Stabilization of Spent Grains by Composting: Case of the BB Brewery in Lomé(Togo)

Brewery grains have a long history in animal feed. This use in animal feed nevertheless poses a problem, that of bad odors due to the sometimes too long shelf life of spent grains. The objective of this work is to recover spent grains from the BB brewery in Lomé by composting in order to stabilize them. A compost based solely on spent grains was produced after 5 months. The physico-chemical and spectroscopic characterizations at the end of the composting process revealed that the compost obtained has interesting properties with a pH = 7.01;a C/N ratio of 13.7 and a low level of heavy metals (Pb = 1.23 mg/kg, Cd = 0.04 mg/kg etc.).

Production and Evaluation of the Nutritional and Functional Qualities of “Adakwa” Enriched with Waste Biomass of Traditional Brewer’s Spent Grain as a Functional Staple Food

Brewers’ spent grains constitute a nutrient-rich valuable and highly under-utilized by-product of the beer industry produced in large amounts all through the year. This bio-resource is a very good candidate for valorization, due to environmental and economic concerns, using biotechnological processing, particularly for food enrichment. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of fortification of Adakwa with traditional brewers’ spent grains (TBSG) on its physicochemical and nutritional properties as well as its acceptability using an experimental design. Four (4) samples of Adakwa were produced with TBSG incorporated rates of 0% (control sample), 10%, 20%, and 30% and evaluated. Using an experimental design, the effect of process parameters, including the TBSG incorporation rate, cooking time, and cooking temperatures on the physicochemical and nutritional properties of the Adakwa were evaluated while the 9-point hedonic scale was used to evaluate the sensory properties and its overall acceptability: carbohydrate, protein, crude fibre, cellulose, polyphenol, antioxidant activity (FRAP and DPPH). The water absorption activity values were 81.2 ± 0.04, 4.55 ± 0.05, 9.73 ± 0.23, 3.31 ± 0.05, 6.73 ± 0.23, 1.60 ± 0.09, 28.85 ± 0.8 and 117 ± 3.54 respectively for 0% TBSG (control);86.8 ± 0.01, 1.81± 0.20, 16.22 ± 0.16, 5.54 ± 0.69, 6.01 ± 0.16, 6.59 ± 0.03, 25.89 ± 0.94 and 475.0 ± 21.21 respectively for 30% TBSG. The sample with a high nutrient content was further produced using a central composite design and the factors studied were temperature and time, with responses, crude fiber, and FRAP content. The optimum production condition was: % TBSG: 47.06%;temperature: 123.17℃;Time: 30.34 mins. The sample with 47% TBSG had the best overall acceptability after sensory evaluation with sensory scores of: 5.45 ± 0.76, 7.9 ± 0.79, 8.0 ± 1.0, 7.10 ± 0.16, 8.5 ± 1.6, 7.6 ± 0.98 for color, taste, aroma, mouthfeel, texture and overall acceptability respectively. Thus TBSG can be used to improve the physicochemical and nutritional properties of adakwa.

啤酒糟流化床气化中颗粒粒径对气固流动和产气影响的CPFD模拟

我国酿酒工业每年产生大量废弃啤酒糟,其具有挥发分含量高、硫含量低的特点,特别适合作为气化原料,而流化床气化炉以优异的气固混合和温度均匀性而著称,通过流化床气化实现啤酒糟的资源化和能源化利用具有重要意义。为探究啤酒糟流化床气化过程中颗粒粒径对气固流动行为和产气的影响,基于计算颗粒流体动力学(CPFD)方法,对以空气和水蒸气为气化剂的啤酒糟鼓泡流化床气化过程进行了数值模拟,研究了床料粒径和啤酒糟粒径的影响。通过CPFD数值模拟,获得了鼓泡流化床气化炉内颗粒体积分数分布、酒糟和床料的颗粒分布等流动特征,以及产气中主要气体组分的摩尔分数。借助鼓泡流化床气化实验装置,研究了床料粒径和啤酒糟粒径对产气中各气体组分体积分数的影响规律,并对数值模拟结果进行了验证。结果表明,床料粒径的增加不利于气化炉内的充分流态化和颗粒混合,使气化炉内温度沿高度的分布不均匀,并且不利于碳颗粒和水蒸气的充分混合以及气固反应和气相反应的均匀吸放热,造成H_(2)摩尔分数显著降低;啤酒糟粒径的适当增大有助于延长其在气化炉内的停留时间,从而提高固态碳与水蒸气、二氧化碳之间的反应转化率,生成更多的H_(2)和CO,但过大的啤酒糟粒径会造成啤酒糟和床料的混合较差,使啤酒糟比表面积减小,不利于热解和气化反应,导致H_(2)、CO、CH_(4)和NH_(3)等可燃组分的摩尔分数均降低。

具有抗氧化活性青稞酒糟蛋白酶解液对H_(2)O_(2)诱导HepG2细胞的保护作用

为实现青稞酒糟的高值化利用,该研究在提取青稞酒糟蛋白基础上,以DPPH自由基清除率和还原力为指标优化了青稞酒糟蛋白酶解液的制备工艺,并对该酶解液的体外抗氧化活性和细胞保护作用进行了探究。结果表明:青稞水酒糟和青稞白酒糟均含有丰富的蛋白质,含量分别为31.46 g/100 g和18.47 g/100 g;超声纤维素酶法辅助碱提酸沉法对青稞水酒糟的蛋白提取率高达76.10%(m/m),白酒糟的为29.88%;碱性蛋白酶最适合用于青稞水酒糟蛋白的酶解,其最佳酶解条件为:料液比1:60(m/V),超声时间15 min,酶添加量3.7%(m/m)及酶解时间3.5 h,此条件下制得的青稞水酒糟蛋白酶解液的DPPH自由基清除率高达95.02%;不同浓度的青稞水酒糟蛋白酶解液对HepG2细胞活力没有负面影响;随着青稞水酒糟蛋白酶解液浓度的升高,对经H_(2)O_(2)诱导的细胞内ROS逐渐降低,酶解液浓度为5.0 mg/mL(m/V)时可使受损细胞内的ROS比损伤组低约50%。该研究成果可为青稞水酒糟蛋白酶解液的制备及其在保健食品、化妆品中的高值化利用提供参考。

黑米酒糟添加量对馒头品质及生理活性的影响

以小麦馒头为对照,本文拟探究添加不同比例黑米酒糟馒头的品质(色差、结构、质构、感官评价等)及生理活性(抗氧化性能、体外消化特性及血糖生成指标)。结果表明,黑米酒糟对馒头比容、色差、结构及质构等影响显著(P<0.05);在添加量为5%时,黑米酒糟馒头形态、气味、口感较好,比小麦馒头更受欢迎。随着黑米酒糟添加量增加,黑米酒糟馒头的多酚含量(0.066~0.088 mg/g)、黄酮含量(0.266~0.379 mg/g)、DPPH自由基清除率(25.1%~70.4%)和ABTS+自由基清除率(37.4%~71.6%)显著提高(P<0.05);同时,黑米酒糟能提高馒头中的抗性淀粉含量,当添加量为15%时,抗性淀粉含量提高了1.49倍,其适用于制备抗性淀粉制品。此外,黑米酒糟能够降低血糖生成指标,适用于制备辅助降血糖制品。

白酒酿造副产物全利用生产发酵饲料的研究

丢糟和底锅水作为白酒酿造的副产物产量巨大,利用丢糟和底锅水生产发酵饲料能有效提高其资源的二次利用率。本研究以白酒酿造副产物为主要原料,辅助添加棉籽粕、豆粕和麸皮,共同生产发酵饲料,通过单因素试验和正交试验结合,以酸溶蛋白/粗蛋白质(ASP/CP)为指标,探究原料组合、蛋白酶添加量、菌液接种量、发酵温度和发酵时间对发酵饲料的影响。结果表明:以丢糟和底锅水为主要原料,辅以棉籽粕、豆粕和麸皮,生产发酵饲料的最佳工艺条件为:丢糟添加量37%(m/m),棉籽粕26%(m/m),豆粕22%(m/m),麸皮15%(m/m),酸性蛋白酶添加量1%(m/m),菌液接种量2.5%(V/m),发酵温度40℃,发酵时间4 d。与优化前相比,ASP/CP提高了125.46%。本研究为白酒酿造副产物的综合再利用提供了一条途径,而且改善了丢糟饲料的蛋白质品质,提高了发酵饲料的经济价值。

发酵啤酒糟营养价值、生产工艺及其在畜禽生产中的应用

我国啤酒糟产量巨大,常作为废弃物直接排放,资源浪费严重。如何将其有效应用于畜禽生产十分必要。发酵技术可以有效保存和改善啤酒糟的营养成分,提高啤酒糟作为动物饲料的价值。该文对发酵啤酒糟营养价值、生产工艺及其在畜禽生产中的应用进行了综述,以期为发酵啤酒糟应用提供参考。

酱香丢糟理化指标与总黄酮含量分析

为促进白酒酿造行业的大宗副产物--酱香丢糟的有效利用,本研究以贵州祥康酒业(集团)有限公司和贵州国台酒庄有限公司12个酱香丢糟样品为研究对象,对其理化指标(水分、淀粉、还原糖、酸度)进行测定,并采用紫外分光光度法,以芦丁为标准物质建立标准曲线,对其总黄酮含量进行测定。结果表明,酱香丢糟样品中水分、淀粉、还原糖、酸度较稳定,总黄酮平均含量为0.012 g·L^(-1);本研究中采用紫外分光光度法测定样品中总黄酮含量,操作简单、结果准确可靠,适用于酱香酒糟中总黄酮的定量测定,可为酱香酒糟的深度开发利用提供依据。

Feed nutritional value of brewers’ spent grain residue resulting from protease aided protein removal

Background:This study was conducted to evaluate the feed nutritional value of brewers’spent grain(BSG)residue resulting from protease aided protein removal.The nutritional value was measured as nutrient content,gas production,nutrient digestibility and fermentation characteristics in batch culture.Results:Protein extraction process decreased content of crude protein but concentrated the neutral detergent fibre(NDF)and ferulic acid in BSG residue.The changes in the chemical composition of BSG residue varied with enzyme and enzyme dosage.Digestibility of dry matter(DMD)and NDF of residue differed among proteases.Increasing alcalase dosage linearly decreased DMD,whereas,the DMD linearly increased as everlase or flavourzyme dosage increased.Compared with BSG,the DMD,gas production and fermentation acid concentration of BSG residues were lower,whereas NDF digestibility was higher.Conclusions:The substantially increased NDF content and improved in vitro NDF digestibility due to protease hydrolysis suggest that BSG residue can be potentially exploited as a viable fibre source for ruminant feeding.

Properties of Bacillus species Cellulase Produced Using Cellulose from Brewers Spent Grain (BSG) as Substrate

The properties of extracellular cellulase obtained from Bacillus species (FIIRO Strain B223) on supplying cellulose from Brewers Spent Grain (BSG) were studied. Generally, a crude cellulase activity between 11,757 Units to 13,930 Units was observed for both sources of carbon (BSG and crystalline cellulose). The optimum pH and temperature of 5.0, and 30°C - 40°C for both sources of carbon was observed. Heavy metals such as copper, zinc, and iron inhibited the activities of B223 cellulase while the cellulase activities on alkaline earth metal (manganese) were moderate. The co-factor behaviour of manganese ion was also established. Local production of cellulase in Nigeria using local raw materials such as Brewers Spent Grain reduces enzyme cost;cost of finished products and increases gross domestic products.

The Economic Potential of Brewer’s Spent Grain (BSG) as a Biomass Feedstock

This paper analyzes a pro-forma economic market and supply chain system for the reuse of a lignocellulose (brewer’s spent grain) in an industrial biotechnology environment. An extant literature review was conducted, followed by a technical analysis of BSG, and the development of a supply chain system and economic market analysis based upon a participant brewing company and industry experts. In this paper, it was found that, even with the potential for future improvements in the conversion of brewer’s spent grain (BSG) from an efficiency standpoint, this industrial residual is supply chain prohibitive as a biofeedstock in comparison to other lignocellulose materials, therefore, centralized market relationships would not be advantageous for sellers and buyers. Future research should consider the viability of centralized supply chain structures for alternatives that may exist as future bio-feedstocks.

Lead desorption from modified spent grain

Lead-loaded modified spent grain regenerated by desorption process was investigated.HCl,H2SO4,H3PO4,NaOH,NaCl and ultrapure water were chosen as desorption agents to treat lead-loaded modified spent grain for 30 min.The structures and components of regenerated modified spent grain before and after adsorbing Pb(Ⅱ)were investigated using scanning electron microscopy(SEM),energy-dispersive analysis of X-ray(EDAX)and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry(FTIR).The results indicate that lead-loaded modified spent grain treated in 0.1 mol/L HCl exhibits higher elution efficiency(86.44%)as compared with other agents.The enrichment of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups susceptible to combine with Pb(Ⅱ)are observed in the regenerated modified spent grain,which may result in high re-absorption efficiency of Pb(Ⅱ).Moreover,C-Cl,N-H,C-N and O-H (polysaccharides)also play an crucial role in Pb(Ⅱ)binding to regenerated modified spent grain.

麦糟蛋白肽发酵制备工艺优化及其生理活性评价

以麦糟为原料,采用米曲霉固态发酵制备麦糟蛋白肽,通过单因素试验和正交试验优化蛋白肽制备工艺,并分析其体外抗氧化活性和降血糖活性。结果表明:麦糟蛋白肽最佳制备工艺为发酵时间120 h、发酵温度28℃、接种量1.2 mL、pH 6.6,在此条件下蛋白肽转化率为87.58%;抗氧化活性试验显示,麦糟蛋白肽对DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子自由基和羟基自由基有不同程度的清除作用,其中,对DPPH自由基清除能力最强;降血糖活性试验显示,麦糟蛋白肽对α-葡萄糖苷酶有明显抑制作用,在试验蛋白肽质量浓度范围内,最大抑制率达86.96%。

灵芝固态发酵麦糟制备可溶性膳食纤维工艺优化

以麦糟为原料,通过灵芝固态发酵麦糟制备高品质麦糟膳食纤维,研究不同工艺条件对麦糟中可溶性膳食纤维含量的影响。通过单因素试验和响应面试验考察并优化影响可溶性膳食纤维含量的因素,得到灵芝发酵制备高品质麦糟膳食纤维的最佳工艺条件。结果表明,灵芝固态发酵麦糟制备可溶性膳食纤维的最佳工艺条件为灵芝种子培养液接种量19%,麦糟与水的料水比1∶2(g∶mL),发酵温度26℃,发酵时间11 d。在此优化条件下,可溶性膳食纤维含量最高可达8.98%。发酵后麦糟膳食纤维持水力为2.67 g/g,持油力为2.03 g/g,膨胀力为4.69 mL/g,均比原麦糟有较大程度的提高。

发酵啤酒糟对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质、免疫功能和肠道消化酶活性的影响

为了探讨发酵啤酒糟对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质、免疫功能和肠道消化酶活性的影响,把3 840只44周龄的蛋鸡随机分为4个饲粮处理组,每组4个重复,每个重复240只蛋鸡,各组分别饲喂含0、2%、4%、7%发酵啤酒糟(FBSG)的饲粮。结果表明:与对照组相比,饲喂2周后,2%FBSG组的蛋重增加,但未达到显著水平(P>0.05),料蛋比显著降低(P<0.05),4%FBSG组的蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质没有显著变化(P>0.05),7%FBSG组的产蛋率和料蛋比均显著降低(P<0.05);饲喂4周后,2%、4%、7%FBSG组的蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质均无显著变化(P>0.05),但蛋鸡血清免疫球蛋白水平和十二指肠淀粉酶及脂肪酶活性显著增加(P<0.05),蛋鸡血清内毒素水平显著降低(P<0.05)。说明蛋鸡饲粮中FBSG的使用量不超过4%时,对蛋鸡生产性能无明显不利影响,对蛋鸡免疫功能和肠道健康有一定改善作用。

青稞酒糟脂溶性成分超临界CO_(2)提取工艺优化及其组成分析

以青稞酒糟为研究对象,采用超临界CO_(2)萃取法提取青稞酒糟脂溶性成分,利用单因素和响应面试验确定最佳的提取条件,并用气相色谱-质谱联用法(Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer,GC-MS)对酒糟脂溶性成分中脂肪酸和甾醇的组成及含量进行分析。结果表明,青稞酒糟脂溶性成分的最佳提取条件为:装料系数0.6,萃取压力25 MPa,萃取温度40℃,萃取时间120 min,脂溶性成分的提取得率达5.50%。通过谱图解析和峰面积归一化法得出,酒糟脂溶性成分中共分离鉴定出18种脂肪酸,主要为亚油酸、棕榈酸和油酸,不饱和脂肪酸(Unsaturated Fatty Acid,USFA)含量为67.09%,单不饱和脂肪酸(Monounsaturated Fatty Acid,MUFA)含量为19.66%,多不饱和脂肪酸(Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid,PUFA)含量高达47.43%;此外,脂溶性成分中共分离鉴定出9种甾醇,β-谷甾醇的相对含量最高,为52.78%,其次是樟脑酚即菜油甾醇(12.80%)和豆甾醇(5.10%)。该研究可为青稞酒糟的深度开发和高值化利用提供理论依据。

不同梯度丢糟制曲在浓香白酒酿造中的应用

以不同梯度丢糟、小麦及豌豆为原料制作丢糟曲,跟进10%丢糟曲、15%丢糟曲、20%丢糟曲和常规曲发酵过程中糟醅水分、酒精度、酸度和淀粉的变化,并对其酒体产量、理化和感官进行比对分析。研究结果表明,15%丢糟曲应用效果较佳,相比于常规曲,其发酵酒醅顶温、水分、酒精度和淀粉消耗提高了2.9℃、1.7%、0.6%vol和1.36%,酒体产量和己酸乙酯分别提升了2.9%和1.34倍,乳己比降低了0.16,其酒体感官得分最高,窖香更好。该研究为浓香型大曲使用原料的革新提供了理论依据和参考。

单螺杆挤压对啤酒糟中水溶性膳食纤维含量影响的研究

通过挤压膨化技术对啤酒糟进行预处理,研究单螺杆挤压加工对啤酒糟中水溶性膳食纤维(water-soluble dietary fiber,SDF)含量的影响。试验采用正交试验优化啤酒糟挤压工艺,以提高啤酒糟中SDF的含量。在单因素试验基础上,以啤酒糟的水分含量、挤压机的机筒温度和螺杆转速为自变量,SDF含量为指标,确定最佳工艺参数。结果表明:水分含量20%,机筒温度130℃以及螺杆转速150 r/min,在此条件下测得的挤压啤酒糟SDF含量与原啤酒糟相比提高了24.00%。挤压膨化可以提高啤酒糟中水溶性膳食纤维含量。

高温法处理铝电解废阴极的机理

高温法是目前国内处理铝电解废阴极的主要研究方向。系统研究了焙烧温度、焙烧时间、样品粒度等对氰化物、氟化物及其它元素脱除效率的作用规律,研究了石墨碎石墨化度、真密度、粉末电阻率与焙烧温度的关系。研究表明,在600℃焙烧时氰化物可以完全分解,在1000℃以上可以脱除氟及其其它成分(不含碳),氟及其它成分的脱除率主要和焙烧温度有关,焙烧温度越高,氟及其它成分的脱除率越高;石墨碎的石墨化度和真密度随焙烧温度的升高而提高,焙烧温度达到2600℃时石墨碎的石墨化度达到98.4%、真密度达到2.2703 g/cm^(3);石墨碎的粉末电阻率随焙烧温度的升高而降低;焙烧所得石墨碎具有较高的应用价值。

添加黑米酒糟对面包品质与功能特性的影响

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