Electrochemical Water Splitting:Bridging the Gaps Between Fundamental Research and Industrial Applications

Electrochemical water splitting represents one of the most promising technologies to produce green hydrogen,which can help to realize the goal of achieving carbon neutrality.While substantial efforts on a laboratory scale have been made for understanding fundamental catalysis and developing high-performance electrocatalysts for the two half-reactions involved in water electrocatalysis,much less attention has been paid to doing relevant research on a larger scale.For example,few such researches have been done on an industrial scale.Herein,we review the very recent endeavors to bridge the gaps between fundamental research and industrial applications for water electrolysis.We begin by introducing the fundamentals of electrochemical water splitting and then present comparisons of testing protocol,figure of merit,catalyst of interest,and manufacturing cost for laboratory and industry-based water-electrolysis research.Special attention is paid to tracking the surface reconstruction process and identifying real catalytic species under different testing conditions,which highlight the significant distinctions of corresponding electrochemical reconstruction mechanisms.Advances in catalyst designs for industry-relevant water electrolysis are also summarized,which reveal the progress of moving the practical applications forward and accelerating synergies between material science and engineering.Perspectives and challenges of electrocatalyst design strategies are proposed finally to further bridge the gaps between lab-scale research and large-scale electrocatalysis applications.

Bridging large gaps in the injured spinal cord: mechanical and biochemical tissue adaptation

Incidence and consequences of spinal cord injuries： World- wide, every year 250,000-500,000 people suffer from spinal cord injury （SCI; www.who.int, 2013）. Traumatic lesions of the spinal cord lead to primary and secondary injury mechanisms, which result in axon damage, loss of signal conduction, demyelination of axons and long-lasting deficits in motor and sensory func- tion. The extent of the damage and the subsequent functional loss depend on the spinal level and the severity of the primary injury. Furthermore, pathophysiological and pathomorpholog- ical responses in acute and chronic SCI share similar but also different requirements for treatment.

An interpretation of ＂education shock＂ Bridging the college students＇ skill gaps of language learning in the UK

It is inevitable for Chinese students to come across ＂education shock＂ when they go to study in the UK because of the skill gaps. After a brief interpretation of ＂education shock＂ and detailed analysis of college students＇ skill gaps of language learning in the UK, this paper puts forward some ways of bridging the gaps from both the teachers and institutions in the UK and in China, so the study in the UK will be more successful and enjoyable.

To Bridge the Gap Between Human Rights Cultures:China's Contribution to the Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Its Implications

As one of the foundations for the legitimacy of the United Nations, the universal human rights system derives from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights （here- after, ＂Declaration＂）. After World War II, the international community formulated the Declaration, the most important international human rights legal document, under the direction of the United Nations, based on reflections on brutal aggressive wars and large-scale violations of human rights.

Nerve growth factor-basic fibroblast growth factor poly-lactide co-glycolid sustained-release microspheres and the small gap sleeve bridging technique to repair peripheral nerve injury

We previously prepared nerve growth factor poly-lactide co-glycolid sustained-release microspheres to treat rat sciatic nerve injury using the small gap sleeve technique.Multiple growth factors play a synergistic role in promoting the repair of peripheral nerve injury;as a result,in this study,we added basic fibroblast growth factors to the microspheres to further promote nerve regeneration.First,in an in vitro biomimetic microenvironment,we developed and used a drug screening biomimetic microfluidic chip to screen the optimal combination of nerve growth factor/basic fibroblast growth factor to promote the regeneration of Schwann cells.We found that 22.56 ng/mL nerve growth factor combined with 4.29 ng/mL basic fibroblast growth factor exhibited optimal effects on the proliferation of primary rat Schwann cells.The successfully prepared nerve growth factor-basic fibroblast growth factor-poly-lactide-co-glycolid sustained-release microspheres were used to treat rat sciatic nerve transection injury using the small gap sleeve bridge technique.Compared with epithelium sutures and small gap sleeve bridging alone,the small gap sleeve bridging technique combined with drug-free sustained-release microspheres has a stronger effect on rat sciatic nerve transfection injury repair at the structural and functional level.

Bridging the Gap between Non-Symbolic and Symbolic Processing:How Could Human Being Acquire Language﹖

Information plays various roles for supporting human activity.Its basic role is to describe objects in the world.Form of representation is first decided,then method of its processing can be defined on its basis.Thus an information processing paradigm is defined.As human activity gets more and more complicated,information also becomes more and more sophisticated.Form of representation and processing method become the more complicated.

Bridging the Gap

VERMILION wooden doors, gray brick walls and exquisitely carved marble items. The elements typical of traditional upper-class Chinese architecture have been replicated in the Courtyards on Canal Bank, a luxury residential area in Beijing, to reflect the wealth and status of its property owners.

Bridging Evolutionary Gaps

Unearthed dinosaur fossils shed Iight on the evolutionary process chinese and foreign experts confirmed recently Zhucheng in east China’s Shandong Province contains the biggest collection of dinosaur fossils

China and India:Bridging the Gap

Sino-Indian relations promise changes and challenges six decades on The simultaneous rise of China and India,

Bridging the Gap

Malatang. which literally means being numb, spicy and heated in the Chinese language, is a variety of street food adored by many Chinese. As the reputation of Chinese food continues to spread worldwide, malatang is gaining popularity among foreign epicures.

"Intimate Elder Sister"—Bridging the Gap Between Children and Parents

RAISING children is a wordless book, its every page immersed with parents’ love. Young parents read it every day but find it more and more difficult to understand. China’s book of today’s children, entitled, The One-Child Family, is indeed hard to understand.