Monitoring Bridge Deformation Using Auto-Correlation Adjustment Technique for Total Station Observations

Bridges are omnipresent in every society and they affect its human, social, ecological, economical and cultural aspects. This is why a durable and safe usage of bridges is an imperative goal of structural management. Measurement and monitoring have an essential role in structural management. The benefits of the information obtained by monitoring are apparent in several domains. In deformation analysis, the functional relationship between the acting forces and the resulting deformations should be established. If time depending observations are given, a regression could be used as a functional model. In case of stochastic model uncorrelated observations with identical variance are assumed. Due to the high sampling rate, a small time difference arises between two observations. Thus the assumed stochastic model is not suitable. The calculation has to be effected by means of auto-correlated observations. This paper investigates an integrated monitoring system for the estimation of the deformation (i.e., static, quasi-static) behavior of bridges from total station observations and studies the effect of autocorrelation technique on the accuracy of the estimated parameters and variances. The results have shown that autocorrelation technique is reduced the standard deviation of X&Y-direction about 6.7% to 29.4% and 6.5% to 15.5% of the original value, respectively, but the situation was differ in Z direction;the standard deviation in vertical component Z was increased.

Reliability Analysis of Numerical Simulation of Sea-Crossing Bridge Deformation Under Wave Forces

To study on the numerical simulation calculation reliability of sea-crossing bridge under complex wave forces,the paper applied GPS deformation monitoring and numerical simulation calculation by researching Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay Sea-Crossing Bridge.The db3 wavelet three-layer decomposition was used on the horizontal movement of the sea-crossing bridge and the wind speed of the waves to analyze their correlation.The complex wave forces value of Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay Sea-Crossing Bridge was loaded on FLAC3D software successfully to make numerical simulation calculation of bridge deformation.Since the accuracy of the GPS deformation monitoring reaches millimeter level,it was used to monitor the exact value of the bridge deformation to judge the reliability of numerical simulation.The relative errors of displacement in X,Y and Z directions were between 33%and 41%through comparison.It could be seen that the numerical simulation error was relatively large,which was mainly due to various environmental factors and the deviation of applied wave forces.However,numerical simulation generally reflects the deformation law of the sea-crossing bridge under complex wave forces,providing an effectively technical support for the safe operation assessment of the sea-crossing bridge.

Deformation monitoring of long-span railway bridges based on SBAS-InSAR technology

The deformation monitoring of long-span railway bridges is significant to ensure the safety of human life and property.The interferometric synthetic aperture radar(In SAR)technology has the advantage of high accuracy in bridge deformation monitoring.This study monitored the deformation of the Ganjiang Super Bridge based on the small baseline subsets(SBAS)In SAR technology and Sentinel-1A data.We analyzed the deformation results combined with bridge structure,temperature,and riverbed sediment scouring.The results are as follows:(1)The Ganjiang Super Bridge area is stable overall,with deformation rates ranging from-15.6 mm/yr to 10.7 mm/yr(2)The settlement of the Ganjiang Super Bridge deck gradually increases from the bridge tower toward the main span,which conforms to the typical deformation pattern of a cable-stayed bridge.(3)The sediment scouring from the riverbed cause the serious settlement on the bridge’s east side compared with that on the west side.(4)The bridge deformation negatively correlates with temperature,with a faster settlement at a higher temperature and a slow rebound trend at a lower temperature.The study findings can provide scientific data support for the health monitoring of long-span railway bridges.

Dynamic Deformation Monitoring of Lotsane Bridge Using Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and Linear Variable Differential Transducers (LVDT)

The measurements and analysis of deformation of engineering structures such as dams, bridges and high-rise buildings are important tasks for civil engineers. It is evident that, all civil engineering structures are susceptible for deterioration over a period of time. Bridges in particular, deteriorate due to loading conditions, environmental changes, earth movement, material used during construction, age and corrosion of steel. Continuous monitoring of such structure is the most important aspect as it provides quantitative information, assesses the state of the structure, detects unsafe positions and proposes early safety measures to be taken before it can threaten the safety of vehicles, goods and human life. Despite government’s efforts to construct roads and highways, bridge deformation monitoring has not been given priority in most of African countries and ultimately causes some bridges to collapse unexpectedly. The purpose of this research is to integrate Global Positioning System (GPS) and Linear Variable Differential Transducers (LVDT) to monitor deformation of a bridge. The horizontal positions of reference and monitoring points were determined using Global Positioning System (GPS) while the vertical deflections, accelerations and strain were determined using Linear Variable Differential Transducers (LVDT). The maximum displacements obtained between zero and first epochs in x, y and z components were 0.798 m, at point LT08, 0.865 m at point BR13, and 0.56 m at point LT02 respectively. The maximum deflections for LVDT 1, 2 and 3 are 28.563 mm, 31.883 mm and 40.926 mm respectively. Finally, the correlation coefficient for the observations was 0.679 with standard deviations of 0.0168 and 0.0254 in x and y respectively. Our results identified some slight displacements in horizontal components at the bridge.

BDS/GPS deformation analysis of a long-span cable-stayed bridge based on colored noise filtering

Combining GPS and BDS technology to monitor the deformation of long-span railway bridges with stricter deformation control requirements is of significance to the safety and control of the bridge and the safety of railway traffic.Previous studies have ignored the influence of coloured noise in the deformation time series.This is not conducive to accurate deformation analysis of long-span railway bridges.Therefore,GPS,BDS and GPS/BDS monitoring data of Ganjiang Bridge located in Ganzhou city,Jiangxi Province,China are adopted in this paper to filter the coloured noise in the deformation time series by principal component analysis(PCA),and the influence of coloured noise on the deformation analysis results of railway bridge is analysed.The experimental results show that the diurnal temperature difference causes the mid-span and the tower of the railway cable-stayed bridge to deform with a period of about one day in the vertical and longitudinal directions,respectively.Ignoring colored noise will make the uncertainty of the deformation parameter estimation overly optimistic.PCA can significantly reduce the coloured noise,and thus reduce the uncertainty of deformation parameter estimation by about 73%.Moreover,the average difference between the daily periodic motion amplitudes of the monitoring points obtained by using GPS and BDS deformation time series is 1.65 mm.The use of GPS/BDS deformation time series is not only helpful to reduce the influence of coloured noise,but also can reduce the difference between amplitude analysis results obtained from GPS and BDS deformation time series.

A New GPS Deformation Monitoring Algorithm Applied to Donghai Bridge

A real-time,long-round global positioning system (GPS) bridge-deformation monitoring technology was proposed,which processes the carrier phase of multiple GPS receivers in an operation center.It was demon- strated an extended Kalman filter with triple differential ionospheric-free measurement (EKF-TIF) which can eliminate the ionospheric delay,whiten the TIF noise and optimize the results of EKF,consequently,achieves a better performance than existing real time kinematic (RTK) solution.An experiment,which takes an active ionosphere condition into consideration,proves the feasibility of this system by comparing its records to that of a traditional RTK solution,practically,the system installed on the Donghai Bridge has survived a non-break running for five months.The analysis to the monitoring records shows the system achieves the designed accu- racy and reliability.

Analytical Research on Deformation Monitoring of Large Span Continuous Rigid Frame Bridge during Operation

Based on a large span continuous rigid frame bridge in Chongqing of China, the main pier vertical displacement and deviation, the bridge deck alignment and the expansion joint deformation are analytically researched during operation. Firstly, the monitoring content and method of the large span continuous rigid frame bridge are clearly stated. Secondly, by finite element software Midas Civil, the relevant deformation values of the bridge are calculated. Thirdly, in practice, the relevant deformation values of the bridge are measured. Finally, the measured values in practice are compared with the calculated ones by the finite element software Midas Civil, finding that the former is less than the latter, and it can be concluded that the bridge is basically in the normal working condition. In this paper, the analytical research on the deformation monitoring can provide the basis for similar bridges, which has good practical significance.

Experimental research on daily deformation monitoring of steel box girder bridge based on BDS/GPS

In order to investigate the feasibility of BDS/GPS in the deformation monitoring of long-span bridges,analysis and research on aspects like number of visible satellites,PDOP value and monitoring precision are carried out. To analyze daily deformation characteristics of steel box girder bridge,observation data for 48 consecutive hours is computed by self-programmed software. Experiment results show that the monitoring-points on the bridge demonstrate obvious periodicity and recoverability in vertical and horizontal directions,meanwhile,changes in the elevation direction are relatively stable. The deformation-monitoring results of BDS/GPS combination system and GPS single system show good consistency. However,in a complex environment of the bridge,especially under the condition that satellite signals are severely affected,the advantages of BDS/GPS combination over GPS single system are more obvious.

Structural Deformation Monitoring and Analysis of Highway Bridge Using Accurate Geodetic Techniques

As the new materials and technologies are increasingly applied to construction of civil infrastructures such bridges, dam and tunnels, the need for structural monitoring systems, maintenance and restoration becomes more important and vital. Bridges are widespread in every society and affect its human, social, economical and cultural aspects. Measurements and monitoring of the structural deformation of highway bridges have an essential role in structural safety. This paper investigates an integrated monitoring system for estimation of the deformation behavior of one of the important reinforced bridges in Egypt. The applied data for analysing the deformation of any structure from geodetic observations are the coordinates of several monitoring points distributed on the structure itself. The coordinates of these points are calculated with respect to control fixed points. So any deviations in the control points coordinates between the two successive epochs of observations will affect the values of structural deformation. To overcome this shortage, applying the multi-parameter transformation will be studied in this paper for structural health monitoring of bridges. Statistical tests using F-Fisher criterion with a confidence level of 98% of the geodetic observations for bridge deformation values are also presented. The results of the practical measurements, analysis of the interesting deformation technique and traffic flow around the studied highway bridge are also presented. The resulting structural deformation values from statistical tests provide a significant improvement of understanding and prediction the structure deformation values of highway bridges.

Dynamic Deformation Monitoring for Long-Span Bridges under Construction and EMD De-noising Method

Construction progress of long-span bridge is complicated and the quality control is strict. Any disadvantage during construction may potentially affect the internal forces and deck alignments after it is open to traffic. To exactly evaluate the periodic alignments, internal forces and safety, geometrical and physical monitoring are needed during construction. This study aims at the requirement of dynamic geometric monitoring during Sutong Bridge construction, and introduces the realization and observing schemes of the self-developed GPS real-time dynamic geometrical deformation monitoring system. Affected by wind load and construction circumstance, GPS （global positioning system） monitoring signal contains a variety of noise. And the useful signal can be extracted from the signal after de-noising the noises. A de-noising method based on EMD （empirical mode decomposition） model is introduced here to process the bridge dynamic monitoring data, and with the wavelet threshold de-noising method are compared. The result shows that the EMD method has good adaptability, is free from the choice of wavelet bases and the number of decomposition layer. The method is an effective de-noising method for dynamic deformation monitoring to large-span bridges.

Solid Model Bridge Static Damage Monitoring Based on GBSAR

Bridge deformation monitoring usually adopts contact sensors,and the implementation process is often limited by the environment and observation conditions,resulting in unsatisfactory monitoring accuracy and effect.Ground-Based Synthetic Aperture Radar(GBSAR)combined with corner reflectors was used to perform static load-loaded deformation destruction experiments on solid model bridges in a non-contact manner.The semi parametric spline filtering and its optimization method were used to obtain the monitoring results of the GBSAR radar’s line of sight deformation,and the relative position of the corner reflector and the millimeter level deformation signals under different loading conditions were successfully extracted.The deformation transformation model from the radar line of sight direction to the vertical vibration direction was deduced.The transformation results of deformation monitoring and the measurement data such as the dial indicator were compared and analyzed.The occurrence and development process of bridge deformation and failure were successfully monitored,and the deformation characteristics of the bridge from continuous loading to eccentric loading until bridge failure were obtained.The experimental results show that GBSAR combined with corner reflector can be used for deformation feature acquisition,damage identification and health monitoring of bridges and other structures,and can provide a useful reference for design,construction and safety evaluation.

Positioning in Dynamic Testing of Slender Bridges

The positioning combined with multi-functioning and interactive mechanics in dynamic testing of slender bridges are treated in present paper. The approach takes into account multiple functions in dynamic testing of slender bridges constructed of thin-walled structural members with their hierarchical configuration. Theoretical, numerical and experimental in situ assessments of the problem are presented. Some results of the application in situ are submitted.

基于InSAR技术的大跨桥梁温度变形监测研究

以国内某高速铁路钢拱桥为研究对象,选取2017—2018年期间59幅C波段Senti⁃nel-1号雷达卫星影像,利用PS-InSAR技术处理影像获得桥梁的视线向(Line of Sight,LOS)位移,根据SAR成像空间几何关系解算出支座的纵向位移.研究结果表明:支座纵向位移的时空特性与实际桥梁结构相符合,验证了PS-InSAR技术观测桥梁结构位移的可行性.建立支座纵向位移与温度的线性相关模型,并与结构健康监测系统的实测结果进行对比.两者吻合良好,相对误差控制在10%以内,验证了PS-InSAR测量桥梁结构位移的可靠性.利用有限元模拟温度作用下桥梁支座的位移变化,并与PS-InSAR位移时间序列进行对比.两者趋势基本一致,LOS向位移误差在[-10,10]mm,验证了PS-InSAR测量桥梁结构位移的准确性.

双线大直径输水隧道建设对既有桥梁及桩基的影响分析

为准确分析双线大直径输水隧道下穿对既有桥梁结构的影响,构建桥梁-地层-桩基-盾构隧道高精度数值仿真模型,对桥梁桩基结构及盾构过程进行精细化模拟,结合基于智能算法的土层参数反演模型,获取更接近真实情况的土层参数,以提高数值模拟精度。结果表明:输水隧道盾构开挖引起的地表最大沉降量为15.01 mm,基于反演的地表变形计算结果与实际监测值的误差减少约70%;盾构隧道双线开挖会引起地表二次沉降变形,两条盾构隧道中间区域的地表二次沉降量最大,约占总沉降量的60%,最大二次沉降量为5.06 mm;隧道两侧的桩基受到影响较大,最大位移为10.03 mm,位于桩基顶部,而隧道开挖对桩基内应力分布影响较小,可以认为无影响。

三维激光扫描技术在桥梁变形监测中的应用

随着我国经济的加速腾飞,城市交通设施建设力度在不断加大,桥梁作为城市交通的重要组成部分,在建设与检测技术等方面也在不断更新与提高。桥梁在长期运行后,由于受不均匀荷载及自然不可控外力等因素影响,局部会出现变形、裂缝等病害。由于桥梁横跨水面,受车流量及自然因素的影响,常规的GNSS接收机、全站仪等测量仪器难以快速、准确地获取桥梁全空间信息数据,而三维激光扫描由于其作业效率高、非接触等特点,具有传统测量设备无法比拟的优势。本文以江苏润扬大桥为例,探讨三维激光扫描技术在桥梁变形监测中的应用,详细介绍了外业扫描、点云拼接去噪、成果图绘制及变形分析等步骤,为桥梁监测的新手段应用提供了借鉴经验。

桥梁面相学及其研究进展

为了探索更加实效、经济、便捷、可信的桥梁安全状态检(监)测新方法,受中医望、闻、问、切诊断人体健康状态理念启迪,提出了依据桥梁外观形态变化来获知结构近期安全状态的桥梁面相学;总结了10多年来基于桥梁面相学的桥梁安全状态检(监)研究进展;介绍了基于定点相机平转+竖转拍摄的桥梁动静影像全息性态监测系统、基于激光雷达+全景数码相机拍摄的WWWQ-G桥梁安全巡检车、基于普通摄像头拍摄的常规跨径桥梁安全监测系统和基于定点旋转测量装置的拉索性态远距全域视频检测系统的构成理论,以及各系统应用于桥梁构件损伤检测的试验研究案例和实际工程应用案例;展望了融合“测点传感器+机器视觉”实现桥梁结构状态的“精+密”监测方法及其应用前景。

奇异谱分析在GNSS变形监测数据处理中的应用

为了更好地对桥梁的变形状态进行监测,评价桥梁运营的稳定性,本文将GNSS(Global Navigation Satellite System)用于桥梁变形监测中,并使用奇异谱分析(Singular Spectrum Analysis,SSA)对GNSS监测数据进行处理。研究了实现SSA的关键参数嵌入维数及有效主分量的确定方法。经SSA后提取得到变形监测数据中的趋势项成分与周期项成分,剔除了噪声项,对结果分析得出:桥梁在3个方向上都会产生周期性变形,变形幅度不一样但是周期及变形极值点都一致,并且只在一定范围内变化,理解为受日照、荷载影响产生的变形,这种可恢复性变形也表明桥梁的运营状态良好。

某大桥墩柱变形监测与结构性能分析研究

针对桥墩微小变形难以发现,易造成较大危害的问题,论文以四川东部的一座预应力混凝土桥为例,分析其工程现状及监测方案优缺点,通过控制网点部署的方式对桥墩变形监测进行监测。监测结果表明,大桥的平面基准网络稳定,符合正常运用标准。所有记录的位移值均在结构设计允许的安全边界之内,没有检测到任何不寻常的突变现象。

乌龙江斜拉桥主塔钢锚梁定位测量技术

乌龙江斜拉桥主桥结构复杂,主塔钢锚梁的精密定位测量是斜拉桥的关键技术之一。针对其测量定位精度要求高、测量难度大的问题,分别介绍了几种适用于主桥钢锚梁精密定位方法。经过比选,最终采用全站仪三维坐标法进行钢锚梁精密定位,平面定位实施时通过加入主塔变形监测变化值进行修正,高程定位实施时通过高程差分来消除和减弱地球曲率及折光影响。该方法不仅满足精度要求,还可以全天候作业。实践证明,该方法安全、高效、经济、技术先进,具有显著的社会和经济效益。

北斗卫星导航系统桥梁变形监测的影响因素分析

基于北斗卫星导航系统的桥梁变形监测,以天津市永和大桥为例,分析星历、解算时间、测站距离、多路径效应等对变形监测效果的影响。结果表明:星历采用多卫星解算时,变形监测精度更高;解算时间越长,变形监测越高;测站距离对变形监测的精度影响较小;多路径效应对变形监测的精度有一定影响,建议通过优化算法来弱化多路径效应。