Dairy Farming Conditions and Utilization Levels of Liquid Brewers’ Yeast in Kenya

Dairy production plays an integral part in supporting smallholder farmers’ livelihoods. The desire to increase the number of dairy cattle is not feasible due to the reduced output of feed resources occasioned by climate change. Consequently, the need to increase productivity per cow is inevitable. Conventional protein supplements are costly;hence, the need to explore affordable nutrientdense alternative feed resources. Liquid brewers’ yeast (LBY), a by-product of the brewing industry, is a rich protein supplement in dairy production. This study aimed to assess the dairy farming conditions and utilization levels of LBY as a feed supplement in Githunguri Sub-county, Kiambu. Semi-structured questionnaires were administered to 457 dairy farmers in a cross-sectional survey. The findings revealed that most farmers (94.2%) fed their cattle on established forage/fodder and crop residues with supplementation. Even though 53.1% of the respondents were aware of the use of LBY, only 30.6% utilized it to supplement dairy cows, most of whom (96.0%) used it fresh without preservation. Membership in farmers’ organizations increased awareness of LBY (r = 0.732). Principal component analysis indicated that the benefits of using LBY outweigh the challenges involved with a loading matrix of 0.891 - 0.954 and 0.681 - 0.807, respectively. The low adoption and use levels of LBY as a source of protein supplements were due to low awareness. There is a need for concerted efforts by stakeholders in the industry to increase farmers’ knowledge base on the utilization and effectiveness of LBY in dairy production.

Feed nutritional value of brewers’ spent grain residue resulting from protease aided protein removal

Background:This study was conducted to evaluate the feed nutritional value of brewers’spent grain(BSG)residue resulting from protease aided protein removal.The nutritional value was measured as nutrient content,gas production,nutrient digestibility and fermentation characteristics in batch culture.Results:Protein extraction process decreased content of crude protein but concentrated the neutral detergent fibre(NDF)and ferulic acid in BSG residue.The changes in the chemical composition of BSG residue varied with enzyme and enzyme dosage.Digestibility of dry matter(DMD)and NDF of residue differed among proteases.Increasing alcalase dosage linearly decreased DMD,whereas,the DMD linearly increased as everlase or flavourzyme dosage increased.Compared with BSG,the DMD,gas production and fermentation acid concentration of BSG residues were lower,whereas NDF digestibility was higher.Conclusions:The substantially increased NDF content and improved in vitro NDF digestibility due to protease hydrolysis suggest that BSG residue can be potentially exploited as a viable fibre source for ruminant feeding.

Properties of Bacillus species Cellulase Produced Using Cellulose from Brewers Spent Grain (BSG) as Substrate

The properties of extracellular cellulase obtained from Bacillus species (FIIRO Strain B223) on supplying cellulose from Brewers Spent Grain (BSG) were studied. Generally, a crude cellulase activity between 11,757 Units to 13,930 Units was observed for both sources of carbon (BSG and crystalline cellulose). The optimum pH and temperature of 5.0, and 30°C - 40°C for both sources of carbon was observed. Heavy metals such as copper, zinc, and iron inhibited the activities of B223 cellulase while the cellulase activities on alkaline earth metal (manganese) were moderate. The co-factor behaviour of manganese ion was also established. Local production of cellulase in Nigeria using local raw materials such as Brewers Spent Grain reduces enzyme cost;cost of finished products and increases gross domestic products.

金属价的确定方法

按照"键中取价"的思路,综述了金属中各种键价理论的本质和方法。Pauling金属价键理论从综合性能来定价,建立了共价电子与键长的关系式;Engel-Brewer金属价键理论从键合能来确定价态;Hume-Rothery电子浓度理论从化合物的结构来定价;余瑞璜的固体与分子经验电子理论从键距差来定价电子结构;谢佑卿的单原子理论从"能"和"形"来定价电子结构。每种理论从不同方面阐述对金属价的理解。

南极中山站太阳紫外辐射测值比较

比较分析了2017年南极中山站3种仪器测量地面太阳紫外B(UVB)波段和紫外A(UVA)波段的辐照度。以Brewer光谱仪测值为参考,国产宽波段FSUVB日射表在UVB(波段280~315 nm)的辐照度相对误差为(55±75)%,误差随大气臭氧总量的增加呈上升趋势,但在南极"臭氧洞"期间偏低。Yankee UVB宽波段日射表在UVB(波段280~320 nm)的辐照度相对误差为(-31±22)%;国产宽波段FSUVA日射表在UVA(波段315~400 nm)的辐照度相对误差为(23±5.9)%。太阳天顶角低于80°的晴天以Tropospheric Ultraviolet Visible(TUV)辐射模式计算结果为参考时,FSUVB,Yankee UVB和FSUVA辐照度的平均相对误差分别为(30±37)%,(-22±19)%和(27±6.4)%,而Brewer相对误差未超过3.5%。国产宽波段UV日射表测值偏高,反映出波长较长的杂散光对太阳辐照度测值影响明显。

青藏高原瓦里关地区大气臭氧柱总量及UV-B观测结果的特征分析

利用Brewer臭氧分光光谱仪对青藏高原东北部瓦里关地区的大气臭氧柱总量及太阳紫外B生物有效辐射剂量进行了连续的观测。通过对1996～1999年的资料分析表明:该地区的臭氧柱总量具有明显的年季变化特征,并存在着减少的趋势,与TOMS卫星的观测结果相一致;臭氧垂直廓线的Umkehr反演得出这一地区的臭氧数密度最大值出现在20～30km处,冬春季的高度低于夏季;太阳紫外B生物有效辐射剂量夏季最高可达0.4W/m^2。

关于滋养细胞疾病诊、治、防方面几个问题的探讨(文献复习与病例分析)

滋养细胞疾病自400BC Hippocrates发现“dropsy of the uterus”和1700年Smellie首次涉及“hydatid and mole”以来,至1895年Marchand阐明其来源与恶性可能,嗣后Fels,Ernhart,Reossler与Zondek等发现患者尿中促性腺激素水平显著增多,用作诊断,以及近50年来,Hertz, Ross,Lipsett,Delfs, Odell,Vaitukaitus,Hertig, Sheldon, Gore, Brewer,Park,Bagshawe, Acosta-Sison,Goldstein。

一些关于Brewer多项式的恒等式

Brewer多项式Vn(x,Q),n=0,1,2,…是由下列递推公式定义的:Vn(x,Q)=xVn-1(x,Q)-QVn-2(x,Q),n>2,其中V0(x,Q)=2,V1(x,Q)=x,V2(x,Q)=x2-2Q.运用第二类广义Chebyshev多项式的生成函数,研究Vn(x,Q)的算术性质,从而可以获得一些关于Brewer多项式的恒等式。

Efficient Protein-based Bait Formulation for Attraction and Feeding Response of Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Myanmar

Protein baitsprays were produced from many different sources for the controlling fruit flies in the integrated pest management program around the world.Here,fruit fly baits were formulated based on cost-effective bait mixtures such as local jaggery,brewers spent grain(BSG),apple cider vinegar,wheat bran powder and local red wine with the fresh enzyme from papaya and pineapple.Fruit fly Baits were prepared by mixing the small amount of local detergent as insecticide.Our results indicated that the best efficient fruit fly bait for area wide integrated pest management(AW-IPM)is the BSG-based bait whereas the second efficient bait is local red wine-based bait.The highest fruit fly per trap per day(FTD)value by BSG-based bait traps was discovered.The highest female captured percentage is BSG-based bait with papaya solution.The field analysis of one week and one month old protein-based bait showed that FTD values decreased slightly while only one month old wheat bran-based bait dropped to the base.The BSG-based baits analysis is effective not only female fruit flies but also cockroaches male in Myanmar’s tropical region.Thus our results reveal that the efficient protein-based bait is the fresh BSG-based bait with papaya solution.

香河地基观测臭氧柱总量数据分析及臭氧变化趋势研究

大气臭氧变化在全球气候和环境中具有重要作用,是当今大气科学领域的重要研究对象之一。对比分析了中国科学院大气物理研究所河北香河大气综合观测试验站2014～2016年Dobson和Brewer两种臭氧总量观测仪器探测结果的一致性,并使用1979～2016年Dobson观测数据分析了香河地区臭氧总量的长期变化趋势。结果表明:进行有效温度修正后,两种臭氧总量仪器观测结果一致性较好,平均偏差仅为-0.14DU(多布森单位),平均绝对偏差为8.00 DU,标准差为36.09 DU,相关系数达0.964。整体来说,两类仪器观测臭氧总量吻合较好。SO2浓度对Dobson仪器数据精度有一定影响,两组仪器数据在SO2浓度为0～0.2DU、0.2～0.4DU和>0.4DU大气条件情况下的平均偏差分别为4.8 DU、7.0 DU和8.0 DU,平均偏差随SO2浓度升高而增大。过去38年香河地区的臭氧总量季节差异性强,春、冬两季臭氧总量高,夏、秋两季臭氧总量相对低,季节变化趋势差异明显。从长期变化上看,臭氧总量变化波动有不同的周期,在4个大的时间段变化趋势不同,2000～2010年臭氧层有显著恢复,但最近几年又有变薄的趋势。

Assessment of Long Term UV Radiation Measured by the Brewer Spectrophotometer in Hong Kong during 1995-2005

Time series of daily UV radiation measured by the ground-based Brewer spectrophotometer #115 in Hong Kong during 1995-2005 were studied through statistics analysis, with focus on the variability and long term changes in relation to total ozone, clouds and AOD (Aerosol Optical Depth). The 11-year mean UV daily dose is 2644±262 J/m2, with maxima(3311 J/m2) in 2000 and minima (2415 J/m2) in 2002. The data were compared with that from TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) Version 8 and show general agreement between the two. However, the Brewer UV measurement is about 10% lower compared to TOMS data. Apart from the common-known strong seasonal cycle, 26 month periodical was resolved by use of wavelet analysis, which was believed to be associated with quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) of general circulation. In cloudy days, the annual mean UV daily dose decrease 3.5% to 44.5% compared to clear days. It was also found that surface UV irradiance has close relation to air pollution. Under clear sky condition, 1% AOD increase will lead to 0.2% UV decrease. While global UV radiation increase due to the worldwide observed ozone depletion, investigations indicate that this trend is not significant in Hong Kong during the last 11 years. The possible causes can be attributed to the compensative effect from two aspects. One is the increase of UV resulting from the reduction of clouds with rate of 0.56/10 yr. The other is the decrease of UV due to the enhancement of total ozone and AOD with a rate of 4.23 DU/10 yr and 0.33/10 yr, respectively.

聚酰亚胺彩色滤光片材料

Brewer科学公司介绍一种聚酰亚胺彩色(PIC)滤光片材料可用于高质量多色显示器、摄象机和彩色复印机。PIC能够提供均匀性和再现性极佳的色彩。用标准的正性胶设备和工艺可在这些滤光片上形成图形。用常规光刻工艺在很大的衬底上给出高的成品率。PIC具有极佳的光稳定性和热稳定性,可在苛刻的环境条件下工作。

Variation in Brewer–Dobson Circulation During Three Sudden Stratospheric Major Warming Events in the 2000s

As the strongest subseasonal atmospheric variability during boreal winter, three remarkable sudden stratospheric major warming(SSW) events in the 2000 s are investigated in terms of the Brewer–Dobson circulation(BDC) response. Our study shows that the changes of cross-isentropic velocity during the SSWs are not only confined to the polar region, but also extend to the whole Northern Hemisphere: enhanced descent in the polar region, as well as enhanced ascent in the tropics. When the acceleration of the deep branch of the BDC descends to the middle stratosphere, its strength rapidly decreases over a period of one to two weeks. The acceleration of the deep branch of the BDC is driven by the enhanced planetary wave activity in the mid-to-high-latitude stratosphere. Different from the rapid response of the deep branch of the BDC, tropical upwelling in the lower stratosphere accelerates up to 20%–40% compared with the climatology, 20–30 days after the onset of the SSWs,and the acceleration lasts for one to three months. The enhancement of tropical upwelling is associated with the large-scale wave-breaking in the subtropics interacting with the midlatitude and tropical Quasi-Biennial Oscillation–related mean flow.

Recovery of Residual Brewer’s Yeast by Electroactivation

Yeasts resulting from the brewing process (RBY) are a valuable by-product, with an important content of minerals, vitamins and, especially, proteins. The purpose of the research was the electroactivation of RBY and the simultaneous obtaining of two products—protein concentrates and hydrolyzed protein from residual brewer’s yeast. Electroactivation is a non-residual process, without the use of chemical reagents and relatively inexpensive. The variation of the electroactivation conditions allowed the separation of 90% - 94% of the proteins in the form of protein concentrates. During the process, it is attested to increase the pH value and decrease the redox potential, which characterizes the multiple redox processes that take place in the cathode cell, including sedimentation at the isoelectric point. The presence of albumin in the protein fractions of RBY allows the formation of protein complexes with calcium, attributing a higher biological value to the obtained products.

Effect of Fish Meal Replacement by Unconventional Meal in the Post-Larval Diet of Clarias Gariepinus in Benin (West Africa)

To reduce the pressure on aquatic resources due to the use of fishmeal in fish feed, the mastery and use of alternative sources of fishmeal in all stages of fish development are essential. Five diets including 4 experimental and one control diet were considered. Experimental diets of post-larvae were developed from unconventional ingredients in which fishmeal was completely replaced by a mixture of brewer’s yeast, chicken viscera and maggots. These foods were tested on Clarias gariepinus post-larvae with an initial average weight of 80 ± 1 mg. 1500 fish individuals were equally distributed in 15 concrete basins with a volume of 500 L forming five treatments in triplicate. Fish individuals were fed, manually at a ration rate of 20%, four times per day. The specific growth rates were 8.38%/day in imported food and 6.35%/day in the experimental food receiving 45.5% of protein from unconventional meal. Similar results were obtained with the feed consumption index. These encouraging results show that it is possible to partially or completely replace fishmeal in catfish feed and obtain an economically profitable production. The recovery of waste such as chicken viscera, brewer’s yeast and soybean meal in fish food formulation as tested in this study is a good contribution to environmental sanitation.

Brewer氏酵母治疗难辩梭状芽胞杆菌腹泻

难辩梭状芽胞杆菌腹泻有很高的发病率和死亡率,万古霉素或灭滴灵治疗后,20％人出现复发。本文报道3例患者常规治疗无效后接受brewer氏酵母治疗获得成功。 1名79岁男性、粪便检查难辩梭状芽胞杆菌毒素(Cdt)阳性,万古霉素治疗(5天,

Validation of Spectral and Broadband UV-B (290 - 325 nm) Irradiance for Canada

Stratospheric ozone depletion, as a result of increasing chlorofluorocarbons in the stratosphere, allows more UV-B irradiance (290 - 325 nm) to reach the earth’s surface with possible detrimental biological effects. Be-cause there are few UV-B radiation stations, irradiance models are useful tools for estimating irradiances where measurements are not made. Estimates of spectral and broadband irradiances from a numerical model are compared with Brewer spectrophotometer measurements at nine Canadian stations (Alert, Resolute Bay, Churchill, Edmonton, Regina, Winnipeg, Montreal, Halifax and Toronto) and 26 years of data. The model uses either the discrete ordinate radiative transfer (DISORT) or the delta-Eddington algorithms to solve the radiative transfer equation for a 49-layer, vertically inhomogeneous, plane-parallel atmosphere, with cloud inserted between the 2 and 3 km heights. Spectral calculations are made at 1 nm intervals. The model uses extraterrestrial spectral irradiance, spectral optical properties for each atmospheric layer for ozone, air mole-cules, and aerosol and surface albedo. A fixed broadband cloud optical depth of 27 was satisfactory for cal-culating cloudy sky irradiances at all stations except in the arctic. Comparisons are made both for daily totals and for monthly averaged spectral and broadband irradiances. The delta-Eddington method is shown to be unsuitable for calculating spectral irradiances under clear skies, at wavelengths less than 305 nm where absorption by ozone is high, and at large solar zenith angles. The er-rors are smaller for overcast conditions. The method is adequate for daily total and monthly averaged spec-tral (? 305 nm) and broadband calculations for all sky conditions, although consistently overestimating ir-radiances. There is a good agreement between broadband measurements and calculations for both daily totals and monthly averages with mean bias error mainly less than 5% of the mean measured daily irradiance and root mean square error less than 25%, decreasing to below 15% for monthly averages.

The Economic Potential of Brewer’s Spent Grain (BSG) as a Biomass Feedstock

This paper analyzes a pro-forma economic market and supply chain system for the reuse of a lignocellulose (brewer’s spent grain) in an industrial biotechnology environment. An extant literature review was conducted, followed by a technical analysis of BSG, and the development of a supply chain system and economic market analysis based upon a participant brewing company and industry experts. In this paper, it was found that, even with the potential for future improvements in the conversion of brewer’s spent grain (BSG) from an efficiency standpoint, this industrial residual is supply chain prohibitive as a biofeedstock in comparison to other lignocellulose materials, therefore, centralized market relationships would not be advantageous for sellers and buyers. Future research should consider the viability of centralized supply chain structures for alternatives that may exist as future bio-feedstocks.

词海探珠——78.以虎代龙

20世纪80年代,英语中有一段时间把东南亚发展速度很快的“四小龙”称作 fourlittle dragons。在 Brewer’s Dictionary of20th-century Phrase and Fable 中,dragon 的定义是:“A newly industrialized country（NIC）,especially one in SE Asia.Examples includeTaiwan and South Korea.The term dragon re-fleets the fierceness of the competition they of-fer to the industrial world.especially in suchfields as light industry and electronics.”但是,four little dragons 在英语中流通的寿命并不长,后来还是被 four little tigers

raven的寓意及翻译漫谈

同汉语一样,英语中的 crow(乌鸦)也是个贬义词,表示“争斗”、“不和”等。crow 是个上义词(superordinate),它的两个下义词(hyponym)rook(秃鼻乌鸦、白嘴鸦)和 raven (渡鸦、大乌鸭)也同样具有贬义:前者可用来比喻“骗子”,至于后者,根据《布留沃英文成语与寓言词典》(Brewer’s Dictionaryof Phrase and Fable)的解释,则是一种预示凶兆的鸟,常与恶运或死亡联系在一起。在英国文学史上,许多诗人、作家都曾经运用过 raven