Damage alarming for bridge expansion joints using novelty detection technique based on long-term monitoring data

Damage alarming and safety evaluation using long-term monitoring data is an area of significant research activity for long-span bridges. In order to extend the research in this field, the damage alarming technique for bridge expansion joints based on long-term monitoring data was developed. The effects of environmental factors on the expansion joint displacement were analyzed. Multiple linear regression models were obtained to describe the correlation between displacements and the dominant environmental factors. The damage alarming index was defined based on the multiple regression models. At last, the X-bar control chart was utilized to detect the abnormal change of the displacements. Analysis results reveal that temperature and traffic condition are the dominant environmental factors to influence the displacement. When the confidence level of X-bar control chart is set to be 0.003, the false-positive indications of damage can be avoided. The damage sensitivity analysis shows that the proper X-bar control chart can detect 0.1 cm damage-induced change of the expansion joint displacement. It is reasonably believed that the proposed technique is robust against false-positive indication of damage and suitable to alarm the possible future damage of the expansion joints.

Design of Bridge Expansion Joints with Perforated Dowels Under Impact Loading

The expansion joints are expected to have movement capacity, bearing capacity for static and dynamic loading, water-tightness, low noise emission and traffic safety. In particular, the failure due to impact loading is the main reason for the observed damages. The problem of dynamic behavior of the expansion joints is so complex that we shall focus our attention on the impact factor for vehicle load that is governed by traffic impact. In order to overcome this difficulty, the cantilever-toothed aluminum joint (finger joint) is one of the promising joints under impact loading. In this study, from the viewpoint of design methodology, numerical studies for impact behavior were conducted for aluminum alloy expansion joints with perforated dowels. The design impact factor for the expansion joints with the perforated dowels against traffic impact loading was examined by using numerical simulations.

Durability of Bridge Expansion Joints with Perforated Dowels Under Traffic Impact Loading

In design phases, expansion joints are required to have movement capacity, bearing capacity for static and dynamic loading, watertight, low noise emission and traffic safety. On the basis of the fact that failure due to dynamic loading is the main reason for the observed damages, attention is focused on the bearing capacity for dynamic loading governed by impact, because it differs from the static loading. In this study, from the viewpoint of durability, experimental studies for dynamic behavior were conducted for aluminium alloy expansion joints with perforated dowels. The validity of the perforated dowels against traffic impact loading was confirmed by both experimental and numerical studies.

Application Study on Elastomer Expansion Joint in Heavy Haul Railway

The article summarizes related research results and achievements of elastomer expansion device in railway bridge and puts forward a new idea of using polyurethane elastomer material to seal concrete bridge joints between adjacent spans in heavy haul railways. The new type expansion device is composed of polyurethane elastomer material and named TTXF （elastomer expansion joint）. In theory, researchers find out expansion joint deformation regularity between adjacent bridge spans through theoretical analysis and detection in heavy haul railways, such as Datong-Qinhuangdao Railway and Shenchi-Huanghua Port Railway. Fatigue tests prove that TTXF can adapt to permanent and dynamic deformation. On the other hand, it has been successfully applied in the test section of Central South of Shanxi Railway Passage and continuous monitoring has been conducted in extreme weather for over one year. The expansion joint has a good effect practically.

Analysis of Bridge Inspection Technology for Highway Reconstruction and Expansion

This article focuses on bridge testing technologies in highway construction and expansion projects.It provides an overview of the inspection process for bridges in highway reconstruction and expansion projects,the main inspections,and strategies for improving the quality of inspections.Relevant units should conduct bridge inspections using appearance inspections,special inspections,and bearing capacity assessments in highway reconstruction and expansion projects.To effectively improve testing quality,relevant units should also focus on establishing and improving testing standards,strengthening material testing,and improving the overall quality of the testing personnel.This research aims to enhance the quality of highway reconstruction and expansion projects by supporting the sensible application of bridge inspection technology.

Assessment of bridge expansion joints using long-term displacement measurement under changing environmental conditions

This paper addresses the problem of condition assessment of bridge expansion joints using long-term measurement data under changing environmental conditions.The effects of temperature,traffic loading and wind on the expansion joint displacements are analyzed and interpreted,which reveal that measured displacements are observed to increase with an increase in temperature and to decrease with increased traffic loading,while the correlation between displacement and wind speed is very weak.Two regression models are developed to simulate the varying displacements under the changes in temperature and traffic loadings.Based on these models,the effects of the environmental conditions are removed to obtain the normalized displacement.Statistical process control using mean value control charts is further used to detect damage to the bridge expansion joints.The results reveal that the proposed method had a good capability for detecting the damage-induced 1.0%variances of the annual changes in the expansion joint displacements.

Mechanical deformation properties of Continuous Welded Rail on kilometer-span suspension bridge for high-speed railway

The complex bridge-track interaction between kilometer-span bridges and continuous Welded Rail(CWR)brings great challenges to CWR designing.Taking a suspension bridge with laying CWR as a case,the mechanical properties of CWR on the bridge are analyzed to reveal the sensitive areas of the track,and the design method of CWR and track structures on the beam ends are proposed.The results show that the unidirectional Rail Expansion Joints(REJ)need to be installed on the beam end of the kilometer-span bridge to reduce rail longitudinal force.Due to the bridge characteristics,there is no CWR fixed area on the kilometer-span bridge,and rail longitudinal force on the main span caused by bending loads needs to be concerned.The deformation of track on the beam end is complex,which is the weak area on the kilometer bridge,the large relative displacement between the stock rail of REJ and the main beam can cause poor stability of ballast bed on beam end,small resistance fasteners need to be laid on the sides of stock rail on the main beam to increase the stability of ballast and fasteners on the beam end.To improve the driving safety and comfort of beam end,the Sleeper-Supporting Apparatus(SSA)should be specially designed to ensure the uniform transition of track on beam ends.Temperature and wind loads have a significant impact on track regularity on the kilometer span bridge,the dynamic response of trains and bridges under those loads needs to be attended to.

型钢-UHPC轻型组合桥面板及其抗弯性能研究

正交异性钢桥面是目前800m以上国内外特大跨径钢桥的唯一选择,主因是自重轻、强度高、架设方便。但其存在疲劳开裂风险大、运维成本高的缺点。随着高性能材料UHPC的研发和应用,为构建自重轻、病害少、经济性好的桥面新结构提供了可能性。经过多年研究,作者提出一种新型桥面板结构——型钢-UHPC轻型组合桥面结构,将型钢、钢板条与UHPC组合,桥面板的形成无任何板件焊接,因而具有高抗疲劳性,且与传统钢桥面相比,自重持平、造价减半,可作为除“正交异性钢桥面”外的“第二种”大跨径钢桥的桥面结构方案。该文研究这种轻型组合桥面板预制板及横向接缝的抗弯性能,制作4个条带模型(包括2个预制板试件和2个接缝试件),开展三点弯曲的横向接缝负弯矩试验和预制板正弯矩试验,并对试验结果进行分析;基于“条带法”建立预制板试件极限承载力计算模型,提出接缝试件的UHPC开裂名义拉应力计算方法;基于某斜拉桥应用实例,进行整体计算和局部计算,验证新型组合桥面结构在实桥上应用的可行性。研究结果表明:(1)型钢与UHPC间在极限状态前相对滑移非常小,具有良好的协同受力性能;(2)预制板试件的正弯矩极限承载力以型钢屈服控制,而接缝试件负弯矩极限承载力以UHPC开裂和加密钢筋断裂控制;(3)接缝试件的“T形”接缝、加密钢筋、燕尾形的企口、交错式切割型钢钢条等构造设计对接缝整体抗弯拉性能有很好的提高效果;(4)预制板试件极限承载力计算模型所得计算值与试验值吻合良好,该模型搭配名义拉应力计算方法,可帮助工程实际问题的设计与应用;(5)试验结果与实桥的有限元计算值相比,新型桥面结构均有1.3倍以上的安全系数,新型组合桥面应用于实桥具有可行性。

考虑节点刚度随机性的焊接钢筋部品变形计算方法研究

为量化钢筋部品刚度,从受力机理角度出发,基于试验和理论分析,提出考虑刚度随机性的焊接钢筋部品变形计算方法。从受力机理的角度提出三向转动刚度独立力学求解模型,考虑钢筋直径的影响,设计了105组T形焊接钢筋试件及两类加载固定试验装置,开展分级加载试验;在此基础上,考虑焊接节点转动刚度随机性,提出基于蒙特卡洛随机抽样的焊接钢筋部品变形计算方法,并分别开展了6个焊接钢筋网片和6个钢筋块体试验进行验证。结果表明:钢筋焊接节点刚度与钢筋直径有关,当焊接条件相同时,钢筋直径越大,焊接节点刚度越大;同一钢筋直径组合的焊接节点转动刚度基本符合正态分布,3个方向的转动刚度R x>R z>R y;钢筋焊接节点刚度与焊接节点断面面积基本呈线性关系;竖筋和横筋连接节点刚度对钢筋部品变形影响显著,所采用的节点刚度取值方法计算的焊接钢筋部品变形偏差均在10%以内,与传统刚接和铰接方法相比,变形计算精度大幅提高,变形计算方法合理。

钢-UHPC结合段PBL连接件和钢梁端面承压联合作用研究

钢-混结合段作为钢梁和混凝土连接为整体的核心部件,传力构件的受力性能对钢-混凝土结合段至关重要。为提高结合段的力学性能,进行了仅有钢梁端面承压、PBL连接件和两者联合作用3组推出试验。结果表明:3组试件最终破坏裂缝分布均为钢梁端面侧“八”字形分布;钢梁端面组(D组)试件破坏模式主要为UHPC的开裂破坏而失效,PBL连接件组(P组)和联合作用组(PD组)试件主要是贯穿钢筋的剪切破坏而失效;3组试件的荷载-滑移曲线均包含弹性、裂缝开展和屈服3个阶段,由于贯穿钢筋和UHPC榫具有抑制裂缝开展和提高试件延性的作用,P组和PD组试件裂缝开展阶段较D组更短,屈服阶段更长,延性更好。对荷载-滑移曲线进行拟合,提出了钢梁端面承压和PBL连接件承载力随滑移量变化的计算公式。引入滞后滑移差Δs_(j),当Δs_(j)=0~0.67 mm时,联合作用计算结果偏于安全。计算得到钢梁端面承压传力比例约为43%,PBL连接件传力比例约为57%,两者传力效果基本相当。利用UHPC作为外包混凝土时,建议采用承载能力更高的贯穿钢筋,以充分发挥UHPC的高强性能,从而提高结合段的承载能力。

改扩建高速公路桥梁可用性评判与延寿准则

针对高速公路改扩建工程中既有桥梁是否能继续使用问题,综合考虑总体技术状况、承载力状况、剩余耐久年限状况3个层次,创建了以桥梁构件类别的外观耐久状态为一级指标、以剩余耐久年限为二级指标的评判方法,提出了表征构件剩余耐久年限的寿命系数和可用寿命系数,建立了既有桥梁的延寿准则和延寿策略,探讨了可用寿命系数与目标使用年限、单次延寿的有效保护年限、拟采取的维护措施类型数量的相互关系。以京沪高速改扩建工程为研究背景,选取9座既有桥梁为典型桥梁,按100 a目标使用年限,计算得到构件主筋和箍筋的剩余耐久年限,给出了典型桥梁主体构件剩余耐久年限。根据可用评判方法,计算得到了在相同延寿措施下的延寿年限、延寿费用及可用寿命系数,按经济最优原则提出了从A级到E级共计5种延寿方式。研究表明,京沪高速改扩建工程典型桥梁按箍筋计算得到构件耐久寿命比按主筋计算值低,建议构件年限按箍筋计算值取用;目标使用年限为100 a时,主梁构件可正常使用比例为94%,墩柱单元、盖梁单元、桥台单元的可正常使用比例分别为67%,11%,44%。实际工程表明,采用该评判方法的评判结果与结构实际状态基本相符,与工程实际采取的处置措施基本相当,验证了该方法的合理性。

横向贯通式中低速磁浮一体轨道梁钢-混结合部试验研究

为解决中低速磁浮分离式轨道梁存在的养护难、构件多,以及无法考虑F轨刚度贡献等问题,提出一种横向贯通式梁轨一体轨道梁结构,针对其钢-混结合部的静力性能开展有限元分析和足尺模型试验研究,并对关键设计参数进行参数分析。结果表明,在5倍设计荷载内,钢-混结合部基本处于弹性状态,承载力满足设计要求,且具备较高富裕量;竖向荷载主要通过钢板承压作用传递至混凝土梁体,焊钉对竖向荷载的传递作用较小;设计参数分析表明,适量提高钢连接件钢板厚度有利于竖向荷载的平顺传递。研究结果可以为梁轨一体轨道梁设计提供参考。

桥梁无缝伸缩缝树脂弹性体路用性能试验研究

无缝伸缩缝是一种新型的桥梁伸缩缝,为研究无缝伸缩缝树脂弹性体路用性能,探究应用于桥梁中小位移伸缩缝的可行性。该文通过60℃车辙试验、-10℃低温小梁弯曲试验、动态模量试验、泊松比试验和Overlay Test(OT)试验对树脂弹性体的高低温稳定性、变形性能和疲劳抗裂性能进行了对比研究。试验结果表明:树脂弹性体60℃动稳定度>31 000次/mm,-10℃低温弯曲应变>43 000×10^(-6),不同温度和荷载条件下动态模量为10~12MPa,拉伸/压缩泊松比为0.030~0.050,OT试验断裂能相对TST弹塑体提高59%。桥梁无缝伸缩缝树脂弹性体具有优异的高低温性能,对温度和荷载频率不敏感,是一种泊松比低、抗疲劳开裂能力较强的材料,更能满足桥梁中小位移伸缩缝的行车和变形要求。

焊接残余应力对钢桥面疲劳性能的影响与处理措施

为改善正交异性钢桥面的抗疲劳性能,对钢桥面进行退火处理以降低关键焊缝的焊接残余应力。首先系统性地回顾和探讨钢桥面焊接残余应力分布模式,同时就残余应力对疲劳裂纹发展的影响进行了文献分析。随后,归纳和总结了国内外主流焊接残余应力消除方法,并开展对比分析。借鉴压力容器制造方法,建议在正交异性钢桥面制造中引入退火处理工艺以降低焊接残余应力。研究聚焦钢桥面中疲劳问题较突出的顶板与U肋连接焊缝,设计了16个(其中9个退火处理,7未作处理)局部足尺单U肋试件进行残余应力测试与疲劳试验。试验结果表明,退火处理后焊缝残余应力实测值降低约80%,疲劳强度提高约23%。可以看出,退火处理可以大幅降低焊接残余应力,从而有效提升钢桥面抗疲劳性能。

接缝和主梁损伤对装配式多主梁桥荷载横向分布规律的影响研究

为了验证不同损伤对装配式多主梁桥荷载横向分布规律的影响,并探讨基于横向分布规律的桥梁损伤识别方法,考虑接缝损伤程度、主梁局部损伤程度、损伤位置和损伤区域长度的影响,采用刚接板梁法对接缝和主梁损伤情况下装配式多主梁桥的荷载横向分布规律进行了研究。结果表明,接缝损伤后其两侧主梁的横向分布影响线与损伤前的影响线有交点;有损伤的主梁其影响线整体下降,且刚度剩余系数越小、损伤位置距跨中越近、损伤范围越大,下降程度越大;主梁与接缝损伤同时发生时,可通过与敏感梁单独损伤时的影响线进行对比来进行分析。根据损伤前后敏感主梁的横向分布影响线变化规律,可对桥梁的损伤类别进行识别,但无法识别具体损伤位置。

新型湿接缝钢筋连接构造的力学性能研究

为了弥补叠合梁桥面板湿接缝普通钢筋连接构造搭接长度大、绑扎或焊接难度高等缺陷,提出了L形钢筋连接构造。采用有限元软件ANSYS,对采用直钢筋、环形钢筋、弧形钢筋和L形钢筋连接构造的叠合梁桥面板湿接缝受力性能开展了数值模拟,对比研究了不同钢筋连接构造条件下湿接缝的受力特征、承载能力和施工工艺。研究结果表明:在湿接缝截面尺寸相同、配筋率相同的条件下,4种钢筋连接构造对应的湿接缝开裂前,非搭接区的混凝土及钢筋应力均高于搭接区,开裂时湿接缝混凝土的开裂位置均位于非搭接区,且开裂荷载与钢筋混凝土轴心受拉构件的开裂荷载理论值较为接近;L形钢筋连接构造的开裂荷载与直钢筋、弧形钢筋连接构造基本一致,但比环形钢筋低4%;4类普通钢筋混凝土湿接缝达到受拉承载力极限状态时均对应于非搭接区纵向钢筋的受拉屈服,湿接缝的受拉极限承载力只与非搭接区普通钢筋的面积和强度的乘积有关,即湿接缝的受拉极限承载力等于非搭接区纵向钢筋屈服时承受的拉力。L形钢筋连接构造在洛溪大桥拓宽工程中的成功应用表明,该连接构造开裂荷载及承载力均与其他钢筋连接构造的湿接缝相当,且具有施工工艺简单,施工便利的优点,值得在类似工程中推广应用。

基于ANSYS的复式膨胀节强度和轴向刚度有限元分析

通过ANSYS有限元分析,研究了复式膨胀节在同时受内压及轴向位移时的强度和轴向刚度.建立了复式膨胀节的二维轴对称模型,并考虑了非线性对复式膨胀节的影响,将分析结果与EJMA工程近似法计算结果进行对比,表明ANSYS有限元结果更接近实际情况,采用工程近似法分析复式膨胀节时存在一定误差.

波形钢腹板梁T形接头焊接仿真分析与试验研究

为了解决波形钢腹板梁焊接温度场和残余应力分布尚不明确的问题,本文基于Simufact Welding软件建立三维有限元模型,对其T形接头的焊接温度场和残余应力进行了预测,并对模拟结果进行了试验验证。波形钢腹板梁的焊接温度场分布与熔池中心距离有关,距离熔池中心越近,温度梯度越大;焊接残余应力以纵向残余拉应力为主,而横向残余应力的应力水平相对较低,拉压应力共存;焊接速度和底板厚度的改变只会影响残余应力的峰值大小,不会影响残余应力的分布规律。结果表明:数值模拟结果和试验实测值吻合良好,数值模拟可靠。

桥梁拓宽中新旧桥梁连接方法和受力分析应用与研究

结合实际工程,研究了新旧桥梁之间的连接方法,研发了用于新旧桥梁连接的伸缩装置和沉降装置;采用有限元模型模拟新旧桥梁,分析了旧桥在拓宽后的内力变化,以及主梁位移变形的情况。结果表明:提出的新旧桥梁的连接方法在伸缩缝与沉降缝交点处可保持桥面平整,并有良好防水、防尘性能;老桥的主梁拓宽后在移动的车辆荷载作用下其内力较拓宽前减小很多,新桥的内力相应增加,说明新桥对旧桥的荷载起到了一部分的承担作用;新旧桥梁连接后,桥梁的整体性更好,受力更为均匀。

带UHPC接缝的桥面板力学性能试验研究

为掌握带UHPC接缝的桥面板受弯状态下的力学特点,进一步探究UHPC接缝的合理宽度及在接缝宽度相同情况下,不同接缝截面形式、钢筋搭接形式对带UHPC接缝的桥面板抗弯性能影响,设计制作了一块现浇整体板和3块不同湿接缝构造的UHPC预制桥面板,并分别进行四点弯曲试验评估接缝处抗弯性能,对荷载-跨中位移曲线、荷载-主裂缝宽度曲线、混凝土荷载-拉应变曲线、混凝土荷载-压应变曲线、荷载-受拉钢筋应变曲线、极限抗弯承载能力、裂缝发展状况展开相关研究。结果表明:由于UHPC优异的力学性能,4组试验板的荷载-跨中挠度曲线基本相近,带UHPC接缝的桥面板极限承载力优于整体板;接缝宽度、钢筋连接方式相同的情况下,漏斗形或楔形接缝截面形式不会影响预制桥面板的极限承载力,彼此刚度差异不大;在保证桥面板整体性和承载力的前提下,预制桥面板UHPC湿接缝可减小为15 cm宽;UHPC接缝连接的整体性良好,不会影响现浇接缝区段及连接界面的抗拉性能,带UHPC接缝的预制拼装桥面板的初始裂缝和主裂缝均位于普通混凝土区域,UHPC的高弹性模量使得接缝区域局部刚度提高,相较于接缝周围混凝土区域,接缝处的受压区混凝土压应变与受拉区钢筋的拉应变都较小,接缝区域未出现裂缝,UHPC湿接缝与混凝土预制板界面处的裂缝扩展速度缓慢。