The breeding biology of Red-Whiskered Bulbul(Pycnonotus jocosus) in Xishuangbanna, southwest China

To fill the gap in breeding biology information about the Red-Whiskered Bulbul （Pycnonotus jocosus）, in 2013, we studied the breeding biology of this species in Xishuangbanna, southwest China. The breeding began from February and continued until early August. The breeding strategy of P. jocosus was more flexible and their nests were only built in cultivated landscapes, whereas, no nest building in native tropical rain forest was found. Small open cup nests were built on 50 different plant species, and at heights ranging from 2.1±0.6 m above the ground （n=102）. The mean clutch size was 2.53±0.51 eggs （n=40） and the mean egg mass was 2.81±0.25 g （n=60）. The average incubation period was 11.1±0.5 days （n=14）, and the average nestling period was 11.0±0.8 days （n=31）. The overall nest success was 34.22%.The hatching and fledging showed either asynchrony or synchrony. Invertebrate food decreased with nestling age, whereas, plant food increased with nestling age. Moreover, distinct parental roles of the parents in nestling period were found. Compared with other passerine species, P. jocosus spent less time in incubating （58%）. The clutch size, incubation and nestling period of the P. jocosus in southwest China were different from those of the R jocosus in India.

Pollination Biology of the Endangered Herbal Medicines Dendrobium chrysotoxum(Orchidaceae)

Pollination biology studies of the endangered herbal medicines Dendrobium chrysotoxum were conducted in natural pollination conditions using flower observation,pollinator observation and artificial pollination experiments.Populations of D.chrysotoxum with fragrance and nectar were pollinated by Ctenoplectra davidi Valhalla(Hymenoptera:Apidae)species.The floral structure of D.chrysotoxum adapted precisely to its pollinators.Flowers had a low capsule setting(0.17%)under natural conditions.However,compared to open pollination,artificial pollination experiments showed a significant increase in capsule setting,and D.chrysotoxum was cross-compatible and self-compatible,but there was pollinator limitation also.This study will provide important information for the preservation of this endangered species.

ARTIFICIAL PROPAGATION AND BREEDING OF MARINE FISH IN CHINA

Since the 1990s, artificial propagation and breeding technique of marine fish in China have developed by way of increasing species and fry numbers, with special stress laid on valuable species. Large quantities of artificial fry can meet the needs of both marine cage culture and pond culture for most species. Experimental results obtained by scientists have been put into use in actual production. Fish fry production has entered a period of sustainable development. So far, at least 44 species (21 families) of marine fish have been successfully bred in China. The artificial fry number of large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) exceeded 300 million in 1999. The species whose artificial fry numbers have each surpassed 10 million annually are red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus), cuneate drum (Nibea miichthioides), spring spawning red seabream (Pagrosomus major) and threebanded sweetlip (Plectorhynchus cinctus). Millions of artificial fry are bred annually in the species of black porgy (Sparus macrocephalus), Russell’s snapper (Lutjanus russelli), javelin grunt (Pomadasys hasta), miiuy croaker (Miichthys miiuy) and skewband grunt (Hapalogenys nitens). The fish in the family Sciaenidae are the main species in artificial propagation and breeding. Some problems and prospects on marine fish culture and stock enhancement are also discussed and some proposals for sustainable development are put forward in this article.

Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in the Water, Sediment and Fish during a Complete Breeding Cycle in the Pond of the Pearl River Delta, China

The paper aimed to investigate the concentration variations and evaluate the bioaccumulation as well as the health risk of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb in the aquaculture pond ecosystem during a complete breeding cycle. The samples of water, sediment and aquatic organisms were collected from the pond of gull island in the Pearl River Delta, China. In the breeding cycle, the results revealed the metal concentration in the water increased, while the sediment metal concentration showed no significant difference. The heavy metal concentrations in the water were higher than the background values (December 2017) which related to the input of feeds. Sediment metal concentrations (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As and Cd) in the sediment were higher than the background values of Guangdong Province, China, indicating these metal pollutions came from anthropogenic activities. While the concentration of Pb was comparable to the background value, implying that the Pb was mainly from the earth crust. In addition, various metals showed different affinity to fish organs (muscle, skin, bladder, gill, heart, kidney and liver). Zinc was abundant in skin, while As and Cd concentrations were highest in kidneys;Cu was accumulated highest in liver;Cr concentrations was highest in hearts;and Ni was mainly found in bladders, and the Pb was most commonly found in gills. The distribution of heavy metals in the tissues organs was in the sequence of: Zn > Cu > Cr > Ni > Pb > As > Cd. As the fish ages, the Cu and Zn concentration in tissue organs declined, while the Cr, Ni, As, Cd and Pb increased slightly. Estimations of health risks showed no evidence of potential threats to consumers.

Reproductive Biology and Prospects for Conservation of Caldesia parnassifolia (Alismataceae)——A Threatened Monocot in China

Caldesia parnassifolia (Bassi ex Linn.) Parl. in China has declined in number in r ecent years and is increasingly faced with the risk of extirpation arising from anthropogenic changes associated with rapid urbanization and expansion of both agriculture and infrastructure. To aid in provision of the data needed for effective conservation of the species, studies on the habitat, pollination ecology, and breeding system of C. parnassifolia were carried out on natural populations occurring in Southeastern China. Flowering in the study populations extended for more than eighty days beginning in early summer. Floral anthesis occurred in the morning hours and proceeded rapidly, lasting about 45 min. Flowers lasted ca. 8 h. Caldesia parnassifolia is self\|compatible; however autogamy resulted in lower seed set than geitonogamy and xenogamy as well as free pollination. The data on pollen/ ovule (P∶O) ratio is consistent with a partially selfing and outcrossing mating system. Interpopulational crosses yielded similar seed set to within\|population crosses. Agamospermy did not occur in the study populations. Propagation is achieved through seeds as well as through turions which commonly occur in the inflorescences. Flies (Insecta; Diptera) were the most frequent visitors to the flowers of C. parnassifolia; however bees (Insecta; Hymenoptera) composed a larger proportion of effective pollinators. The Syrphidae species Sphaerophoria indiana (Bigot) presents evidence of oligolectic foraging behavior. Recommendations are made on the immediate steps necessary for conservation of Caldesia species in China.

Artificial reproduction of neotropical fish:Extrusion or natural spawning?

In captive conditions, most neotropical migratory species do not have the necessary incentive to complete gonadal maturation and spawning, which require induction techniques, usually with the use of hormones. Numerous studies have therefore focused on finding an effective hormonal treatment to induce reproduction for each species. A standard treatment was successfully developed for most of these species, which consists of two doses of Carp Pituitary Extract (CPE), totaling 5.5 mgCPE/kg of fish. However, the best strategy for the subsequent fertilization of gametes is still unclear. This study was conducted with five species of commercial interest that do not reproduce naturally in captivity: pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus, piracanjuba Brycon orbignyanus, curimbatá Prochilodus lineatus, dourado Salminus brasiliensis and piau?u Leporinus macrocephalus. Ninety-nine broodstocks were used, consisting of males and females of the five species to compare two techniques for spawning and fertilization: extrusion followed by the dry method and natural spawning. All fish were induced with two hormone doses, i.e., 0.5 and 5.0 mgCPE/kg, and were subjected to one of the two types of fertilization. The results were compared using the fertilization rate, number of oocytes produced, relative fecundity and the broodstocks' survival rate on days following spawning. All species responded positively to spawning for extrusion, and only S. brasiliensis did not spawn through the natural spawning method. The natural spawning technique provided a higher fertilization rate of eggs and a greater broodstock survival rate (P S. brasiliensis. It was concluded that the natural spawning technique can increase the production of viable eggs and reduce the mortality of species during breeding, except for S. brasiliensis.

冷水鱼养殖尾水治理技术试验

为保护水域生态环境,实施环保养殖,加强养殖业自身环保建设,采用固液分离、沉淀吸收、氧化降解、微生物降解过滤净化和植物吸收等生态处理技术,开展冷流水养殖尾水综合处理技术研究,在处理系统为养殖面积40%的情况下,能有效降低尾水中的COD和氮磷,处理效果分别达到了100%、87.13%、75.56%。

中国特有的两种同域分布凤仙花属植物的传粉生物学研究

中国是凤仙花属物种多样性分布中心之一,存在着大量的特有和同域分布现象。为更好地理解同域分布近缘种的传粉综合征分化以及传粉昆虫资源分配问题,该文以中国特有种黄麻叶凤仙花(Impatiens corchorifolia)和金凤花(I.cyathiflora)为研究对象,通过野外调查和实验完成传粉生物学的相关研究,比较分析了这两个种的开花物候、花形态结构、传粉昆虫的种类及访花行为和人工授粉实验等方面的异同。结果表明:(1)两种凤仙花的花距不同,花距的长度与花蜜量呈正比,但与花蜜含糖量无关。花距类型决定了两种植物的传粉昆虫种类的分化。具短花距的黄麻叶凤仙花的花蜜含量为(4.57±1.43)μL,花蜜糖含量为(45.48±2.28)%,由蜜蜂和胡蜂为其传粉。拥有长花距的金凤花的花蜜含量为(10.15±3.28)μL,花蜜糖含量为(46.12±1.48)%,除蜜蜂和胡蜂传粉外,天蛾和熊蜂也为其传粉昆虫。(2)两种植物虽然共享3种传粉者,但表现为明显的错峰访花,传粉行为和花通道的差异决定了传粉者携带花粉的部位不一致。(3)繁育系统实验表明,两种植物均表现出明显的种间杂交障碍和异花授粉偏好性。因此,花距形态差异显著导致了传粉综合征分化明显和传粉昆虫行为各异。两种植物授粉均需要传粉昆虫且均无法自花授粉,呈现异交优势;并且可以通过部分传粉昆虫、花形态差异以及杂交不亲和等情况维持生殖隔离。该研究结果为理解凤仙花属的传粉综合征、同域分布近缘物种传粉昆虫资源分配等方面提供了新资料。

辽藁本种质创新、栽培繁育及分子生物学研究进展

辽藁本作为我国大宗药材,随着市场需求量的增加,种植面积也在逐年扩大,但是辽藁本栽培种较少、栽培技术落后,分子生物学等方面研究不够深入,严重制约了相关产业的发展。文章综述了辽藁本在种质创新、栽培技术研究、种苗繁育、药用成分分析、分子生物学及微生物组学等方面的研究进展,展望了辽藁本未来研究应关注的方向,为辽藁本的进一步深入研究和产业发展提供科学依据。

三角梅‘伊娃夫人’的繁育体系研究

为明确开花特性和繁育系统对三角梅‘伊娃夫人’有性繁殖的影响,促进其杂交选育与园林应用。采用田间观测法探究其开花物候,同时观测其开花动态过程及花部形态特征;用FDA染色法和液体培养基法测定其花粉活力及离体萌发率;繁育系统则采用形态观测、苯胺蓝染色法及田间杂交试验三者结合的方法共同测定。结果表明:(1)‘伊娃夫人’花被管结构特殊,呈圆筒状,中上部皱缩,两端膨大,阻碍大多数虫媒传粉。(2)‘伊娃夫人’花粉粒形态为圆形或椭圆形,具网状纹路;单药花粉量为1375粒,花粉萌发适宜温度为28℃,花粉具有群体萌发效应。(3)‘伊娃夫人’花粉量与胚珠比为11000,杂交指数为4,结合田间套袋及人工授粉试验结果判断其繁育系统主要为异交类型,需要传粉者。研究结果对三角梅‘伊娃夫人’的资源利用与种质创新具有一定意义。

“大思政”视域下水产养殖核心课程鱼类育种学课程思政的探索与创新实践

“大思政”是新时代高等教育院校实现立德树人、全面育人、推动课程思政高质量发展的一种全新教育典范。鱼类育种学是水产养殖专业的核心课程之一,内容涵盖了水产养殖行业的技术创新与产业提升,在培养新时代的水产科技创新实践者方面扮演着重要角色。充分挖掘鱼类育种学课程中蕴含的思想政治元素,将价值观教育与专业知识传授融合于教学过程,有助于实现专业教育与价值引领的无缝对接。文章系统介绍并剖析了河南农业大学动物科技学院在鱼类育种学课程思政方面的探索与实践,旨在培育学生知行合一的观念,同时也秉持“三农”耕作精神,不断提升鱼类育种学课程的教学质量,为推进课程思政教育的改革与实际应用提供参考。

北江荛花繁殖特性及传粉生物学研究

为了揭示北江荛花自然结实率低的原因,本研究对花部特征、花粉活力、柱头可授性、繁育系统与传粉生物学等方面进行观测,同时采用扫描电镜进行花粉及柱头形态特征观察。结果表明,北江荛花为两性花,花朵开口小,花萼筒细长,柱头深埋于花萼筒内部,上下两轮雄蕊排列于花萼筒中上部;扫描电镜观察发现,北江荛花花粉与柱头形态正常,不存在发育缺陷。花粉活力与柱头可授性动态观测表明,北江荛花雌雄同熟,开花后6~24 h为有效授粉期(EPP),此时期内花粉活力较高,柱头可授性较强,可正常授粉。传粉生物学观测发现,风传粉对北江荛花生殖贡献大,因其花萼筒细长,动物传粉存在困难,仅有虱、蓟马等小型昆虫可能是其潜在传粉者。结合花粉胚珠比(P/O)、杂交指数(OCI)值和传粉生物学观测情况推断,北江荛花繁育系统以异交为主、自交亲和,有时需要传粉者。研究表明,北江荛花的筒状花结构使其较难进行异花授粉,可能是导致其自然结实率低的主要原因。

高丁醇耐受性丙酮丁醇生产菌株选育研究进展

以化石燃料为主的传统不可再生能源在促进经济发展过程中起到重要作用,但同时也对生态环境造成了严重的危害,因此,新型可再生能源的研究与应用已成为全球能源领域重要方向。生物丁醇因具有环境友好、可再生等优点而成为生物质能源领域研究的热点。然而由于丁醇的毒害作用导致丙酮丁醇发酵过程中出现低产物浓度、低产率及低转化率现象,因此提高发酵菌株的丁醇耐受性是增强丙酮丁醇发酵经济性的重要途径之一。该文综述了不同诱变育种、适应性驯化策略、合成生物学手段等不同方法提高丁醇生产菌株的丁醇耐受性的原理及国内外研究进展,讨论了各方法在实践中的优缺点与挑战等问题,以期为提高微生物细胞的丁醇耐受性菌株的选育提供一些理论与实践参考。

“探究小鱼对光照强度的反应”实验教学设计与实施

“探究水蚤对光照强度的反应”实验在教学过程中存在较多弊端。用小鱼替代水蚤,自制亚克力水槽替代玻璃管,连接带有电池盒的LED冷光灯,探究鱼类对光照的行为,应用计算机软件准确计算和分析实验结果,提升了实验的安全性、便捷性和准确性。

小麦遗传育种中DNA分子标记技术及应用

近年来,快速发展的分子生物学技术带动了分子标记技术在小麦育种中的快速应用。小麦育种的主要任务是将不同来源的优良基因进行重组获得广泛的遗传变异,并筛选出符合育种目标的基因型。DNA分子标记技术可以作为小麦育种的重要工具,DNA分子标记技术在小麦遗传育种中的应用,对农作物分子育种具有重要意义。

旭龙水电站建设管理营地与鱼类增殖站一体化设计研究

在水利水电工程建设过程中,为了减少对生态环境的影响,同时降低建设、运维成本,需要将建设管理营地和鱼类增殖站一体化设计。以旭龙水电站为例,介绍了建设管理营地和鱼类增殖站一体化设计的原则,以及规划布局、功能设计、竖向设计、交通设计、生态环境设计等内容。结果表明:规划方案实现了功能上高度共享、竖向上安全可靠、交通上各行其道、环境上绿色友好,规划成果可为同类工程设计提供参考。

Present Situation and Prospects of Salmon trutta

Salmo trutta is one of the major native economic fishes in Tibet. The biological characteristics, muscle nutrition composition, molecular biology, breeding and resources status of S： trutta are summarized.

Nest site selection and reproductive parameters of the threatened Atlantic Royal Flycatcher(Onychorhynchus swainsoni)and their significance for conservation

Background:Patterns of rarity can be explained by reproductive rates,levels of endemism,and habitat specificity,and knowledge on these parameters is important to understand the levels of vulnerability of each species and to formulate conservation strategies.Here,we studied nest-site selection and breeding biology of the Atlantic Royal Flycatcher(Onychorhynchus swainsoni),a poorly known vulnerable bird endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.Methods:We addressed nest site selection in three different levels:first,we searched for nests near and far from water to investigate whether birds could select water proximities to construct nests;second,we examined if they could select certain streams in detriment of others,and we analyzed the characteristics of used and non-used streams,and third,in streams in which nests were found,we addressed nest site selectivity by comparing a number of parameters between nest sites and random sites.Further,we provide information on breeding biology parameters related to annual fecundity.Results:During five breeding seasons,we found 23 nests in a well-preserved forest continuum.All of the nests were constructed above water,and they were found in streams that were about 4 m in width,instead of smaller streams with about 1.5 m in width.Modeling analyses revealed that within the used streams,nests were constructed in sites with lower vegetation density in relation to random points,while stream width,water speed,and canopy cover presented no significant correlation.Atlantic Royal Flycatchers in our study had a 22-day incubation period and 24 to 27-day nestling period.Overall nest survival was comparatively high(62%),but clutch size was small(N=2 eggs)and Along the nesting streams,we found an average of 1.62±0.07 breeding pairs/km.Conclusions:These data suggest that nesting habitat specificity and low annual fecundity are among the factors contributing to the rarity of the Atlantic Royal Flycatcher in large forest continuums and to its absence in fragmented environments.It reinforces the importance of large well-preserved forest continuums for the conservation of habitat specialist Atlantic Forest bird species.