Women's breast-feeding behavior and its influencing factors in shanghai in the late 1980's

Objectives: To analyze women’s breast-feeding behavior and its influencing factors.Design: A cohort study.Setting: In 2 districts of Shanghai.Subjects: 7 826 couples from August 1987 to August 1988 within 15 months of marriage and having a baby.Methods: From the Luwan and Hongkou Districts’ marriage registration departments out of 15 933 newly married registered couples, 7 911 eligible couples were selected by randomization. Home visits were paid twice at the 3rd and 15th month after marriage. Questions about general status, contracep-tion, births and breast-feeding, etc. were asked. A total of 7 826 couples completed questionnaires was analyzed.Results: 71. 6% of couples had a baby after marriage. The breast-feeding rate at the end of 2nd week after birth was 70.7%. The main reason of artificial feeding was insufficient or no breast milk,which constituted 82. 8% of the total. Logistic regression analysis showed that the factors affecting women’s breast-feeding behavior were wife’s age at marriage, education, ownership of working unit,fertility intention, some personal character and satisfaction with her husband. Infant’s body weight at birth, premature and abnormal birth were also influencing factors.Conclusion: In order to increase the breast-feeding rate, it is important to provide IEC of breast-feeding, to reduce premature births and births of low body weight and increase chances of breast-feed-ing while in hospital.

PRESENT SITUATION OF BREAST-FEEDING AND COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON GROWTH OF CHILDREN UNDER 36 MONTHS IN WESTERN CHINA

Objective To find out the present situation of complementary feeding, breast-feeding and children nutrition, and further explore the relationship between them. Methods Random sampling was adopted and 7302 pairs or mothers and their children under 36 months were investigated by means or questionnaires. Results Breast- feeding rate was 96. 8%,but exclusive breast-feeding rate was only 37.6%. Breast-feeding rate over 12 months was 34.7%,breast-feeding rate over 24 months was only 15. 8%. Timely sucking rate was 8.4%, 19. 2% of children had too early complementary feeding, 26.8% had too late,and 43.1% had appropriate feeding. To the children over 6 months, the feeding rates or meat and eggs per week were 36.3% and 49.3%,respectively. The stunting-rate was 24.0%, underweight-rate 22.1%,and wasting-rate 8.9%. The incidence rate of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) was 23.3%. Multivariable analysis showed that growth of children was associated with diet diversity,intake frequency of eggs and meat, too early complementary feeding,prolonged breast-feeding and diarrhea, etc. Conclusion In rural areas of western China,breast-feeding has been fundamentally popularized,however,the unfit complementary feeding and malnutrition of children under 36 months are common and serious,important complementary feeding recommen- dations and good hygiene condition are strongly needed.

Otoacoustic Emissions and Evoked Potentials in Infants after Breast-Feeding Jaundice——Hearing Dysfunction in Breast-Feeding Jaundice

We study hearing in a group of infants with Breast-feeding jaundice (BFJ) by means of Transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions (T-EOE) and Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) searching for relationship between bilirubin serum levels and auditory dysfunction. Eleven infants born at-term with BFJ were selected for the study. We studied also 11 control age- and gender matched healthy at-term infants without signs of jaundice. T-EOAE studies were performed between 5-7 days after birth, and 3 months later. BAEP studies were performed once. BFJ group infants exhibited lower amplitudes in T-EOE than infants in the control group. These differences disappear at the 3-month evaluation. In BAEP, we observed a significant latency delay of waves I and V in Breast-feeding jaundice group infants. All infants in both groups demonstrated reproducible wave V response at 30 decibels. No significant correlation values were observed between bilirubin serum levels and T-EOE and BAEP variables. Our data suggest that BFJ can result in transient peripheral and central auditory dysfunction. Dysfunction is reversible after treatment of infants with BFJ.

Factors Influencing Breast-Feeding Among Women in China

Although a well-established association between breast-feeding and a range of positive health outcomes in children has been demonstrated, less attention has been paid under China circumstance, especially what factors will influence breast-feeding behavior among Chinese women from empirical perspective has not been explored yet. In this paper, survival analysis with duration model is applied to find out the main determinants. The well-known China Health and Nutrition Survey （CHNS） dataset fits for this study since it has plenty information about breast-feeding and children. Family income, age, education level, and maternity leave are found to he the main determinants which have significant effects on the breast-feeding behavior, also the gender of infant plays an important role which is for Chinese-specific cases. The opportunity cost for women with higher education level and higher income, especially in urban areas is so high that they have to shorten the duration of breastfeeding their children. The probability of breast-feeding her child is decreasing with the aging of mother.

The Woman Warrior

EVERY Peking Opera troupe has a leading actor and actress who portray the roles of martial males and females,the former being known as Wu Sheng and the latter as Dao Ma Dan or Woman Warriors.As the Dao Ma Dan of her Peking Opera troupe.

Hypatia of Alexandria:A Fiercely Intelligent Woman

The novel Hypatia:Or New Foes With an Old Face by Charles Kingsley,published in 1853,provided valuable insight into Hypatia’s achievements and the unfortunate circumstances surrounding her untimely demise.Kingsley’s novel portrayed a fiercely intelligent woman,Hypatia,who sparked the interest of many artists,particularly sculptors.They were eager to capture in their statues the personification of this remarkable ancient mathematician,philosopher,and scientist of ancient Egypt,Hypatia of Alexandria(355-415).This essay has two parts.The first provides a brief overview of Hypatia’s life and accomplishments.The second part focuses on four sculptures from the 19th century created by different artists:Hypatia(1873-1876)by the American Howard Roberts,Hypatia(1874)by the Italian Odoardo Tabacchi,Hypatia(1890)by Francis John Williamson,and Hypatia(1894)by Richard Claude Belt.The two latter works are by British sculptors.

Black,Fat,Famous,and Loved:The Body That Transgresses and Fissures the Representations of the Celebrity Woman

What happens when a fat black woman shows up(or is exhibited)in environments with the highest media visibility?What are the relationships built between these bodies and viewers whose eyes are accustomed to consuming more homogeneous and controlled images?In this article,we see,through the analysis of famous women of modest social origin,among them the Brazilian singer MC Carol and the American presenter Oprah Winfrey,how the presence of dark skin and fat bodies,besides the markers of poverty,is still seen as faults that disorganize the idealized scenario of celebrities.In this sense,it is noticed that there is a hierarchy of celebrities,and that getting to the pulpit of high visibility and staying there are more dramatic tasks for those who do not belong to the subjective and imaginary repertoire of celebrities.This paper examines this question drawing on the concept of Weberian status as it is used in celebrity studies,at the same time that indicates the limitations of such approach.

基于三酰甘油葡萄糖指数联合血管弹性指标的绝经后女性高血压患者冠心病发生风险模型开发研究

背景绝经后女性高血压患者是冠心病易发人群,其冠心病患病率与死亡率较绝经前显著升高。本研究在团队前期研究基础上进一步联合糖脂代谢、血管弹性等相关指标诊断绝经后女性高血压患者发生冠心病,以期为临床识别绝经后女性高血压患者的冠心病风险提供新思路。目的探讨三酰甘油葡萄糖(TyG)指数、踝肱指数(ABI)、臂踝脉搏波传导速度(baPWV)、脉压指数(PPI)、动脉硬化指数(AI)联合与绝经后女性高血压患者发生冠心病的相关性及预测价值,构建绝经后女性高血压患者冠心病发生风险的预测模型。方法本研究选取2019—2022年就诊于中日友好医院中西医结合心内科的首次行冠状动脉造影检查的绝经后女性高血压患者,根据冠状动脉造影结果分为冠心病组与非冠心病组。收集患者入院时的TyG指数、ABI、baPWV、PPI、AI等临床资料,采用多因素Logistic回归分析构建绝经后女性高血压患者冠心病发生风险预测模型,并绘制列线图实现模型可视化。采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线、校准曲线、临床决策曲线分析(DCA)评价诊断效能。结果本研究共纳入首次行冠状动脉造影的绝经后女性高血压患者300例,其中非冠心病组141例、冠心病组159例。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,ABI、baPWV、TyG指数、PPI、AI是绝经后女性高血压患者发生冠心病的影响因素(P<0.05),并根据预测方程绘制列线图。ROC曲线分析结果显示,ABI、baPWV、TyG指数、PPI、AI和联合预测模型预测绝经后女性高血压患者发生冠心病的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.662、0.687、0.659、0.700、0.612、0.808(P<0.001),预测模型预测绝经后女性高血压患者冠心病发生风险的灵敏度为0.7806,特异度为0.7410。校准曲线显示预测结果与实际结果具有较好的一致性。DCA曲线表明列线图具有较好的临床实用价值。结论ABI、baPWV、TyG指数、PPI、AI是绝经后女性高血压患者发生冠心病的影响因素,新开发模型可对冠心病风险进行有效预警。

Identity and Anxiety:An Analysis of the Characters’ Anxieties Revolving Identity in The Woman in White

As a literary genre of fiction which enjoyed its great popularity in Britain in the 1860 s and 1870 s when the country had just gone through a series of social changes and a variety of anxieties prevailing the whole society,the sensation novel presents to readers a wide range of anxieties and gives responds to some of them.The Woman in White by Wilkie Collins(1859),which is generally regarded by critics as a typical representative of the sensation novel,displays diversified anxieties through the depiction of various impressive characters,and especially through their processes of establishing,losing,regaining,strengthening,hiding and faking their identities.This essay will analyze the representative work,exploring and examining the characters’ anxieties revolving their identities in relation to the social backgrounds of that era.

A Woman Who Refused to Be Tamed——An Analysis on Female Consciousness of Jane Eyre

Jane Eyre,rebellious woman in the Victorian Age,holds her remarkable status in the English literature as the one who dare to fight against the patriarchal society.Unlike her contemporaries,Jane Eyre believes that men and women are born to be equal and women should never be tamed by the male-centered world or feminist ego.Under the tremendous pressure,she still guards her own dignity and determines to achieve self-actualization instead of being an accessory of men.It’s her female consciousness that lead her to be an unusual figure that enjoys both the financial self-reliance and social equality.Self-respect,selfreliance and self-actualization comprise Jane’s female consciousness that is instructive to women and worths a further exploration.

Seeking the Self-consciousness of Black Woman from the Point of View of“Womanism”in Everyday Use

Alice Walker is one of the prominent American writers in American women' s literature and black literature in 1950s-1960s.The short story Everyday Use was published early in her writing career.She displays the differences in the behav iors and minds of the mother and her two daughters during the process of seeking the self-consciousness of black woman from the point of view of " womanism".This paper attempts to explore the awakening of their heritage and self-consciousness in or der to deepen the understanding and thoughts on the theme of the text.

The Transitivity Analysis of A Woman on a Roof

From the perspective of the transitivity theory,this dissertation aims to analyze feminist ideas in Doris Lessing' s novel A Woman on a Roof.The analysis triumphantly proves that the transitivity system in SFG is an effective method in understand ing author' s feminist ideas.It is strongly hoped that this attempt will provide some valuable experience for better appreciating of other English novels.

The Role of the Woman in the Language Development of the Child

The studies in language acquisition can be traced back to over a hundred years ago.Because of the interest they had in child development at that time,many researchers went into studies on child language or language acquisition.This paper has examined child language and language acquisition in detail,tracing the history from the earliest studies on the subject to fairly present day.The paper will also look at variations among children at early cognitive development.The role of the woman with particular reference to the 21st century will be discussed.The guiding principles will be the linguistic environment and the cultural influence on the child.

Interpretation of The Woman Warrior from the Perspective of Feminism

As a female Chinese American writer,Maxine Hong Kingston was influenced by the development of the new feminism.In The Woman Warrior,she expressed her deep sympathy for the tragedy of the No Name Woman,rewrote Hua Mulan as a new woman warrior,and endowed Brave Orchid with courage,strength and wisdom to give her own response to the new feminism.

Identity and Anxiety: An Analysis of the Characters’ Anxieties Revolving Identity in The Woman in White

As a literary genre of fiction which enjoyed its great popularity in Britain in the 1860s and 1870s when the country had just gone through a series of social changes and a variety of anxieties prevailing the whole society,the sensation novel presents to readers a wide range of anxieties and gives responds to some of them.The Woman in White by Wilkie Collins(1859),which is generally regarded by critics as a typical representative of the sensation novel,displays diversified anxieties through the depiction of various impressive characters,and especially through their processes of establishing,losing,regaining,strengthening,hiding and faking their identities.This essay will analyze the representative work,exploring and examining the characters’anxieties revolving their identities in relation to the social backgrounds of that era.

从“the other woman”的语用看语境在理解话语中的作用

通过对媒体范例“the other woman”的语用分析,阐明语境对理解话语所起的作用。并探讨了如何借助语境,利用语用推导,排除歧义,得到真义,从而达到成功交际的目的。

The Woman in “Death in the Woods”

The paper analyses the image of the old woman in the "Death in the Woods",presents the three roles the old woman beard.Finally comes the feminism ideas that woman must fight against their own fate.

The Shaping of Woman's Language and Its Therapeutic Function through Images in "The Yellow Wallpaper"

In Perkins' "The Yellow Wallpaper",the wallpaper acts as woman's language.Through this interaction between the wallpaper and the heroine in in this story,Gilman displays to us women's embarrassing status in family and society,and leaves the reader to think of woman's future.

Liver cirrhosis and splenomegaly associated with Schistosoma mansoni in a Sudanese woman in Malaysia:A case report

We report a case of a patient with Schistosoma mansoni infection who presented with liver cirrhosis and splenomegaly.She was diagnosed by a serological test and Kato-Katz thick smear stool examination.The patient was a 52-year-old woman from Sudan who came to Malaysia for a week to visit her sons.The patient lives in the middle of Rabak region,Sudan,a highly endemic area for schistosomiasis where her daily routine includes rearing of cows and farming.The site of toilet and sources of drinking water are canals and wells;both infested with snails.Patient had a long history of exposure and coming into contact with water from these canals and wells.

Ureteral Ewing’s sarcoma in an elderly woman: A case report

BACKGROUND Ewing’s sarcoma(ES)is regarded as a skeletal tumor,with few instances of extraskeletal ES.A primary ES in the ureter is extremely rare.CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a 69-year-old woman who presented with intermittent flank pain and hematuria and was found to have a mass in the left ureter.Pathology of the excised mass indicated ES.The clinical treatment and pathologic characteristics in this case,and a review of the literature describing ES in the urinary system,are presented.CONCLUSION Due to the rarity and malignancy of ES in ureter,early diagnosis and prompt surgical treatment are critical.