The main challenge faced by the framework in the segmentation is the speckle noise.It’s is a multiplicative and negative issue in breast ultrasound imaging,because of this noise,the image resolution and contrast become reduced,which affects the diagnostic value of this imaging modality.As result,speckle noise reduction is very vital for the segmentation process.The framework uses five models such as Generative Adversarial Denoising Network(DGAN-Net),Denoising U-Shaped Net(D-U-NET),Batch Renormalization U-Net(Br-UNET),Generative Adversarial Network(GAN),and Nonlocal Neutrosophic ofWiener Filtering(NLNWF)for reducing the speckle noise from the breast ultrasound images then choose the best image according to peak signal to noise ratio(PSNR)for each level of speckle-noise.The five used methods have been compared with classical filters such as Bilateral,Frost,Kuan,and Lee and they proved their efficiency according to PSNR in different levels of noise.The five diverse models are achieved PSNR results for speckle noise at level(0.1,0.25,0.5,0.75),(33.354,29.415,27.218,24.115),(31.424,28.353,27.246,24.244),(32.243,28.42,27.744,24.893),(31.234,28.212,26.983,23.234)and(33.013,29.491,28.556,25.011)forDGAN,Br-U-NET,D-U-NET,GANand NLNWF respectively.According to the value of PSNR and level of speckle noise,the best image passed for segmentation using U-Net and classification usingCNNto detect tumor type.The experiments proved the quality ofU-Net and CNN in segmentation and classification respectively,since they achieved 95.11 and 95.13 in segmentation and 95.55 and 95.67 in classification as dice score and accuracy respectively.

A cadaveric breast cancer tissue phantom for phase-contrast X-ray imaging applications

Background:As mammography X-ray imaging technologies advance and provide elevated contrast in soft tissues,a need has developed for reliable imaging phantoms for use in system design and component calibration.In advanced imaging modalities such as refraction-based methods,it is critical that developed phantoms capture the biological details seen in clinical precancerous and cancerous cases while minimizing artifacts that may be caused due to phantom production.This work presents the fabrication of a breast tissue imaging phantom from cadaveric breast tissue suitable for use in both transmission and refraction-enhanced imaging systems.Methods:Human cancer cell tumors were grown orthotopically in nude athymic mice and implanted into the fixed tissue while maintaining the native tumor/adipose tissue interface.Results:The resulting human–murine tissue hybrid phantom was mounted on a clear acrylic housing for absorption and refraction X-ray imaging.Digital breast tomosynthesis was also performed.Conclusion:Both attenuation-based imaging and refraction-based imaging of the phantom are presented to confirm the suitability of this phantom's use in both imaging modalities.

Structurally defined tandem-responsive nanoassemblies composed of dipeptide-based photosensitive derivatives and hypoxia-activated camptothecin prodrugs against primary and metastatic breast tumors

Substantial progress in the use of chemo-photodynamic nano-drug delivery systems(nanoDDS) for the treatment of the malignant breast cancer has been achieved. The inability to customize precise nanostructures, however, has limited the therapeutic efficacy of the prepared nano-DDS to date. Here,we report a structurally defined tandem-responsive chemo-photosensitive co-nanoassembly to eliminate primary breast tumor and prevent lung metastasis. This both-in-one co-nanoassembly is prepared by assembling a biocompatible photosensitive derivative(pheophorbide-diphenylalanine peptide, PPADA) with a hypoxia-activated camptothecin(CPT) prodrug [(4-nitrophenyl) formate camptothecin, NCPT]. According to computational simulations, the co-assembly nanostructure is not the classical core-shell type, but consists of many small microphase regions. Upon exposure to a 660 nm laser,PPA-DA induce high levels of ROS production to effectively achieve the apoptosis of normoxic cancer cells. Subsequently, the hypoxia-activated N-CPT and CPT spatially penetrate deep into the hypoxic region of the tumor and suppress hypoxia-induced tumor metastasis. Benefiting from the rational design of the chemo-photodynamic both-in-one nano-DDS, these nanomedicines exhibit a promising potential in the inhibition of difficult-to-treat breast tumor metastasis in patients with breast cancer.

Pre-Trained Deep Neural Network-Based Computer-Aided Breast Tumor Diagnosis Using ROI Structures

Deep neural network(DNN)based computer-aided breast tumor diagnosis(CABTD)method plays a vital role in the early detection and diagnosis of breast tumors.However,a Brightness mode(B-mode)ultrasound image derives training feature samples that make closer isolation toward the infection part.Hence,it is expensive due to a metaheuristic search of features occupying the global region of interest(ROI)structures of input images.Thus,it may lead to the high computational complexity of the pre-trained DNN-based CABTD method.This paper proposes a novel ensemble pretrained DNN-based CABTD method using global-and local-ROI-structures of B-mode ultrasound images.It conveys the additional consideration of a local-ROI-structures for further enhan-cing the pretrained DNN-based CABTD method’s breast tumor diagnostic performance without degrading its visual quality.The features are extracted at various depths(18,50,and 101)from the global and local ROI structures and feed to support vector machine for better classification.From the experimental results,it has been observed that the combined local and global ROI structure of small depth residual network ResNet18(0.8 in%)has produced significant improve-ment in pixel ratio as compared to ResNet50(0.5 in%)and ResNet101(0.3 in%),respectively.Subsequently,the pretrained DNN-based CABTD methods have been tested by influencing local and global ROI structures to diagnose two specific breast tumors(Benign and Malignant)and improve the diagnostic accuracy(86%)compared to Dense Net,Alex Net,VGG Net,and Google Net.Moreover,it reduces the computational complexity due to the small depth residual network ResNet18,respectively.

Breast Cancer Hyperthermia Treatment Based on Slotted Patch Antenna at 2.45 GHz

The present work proposed a simple model for breast cancer hyperthermia treatment at 2.45 GHz. The proposed model involves nine-element antennas alongside a numerical breast comprising multiple tumors. Using a coupled EM-Thermal simulation in the CST suite, the simulated results for a single antenna showed a reflection coefficient (S11) better than -47 dB and demonstrated a bandwidth of 78 MHz. The specific absorption rate (SAR) as a function of input powers was examined inside the breast tissues, where it exhibited a promising performance higher than 3 W/kg at the tumor volume when the applied power was at a reasonable level of 1.5 W whereas it was well attained under the recommend IEEE level of 1.6 W/kg through the surrounded health tissues. Taking into consideration nine-element antennas covering the breast containing two different located tumors, the maximum temperature as a function of treatment time was presented at which a resulting temperature of 43°C was obtainable within 10 minutes, favored for hyperthermia purposes. Considering the maximum power level of 1.5 W, the potential use of applying three-element antennas, simultaneously with 0.5 W, could be achieved.

Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans—An Atypical Breast Tumor

A 49-year-old woman was referred to the Department of Plastic and Breast Surgery under suspicion of breast cancer after a mammogram revealed a self-discovered tumor in the lower part of her left breast. Clinical examination, mammography, and histopathological examination revealed that the original tumor in the left breast was benign, and an incidental malignant tumor, a dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP), was found in the contralateral breast. DFSP is a rare and highly malignant entity that is often silent and difficult to diagnose, making a biopsy essential. Surgical treatment must be aggressive due to the high risk of recurrence, which constitutes a technical challenge. The patient underwent surgery using an oncoplastic approach with a volume-reducing technique to achieve the best possible therapeutic and aesthetic results. Therapeutic breast reduction was performed on the right breast and the tumor was removed within the resected tissue. A contralateral symmetrizing mammoplasty was also performed simultaneously. The patient was discharged without major complications, and no recurrence of the tumor was seen during the 30-month follow-up period. The surgical approach included alternative solutions in addition to conventional lumpectomy or mastectomy. A multidisciplinary, open-minded, and creative approach resulted in a satisfying outcome for this patient.

Is chronic hepatitis C virus infection a risk factor for breast cancer?

AIM:To evaluate the prevalence of breast tumors in adult females with chronic hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection.METHODS:Prospective,single-center study,based on female outpatients consulting in a liver unit,for 1 year.The study group included females with present and/or past history of chronic infection by HCV.Patients with spontaneous recovery were excluded.Chronic hepatitis had been proved by liver biopsy in the majority of cases and/or biological markers of inflammation and fibrosis.The control group included female patients with other well documented chronic liver diseases:chronic hepatitis B,alcoholic liver disease,autoimmune hepatitis,hemochromatosis,non alcoholic liver disease,chronic cholangitis.Participating patients were prospectively questioned during consultation about past breast history and follow-up by mammography.RESULTS:Breast carcinoma was recorded in 17/294 patients with HCV infection(5.8%,95% CI:3.1-8.4) vs 5/107 control patients(4.7%,95% CI:0.67-8.67).Benign tumors of the breast(mastosis,nodules,cysts) were recorded in 75/294 patients with HCV infection(25.5%,95% CI:20.5-30.5) vs 21/107(19.6%,95% CI:12.1-27.1) in the control group.No lesion was noted in 202 patients with HCV(68.7%,95% CI:63.4-74) vs 81 control patients(75.7%,95% CI:67.6-83.8).Despite a trend to an increased prevalence in the group with HCV infection,the difference was not significant compared to the control group(P=NS).In patients over 40 years,the results were,respectively,as follows:breast cancer associated with HCV:17/266 patients(6.3%,95% CI:3.4-9.3) vs 5/95 patients(5.2%,95% CI:0.7-9.7) in the control group;benign breast tumors:72/266 patients with HCV infection(27%,95% CI:21.7-32.4) vs 18/95 patients(18.9%,95% CI:11-26.8) in the control group;no breast lesion 177/266(66.5%,95% CI:60.9-72.2) in patients with HCV infection vs 72/95(75.7%,95% CI:67.1-84.4) in the control group.The differences were not significant(P=NS).CONCLUSION:These results suggest that chronic HCV infection is not a strong promoter of breast carcinoma in adult females of any age.

Evaluation of internal and shell stiffness in the differential diagnosis of breast non-mass lesions by shear wave elastography

BACKGROUND The diagnostic specificity of conventional ultrasound for breast non-mass lesions(NMLs)is low at approximately 21%-43%.Shear wave elastography(SWE)can distinguish benign from malignant lesions by evaluating the internal and peripheral stiffness.SWE has good reproducibility and high diagnostic efficacy.However,there are very few independent studies on the diagnostic value of SWE in breast NMLs.AIM To determine the value of SWE in the differential diagnosis of breast NMLs.METHODS This study enrolled a total of 118 patients with breast NMLs who underwent SWE examinations in the Beijing Shijitan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University and The Second Hospital of Shandong University from January 2019 to January 2020.The internal elastic parameters of the lesions were recorded,including maximum(Emax),mean(Emean)and minimum elastic values and the standard deviation.The following peripheral parameters were noted:Presence of a“stiff rim”sign;Emax,and Emean elasticity values within 1 mm,1.5 mm,2 mm,2.5 mm and 3 mm from the edge of NMLs.The receiver operating characteristic curve of each parameter was drawn,and the areas under the curve were calculated.RESULTS Emax,Emean and elastic values,and the standard deviation of the internal elastic values in malignant NMLs were significantly higher than those in benign NMLs(P<0.05).The percentage with the“stiff rim”sign in malignant NMLs was significantly higher than that in the benign group(P<0.05),and Emax and Emean at the shell of 1 mm,1.5 mm,2 mm,2.5 mm and 3 mm in the malignant group were all higher than those in the benign group(P<0.05).Of the surrounding elasticity values,Emax of the shell at 2.5 mm in malignant NMLs had maximum areas under the curve of 0.900,and the corresponding sensitivity and specificity were 94.57%and 85.86%,respectively.CONCLUSION The“stiff rim”sign and multiple quantitative elastic values within and around the lesion had good diagnostic performance in the differential diagnosis of breast NMLs.Emax in peripheral tissue had better diagnostic efficiency than other parameters.

Breast non-mass-like lesions on contrast-enhanced ultrasonography: Feature analysis, breast image reporting and data system classification assessment

BACKGROUND Breast non-mass-like lesions(NMLs)account for 9.2%of all breast lesions.The specificity of the ultrasound diagnosis of NMLs is low,and it cannot be objectively classified according to the 5th Edition of the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System(BI-RADS).Contrast-enhanced ultrasound(CEUS)can help to differentiate and classify breast lesions but there are few studies on NMLs alone.AIM To analyze the features of benign and malignant breast NMLs in grayscale ultrasonography(US),color Doppler flow imaging(CDFI)and CEUS,and to explore the efficacy of the combined diagnosis of NMLs and the effect of CEUS on the BI-RADS classification of NMLs.METHODS A total of 51 breast NMLs verified by pathology were analyzed in our hospital from January 2017 to April 2019.All lesions were examined by US,CDFI and CEUS,and their features from those examinations were analyzed.With pathology as the gold standard,binary logic regression was used to analyze the independent risk factors for malignant breast NMLs,and a regression equation was established to calculate the efficiency of combined diagnosis.Based on the regression equation,the combined diagnostic efficiency of US combined with CEUS(US+CEUS)was determined.The initial BI-RADS-US classification of NMLs was adjusted according to the independent risk factors identified by CEUS,and the diagnostic efficiency of CEUS combined with BI-RADS(CEUS+BI-RADS)was calculated based on the results.ROC curves were drawn to compare the diagnostic values of the three methods,including US,US+CEUS,and CEUS+BI-RADS,for benign and malignant NMLs.RESULTS Microcalcification,enhancement time,enhancement intensity,lesion scope,and peripheral blood vessels were significantly different between benign and malignant NMLs.Among these features,microcalcification,higher enhancement,and lesion scope were identified as independent risk factors for malignant breast NMLs.When US,US+CEUS,and CEUS+BI-RADS were used to identify the benign and malignant breast NMLs,their sensitivity rates were 82.6%,91.3%,and 87.0%,respectively;their specificity rates were 71.4%,89.2%,and 92.9%,respectively;their positive predictive values were 70.4%,87.5%,and 90.9%,respectively;their negative predictive values were 83.3%,92.6%,and 89.7%,respectively;their accuracy rates were 76.5%,90.2%,and 90.2%,respectively;and their corresponding areas under ROC curves were 0.752,0.877 and 0.903,respectively.Z tests showed that the area under the ROC curve of US was statistically smaller than that of US+CEUS and CEUS+BI-RADS,and there was no statistical difference between US+CEUS and CEUS+BI-RADS.CONCLUSION US combined with CEUS can improve diagnostic efficiency for NMLs.The adjustment of the BI-RADS classification according to the features of contrastenhanced US of NMLs enables the diagnostic results to be simple and intuitive,facilitates the management of NMLs,and effectively reduces the incidence of unnecessary biopsy.

Diagnostic value of artificial intelligence automatic detection systems for breast BI-RADS 4 nodules

BACKGROUND The incidence rate of breast cancer has exceeded that of lung cancer,and it has become the most malignant type of cancer in the world.BI-RADS 4 breast nodules have a wide range of malignant risks and are associated with challenging clinical decision-making.AIM To explore the diagnostic value of artificial intelligence(AI)automatic detection systems for BI-RADS 4 breast nodules and to assess whether conventional ultrasound BI-RADS classification with AI automatic detection systems can reduce the probability of BI-RADS 4 biopsy.METHODS A total of 107 BI-RADS breast nodules confirmed by pathology were selected between June 2019 and July 2020 at Hwa Mei Hospital,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences.These nodules were classified by ultrasound doctors and the AI-SONIC breast system.The diagnostic values of conventional ultrasound,the AI automatic detection system,conventional ultrasound combined with the AI automatic detection system and adjusted BI-RADS classification diagnosis were statistically analyzed.RESULTS Among the 107 breast nodules,61 were benign(57.01%),and 46 were malignant(42.99%).The pathology results were considered the gold standard;furthermore,the sensitivity,specificity,accuracy,Youden index,and positive and negative predictive values were 84.78%,67.21%,74.77%,0.5199,66.10%and 85.42%for conventional ultrasound BI-RADS classification diagnosis,86.96%,75.41%,80.37%,0.6237,72.73%,and 88.46%for automatic AI detection,80.43%,90.16%,85.98%,0.7059,86.05%,and 85.94%for conventional ultrasound BI-RADS classification with automatic AI detection and 93.48%,67.21%,78.50%,0.6069,68.25%,and 93.18%for adjusted BI-RADS classification,respectively.The biopsy rate,cancer detection rate and malignancy risk were 100%,42.99%and 0%and 67.29%,61.11%,and 1.87%before and after BI-RADS adjustment,respectively.CONCLUSION Automatic AI detection has high accuracy in determining benign and malignant BI-RADS 4 breast nodules.Conventional ultrasound BI-RADS classification combined with AI automatic detection can reduce the biopsy rate of BI-RADS 4 breast nodules.

Adenomyoepithelioma of the breast with malignant transformation and repeated local recurrence:A case report

BACKGROUND Adenomyoepithelioma(AME)of the breast is a rare type of benign breast tumor.Many AMEs show benign behavior,but reports of the malignant type are rare.We present the case of a patient with AME with repeated local recurrences and further malignant transformation.CASE SUMMARY A 53-year-old woman visited our hospital with a 16-mm palpable mass in the right breast.A core needle biopsy was performed.The pathological diagnosis was AME.Lumpectomy with a safety margin was performed without axillary lymph node dissection(ALND).Two years later,local recurrence developed,and the patient again underwent lumpectomy with a safety margin.The pathology showed malignant AME,and the margin was negative.Eight months later,local recurrence developed again in the same location,and a total mastectomy was performed without ALND.The pathological diagnosis was malignant AME.The patient was disease-free for three years posttreatment.CONCLUSION The treatment of AME requires caution,as it may exhibit repeated recurrences after local excision as well as malignant transformation.

Ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence in early stage breast cancer patients treated with breast conserving surgery and adjuvant radiation therapy: Concordance of biomarkers and tumor location from primary tumor to in-breast tumor recurrence

BACKGROUND Patients with an in-breast tumor recurrence(IBTR)after breast-conserving therapy have a high risk of distant metastasis and disease-related mortality.Classifying clinical parameters that increase risk for recurrence after IBTR remains a challenge.AIM To describe primary and recurrent tumor characteristics in patients who experience an IBTR and understand the relationship between these characteristics and disease outcomes.METHODS Patients with stage 0-II breast cancer treated with lumpectomy and adjuvant radiation were identified from institutional databases of patients treated from 2003-2017 at our institution.Overall survival(OS),disease-free survival,and local recurrence-free survival(LRFS)were estimated using the Kaplan Meier method.We identified patients who experienced an isolated IBTR.Concordance of hormone receptor status and location of tumor from primary to recurrence was evaluated.The effect of clinical and treatment parameters on disease outcomes was also evaluated.RESULTS We identified 2164 patients who met the eligibility criteria.The median follow-up for all patients was 3.73[interquartile range(IQR)2.27-6.07]years.Five-year OS was 97.7%(95%CI:96.8%-98.6%)with 28 deaths;5-year LRFS was 98.0%(97.2-98.8)with 31 IBTRs.We identified 37 patients with isolated IBTR,19(51.4%)as ductal carcinoma in situ and 18(48.6%)as invasive disease,of whom 83.3%had an in situ component.Median time from initial diagnosis to IBTR was 1.97(IQR:1.03-3.5)years.Radiotherapy information was available for 30 of 37 patients.Median whole-breast dose was 40.5 Gy and 23 patients received a boost to the tumor bed.Twenty-five of thirty-two(78.1%)patients had concordant hormone receptor status,HER-2 receptor status,and estrogen receptor(ER)(P=0.006)and progesterone receptor(PR)(P=0.001)status from primary to IBTR were significantly associated.There were no observed changes in HER-2 status from primary to IBTR.The concordance between quadrant of primary to IBTR was 10/19[(62.2%),P=0.008].Tumor size greater than 1.5 cm(HR=0.44,95%CI:0.22-0.90,P=0.02)and use of endocrine therapy upfront(HR=0.36,95%CI:0.18-0.73,P=0.004)decreased the risk of IBTR.CONCLUSION Among patients with early stage breast cancer who had breast conserving surgery treated with adjuvant RT,ER/PR status and quadrant were highly concordant from primary to IBTR.Tumor size greater than 1.5 cm and use of adjuvant endocrine therapy were significantly associated with decreased risk of IBTR.

GubenyiliuⅡ inhibits breast tumor growth and metastasis associated with decreased heparanase expression and Akt phosphorylation

OBJECTIVE GubenyiliuⅡ(GYⅡ),a traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)formula used in our hospital,has shown beneficial effects in cancer patients.In this study,we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of GYⅡon murine breast cancer models.METHODS Inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis was evaluated by assessment of tumor weight and analysis of bioluminescent signal after a homograft inoculation.Viability of cultured breast cancer cells was determined using MTT assay andreal-time cell analysis(RTCA).Cell migratory ability was evaluated by Transwell?assay and wound healing assay.Subsequently,the potential anti-tumor and anti-metastatic mechanism was investigated by Western blotting and Immunohistochemistry.RESULTS GYⅡshowed significant inhibitory effects on tumor growth and metastasis in the murine breast cancer model.And GYⅡsuppressed theproliferation of 4T1 and MCF-7 cells in a dose-dependent manner.A better inhibitory effect on 4T1 cells proliferation and migration was found in sub-fractions(SF)of GYⅡ.Moreover,heparanase expression and degree of angiogenesis were reduced in tumor tissues.Western blotting analysis showed decreased expression of heparanase and growth factors in the cells treated with GYⅡand its sub-fractions(SF2 and SF3),there by a reduction in phosphorylation of ERK and AKT.CONCLUSION GYⅡexerts anti-tumor growth and anti-metastatic effects on murine breast cancer model.Sub-fractions 2 and 3 exhibits higher potency of the anti-tumor activity that is,at least partly,associated with decreased heparanase and growth factor sexpression,which subsequently sup-pressed activation of ERK and AKT pathways.

Suspension state promotes extravasation of breast tumor cells by increasing integrin β1 expression

Mechanical microenvironment can strongly affect the metastatic efficiency of circulating tumor cells.However,the effect of suspension state on their extravasation and the mechanisms involved are still unclear.To explore the influence of suspension state on extravasation(including adhesion,spreading and transendothelial migration)of breast tumor cells and its relevant molecular mechanism,MDA-MB-231 cells were cultured on poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)coated 6-well plates to minic the suspension state.Suspension state promoted adhesion,spreading and transendothelial migration of MDA-MB-231 cells to EAhy926 endothelial cells(ECs)monolayer under both the static condition and 0.5 dyne/cm^(2) flow shear stress(FSS).The number of cells adhered to ECs monolayer reached 2.15(static condition,3 d)and 1.67(FSS,3 d)times,and the number of migration reached 10.60 times,respectively,as compared to that in adhesion state.Moreover,MDA-MB-231 cells knockdown of integrin β1 provoked poor adhesion and transendothelial migration,as compared with MDA-MB-231 cells.But it made no difference in cell spreading.Our results implied the increasing expression of integrin β1 induced by suspension culture promoted the adhesion and transendothelial migration of MDA-MB-231 cells,but had no significant influence on their spreading.

Correlation of expression of ER,PR and c-erbB-2 with ultrasonographic features in invasive ductal cancer of breast

Objective To analyze the relationship of the expression level of estrogen receptor(ER),progesterone receptor(PR)and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2(HER-2,c-erbB-2)of breast invasive ductal carcinoma(IDC)with ultrasonographic characteristics.Methods Totally 104 patients with IDCs confirmed pathologically were involved in this study.ER,PR and c-erbB-2 expression in the IDC specimens was determined by immunohistochemical staining technique.The correlation between the ultrasonographic features and the positive expression of ER,PR or c-erbB-2 was analyzed.Results The positive expression rate of ER and PR in the group with tumor spiculation sign and posterior acoustic attenuation was higher than that in the group without.The positive expression rate of ER differed significantly(P<0.05)while that of PR did not(P>0.05).The over-expression rate of c-erbB-2 in the group of microcalcification,sufficient blood flow and axillary lymph node metastasis was higher than that in the group of non-microcalcification,deficient blood flow or without axillary lymph node metastasis(P<0.05).The expression of ER,PR and c-erbB-2 was not related to the size of tumor(P>0.05).Conclusion The expression of ER and c-erbB-2 is closely related to the ultrasonographic characteristics of IDC,which may,to some extent,reflect the expression level of ER and c-erbB-2.

Advances in the Diagnosis of Breast Tumor by Using Imaging Technology

Breast tumor is the most common tumor in the world. The most important method to reduce the mortality due to breast tumor is diagnosed and found as early as possible. Imaging technology is one of the most important means to help doctors diagnose tumor early. This paper first simply introduces the common imaging technology. Then the mechanism and application of the ultrasonic elastic imaging technology in the diagnosis of breast tumor are summarized and discussed detailly. The methods for image treatment are introduced also. At last the development trend is analyzed. It is shown that the ultrasonic imaging technology is the most convenient and the cheapest relative to other imaging technologies such as nuclear magnetic imaging (NMI) and computer tomography (CT). Especially the ultrasonic elastic imaging technology can provide not only imaging information but also mechanism parameters, which helps to improve the accuracy of diagnosis obviously. Therefore, the ultrasonic elastic imaging technology is worthy of being studied further. More effective image analysis method is required.

A Gaussian Multivariate Hidden Markov Model for Breast Tumor Diagnosis

The stage of a tumor is sometimes hard to predict, especially early in its development. The size and complexity of its observations are the major problems that lead to false diagnoses. Even experienced doctors can make a mistake in causing terrible consequences for the patient. We propose a mathematical tool for the diagnosis of breast cancer. The aim is to help specialists in making a decision on the likelihood of a patient’s condition knowing the series of observations available. This may increase the patient’s chances of recovery. With a multivariate observational hidden Markov model, we describe the evolution of the disease by taking the geometric properties of the tumor as observable variables. The latent variable corresponds to the type of tumor: malignant or benign. The analysis of the covariance matrix makes it possible to delineate the zones of occurrence for each group belonging to a type of tumors. It is therefore possible to summarize the properties that characterize each of the tumor categories using the parameters of the model. These parameters highlight the differences between the types of tumors.

Effects of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy on Multiple Cytokines in Patients with Tri-negative Breast Cancer

The novel ET therapy is that doxorubicin and paclitaxel are used in neoadjuvant chemotherapy for tri-negative breast cancer(TNBC).The study mainly investigated the efficacy of ET therapy and its impact on tumor markers and cytokines.Firstly extracted from August 2017 to August 2020,84 cases of TNBC patients were as experimental group in our hospital,and the patients were randomly divided into two groups,including the control group(42 cases)underwent conventional chemotherapy and observation group(42 cases)to accept ET neoadjuvant chemotherapy.To compare the therapeutic effect of two groups,levels of cytokines,tumor markers,and survival were detected.The results showed that the total efficiency of the control group was 80.95%,significantly lower than that of the observation group(95.24%),and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant(P<0.05).The survival rate of the control group was 78.57%,which was significantly lower than that of the observation group(95.24%).In addition,CEA,CA19-9,CA125 and VEGF of the control group were significantly higher than those of the observation group(P<0.05).Therefore,the ET therapy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy has an ideal effect on the treatment of TNBC,which can reduce the levels of tumor markers and cytokines,prolonging the survival rate of patients.

Giant juvenile fibroadenoma in a 14-year old Chinese female:A case report

BACKGROUND A giant juvenile fibroadenoma(GJF)is a rare,benign breast tumor that affects females<18 years of age.GJFs are generally suspected based on a palpable mass.GJFs influence breast shape and mammary gland development via the pressure effect from their enormous size.CASE SUMMARY Herein we report a case involving a 14-year-old Chinese female with a GJF in the left breast.GJF is a rare,benign breast tumor that usually occurs between 9 and 18 years of age and accounts for 0.5%-4.0%of all fibroadenomas.In severe cases,breast deformation may occur.This disease is rarely reported in Chinese people and has a high clinical misdiagnosis rate due to the absence of specific imaging features.On July 25,2022,a patient with a GJF was admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University.The preoperative clinical examination and conventional ultrasound diagnosis needed further clarification.The mass was shown to be an atypical lobulated mass during the operation and confirmed to be a GJF based on pathologic examination.CONCLUSION GJF is also a rare,benign breast tumor in Chinese women.Evaluation of such masses consists of a physical examination,radiography,ultrasonography,computer tomography,and magnetic resonance imaging.GJFs are confirmed by histopathologic examination.Mastectomy is not selected when the patient benefits from a complete resection of the mass with breast reconstruction and an uneventful recovery.

Near-infrared fluorescent labeled CGRRAGGSC peptides for optical imaging of IL-11Rα in athymic mice bearing tumor xenografts

The interleukin-11(IL-11)and the IL-11 receptorα-subunit(IL-11Rα)have been demonstrated to regulate the invasion and proliferation of tumor cells.Our study intends to evaluate a noninvasive imaging of IL-11Rαexpression in breast tumors using near-infrared(NIR)fluorescent dye Cy7-labeled IL-11 mimic peptide CGRRAGGSC.This work evaluated the IL-11Rαexpression of breast tumor cells and the binding status of this peptide to IL-11Rαin vitro and in vivo by using Western blotting,immunofluorescence staining and near-infrared fluorescence imaging.Our biochemical study showed that IL-11Rαwas overexpressed in breast tumor cells(MCF-7).The cell-binding assay demonstrated specific binding of peptide CGRRAGGSC to MCF-7 cells in vitro.In vivo imaging results showed that NIR fluorescent signals of Cy7-CGRRAGGSC were selectively accumulated in tumor and metabolic organs.While in the blocking experiment,free CGRRAGGSC obviously blocked the concentration of the Cy7-CGRRAGGSC in the tumors.These results suggested that IL-11Rαmay be used as a potential target for noninvasive imaging in IL-11Rαoverexpressed tumors.Furthermore,the imaging agent of near-infrared fluorescent dye Cy7-labeled CGRRAGGSC is suitable for IL-11Rαexpression imaging study in vivo.