High-Integrated-Photosensitivity Negative-Electron-Affinity GaAs Photocathodes with Multilayer Be-Doping Structures

The effect of changing Be doping concentration in GaAs layer on the integrated photosensitivity for nega- tive-electron-affinity GaAs photocathodes is investigated. Two GaAs samples with the monolayer structure and the muhilayer structure are grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The former has a constant Be concentration of 1 × 10^19 cm^-3, while the latter includes four layers with Be doping concentrations of 1 × 10^19, 7 × 10^18, 4 × 10^18, and 1 × 10^18 cm^-3 from the bottom to the surface. Negative-electron-affinity GaAs photocathodes are fabricated by exciting the sample surfaces with alternating input of Cs and O in the high vacuum system. The spectral response results measured by the on-line spectral response measurement system show that the integrated photosensitivity of the photocathode with the muhilayer structure enhanced by at least 50% as compared to that of the monolayer structure. This attributes to the improvement in the crystal quality and the increase in the surface escape probability. Different stress situations are observed on GaAs samples with monolayer structure and muhilayer structure, respectively.

Microbial community structure in an integrated A/O reactor treating diluted livestock wastewater during start-up period

In order to investigate the correlation between reactor performance and the microorganisms,an integrated A/O reactor was operated for 72 days to treat diluted livestock wastewater.Chemical oxygen demand （COD） removal efficiency increased from 79% to 94%,with total nitrogen （TN） removal efficiency from 37% to 50% （HRT 7.4 hr） when the influent COD and TN were ca.1500 mg/L and 95 mg/L,respectively,and the outlet COD concentration was less than 100 mg/L at the end.Microbial community was monitored during start-up period by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） based on 16S rRNA gene.DGGE profiles showed that microbial community had changed significantly during the start-up and these shifts were in accordance with the reactor performance.UPGMA clustering analysis showed that 14 anaerobic samples fell into five main groups and so did the aerobic ones,but the grouping patterns were different.Phylogenetic analysis indicated that microbial populations in the anaerobic compartment belonged to Firmicutes,Proteobacteria,Chloroflexi and Bacteroidetes,while Proteobacteria,Bacteroidetes,Firmicutes,Verrucomicrobiae and Nitrospira were present in the aerobic compartment.In the anaerobic compartment,more fermentative and acetogenic bacteria were detected during the start-up while denitrifying bacteria faded away.Two functional populations such as Nitrospira defluvii and Dechloromonas denitrificans were observed when nitrogen removal was high,indicating that simultaneous nitrification and denitrification occurred in the aerobic compartment.

ACTIVE VIBRATION CONTROL AND SUPPRESSION FOR INTEGRATED STRUCTURES

The finite element dynamic model for integrated structures containing distributed piezoelectric sensors and actuators ( S/As ) is formulated with a new piezoelectric plate bending element in this paper. The problem of active vibration control and suppression of integrated structures is investigated under constant gain negative velocity feedback control law. A general method for active vibration control and suppression of integrated structures is presented. Finally, numerical example is given to illustrate the validity of the method proposed in this paper.

Structured Illumination Chip Based on Integrated Optics

A compact structured illumination chip based on integrated optics is proposed and fabricated on a silicon-on- insulator platform. Based on the simulation of Caussian beam interference, we adopt a chirped diffraction grating to achieve a specific interference pattern. The experimental results match well with the simulations. The portability and flexibility of the structured illumination chip can be increased greatly through horizontal encapsulation. High levels of integration, compared with the conventional structured illumination approach, make this chip very compact, with a footprint of only around 1 mm2. The chip has no optical lenses and can be easily combined with a microfluidic system. These properties would make the chip very suitable for portable 3D scanner and compact super-resolution microscopy applications.

Integrated Optimization of Structure and Control Parameters for the Height Control System of a Vertical Spindle Cotton Picker

Vertical picking method is a predominate method used to harvest cotton crop.However,a vertical picking method may cause spindle bending of the cotton picker if spindles collide with stones on the cotton field.Thus,how to realize a precise height control of the cotton picker is a crucial issue to be solved.The objective of this study is to design a height control system to avoid the collision.To design it,the mathematical models are established first.Then a multi-objective optimization model represented by structure parameters and control parameters is proposed to take the pressure of chamber without piston,response time and displacement error of the height control system as the opti-mization objectives.An integrated optimization approach that combines optimization via simulation,particle swarm optimization and simulated annealing is proposed to solve the model.Simulation and experimental test results show that the proposed integrated optimization approach can not only reduce the pressure of chamber without piston,but also decrease the response time and displacement error of the height control system.

Integrated Optimal Model of Structure and Control of the Single Arm Manipulator

The integrated optimal design of mechanical and control system is discussed in terms of the performance requirement and configuration for the single arm flexible manipulator. By combination of dynamics of flexible structure and control theory, a PD feedback control system, which minimizes the settling time, has been designed. Then, the viable region of poles of the PD dosed-loop control system is decided according to overshoot and the settling time, and an integrated optimal model of structure and control of single arm manipulator is presented. Finally, the parameters of structure and control system are simultaneously optimized with respect to objective function induding the moment of inertia and the control effort of system.

Integrated Reporting and Intellectual Capital:A Structured Literature Review and Future Research Agenda

This research aims to provide a Structured Literature Review(SLR)concerning the role of Intellectual Capital(IC)in Integrated Reporting(IR).It analyses papers published in journals from business,management,and accounting area,from 2013 to 2021 with the purpose of pointing out relevant insights about the relationship between IC and IR.Despite that existing literature offers valuable contributions about IC,and the International Integrated Reporting Council included IC related issues among the aims and the fundamentals concepts of IR,this is a topic of growing interest that offers many avenues for further discussion.Analysing past and present literature,this study found that most of the papers use content analysis or a conceptual and critical approach.Moreover,three main paths emerged:about IC disclosure,about IC and IR as a field of research,about a practical concern of IR and IC.Moreover,it tries to frame a future research agenda;particularly,this paper emphasizes the need for further research about the importance of new technologies as they are considered to be the IC of modern organization.

PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF GEOGRAPHICAL ENVIRONMENT-INTEGRITY AND DISPARITY,GENERALITY AND INDIVIDUALITY

Integrity and disparity are two of the basic characteristics implied in the scientific connotation of the physical environment as a material system. From a dialectical materialistic point of view the physical character of geographical environment of the earth surface is the unity in diversity. It is on such grounds that the two basic characteristics were put forth by the author in his monograph 'Physical Structure of South American Geographical Environment' as the underlying theme. This holds true for the hierarchy of physical regions. For instance, the physical environment of the earth surface in unity behaves as a huge whole, yet, in differentiation into continents, it displays disparity; each continent differs from others and becomes an integrity in its own right. The same is true of regions of lower levels. In the case of generality and individuality of regional types and their constituent distributive areas in different continents, the same relationship exists among them. Owing to similar origin

A process-level hierarchical structural decomposition analysis (SDA) of energy consumption in an integrated steel plant

A hierarchical structural decomposition analysis(SDA) model has been developed based on process-level input-output(I-O) tables to analyze the drivers of energy consumption changes in an integrated steel plant during 2011-2013. By combining the principle of hierarchical decomposition into D&L method, a hierarchical decomposition model for multilevel SDA is obtained. The developed hierarchical IO-SDA model would provide consistent results and need less computation effort compared with the traditional SDA model. The decomposition results of the steel plant suggest that the technology improvement and reduced steel final demand are two major reasons for declined total energy consumption. The technical improvements of blast furnaces, basic oxygen furnaces, the power plant and the by-products utilization level have contributed mostly in reducing energy consumption. A major retrofit of ancillary process units and solving fuel substitution problem in the sinter plant and blast furnace are important for further energy saving. Besides the empirical results, this work also discussed that why and how hierarchical SDA can be applied in a process-level decomposition analysis of aggregated indicators.

High-strength,multifunctional and 3D printable mullite-based porous ceramics with a controllable shell-pore structure

The quest for lightweight and functional materials poses stringent requirements on mechanical performance of porous materials.However,the contradiction between high strength and elevated porosity of porous materials severely limits their application scenarios in emerging fields.Herein,high-strength multifunctional mullite-based porous ceramic monoliths were fabricated utilizing waste fly ash hollow microspheres(FAHMs)by the protein gelling technique.Owing to their unique shell-pore structure inspired by shell-protected biomaterials,the monoliths with porosity of 54.69%–70.02% exhibited a high compressive strength(32.3–42.9 MPa)which was 2–5 times that of mullite-based porous ceramics with similar density reported elsewhere.Moreover,their pore structure and properties could be tuned by regulation of the particle size and content of the FAHMs,and the resultant monoliths demonstrated superior integrated performances for multifunctional applications,such as broadband sound insulation,efficient thermal insulation,and high-temperature fire resistance(>1300℃).On this basis,mullite-based porous ceramic lattices(porosity 68.28%–84.79%)with a hierarchical porous structure were successfully assembled by direct ink writing(DIW),which exhibited significantly higher compressive strength(3.02–10.77 MPa)than most other ceramic lattices with comparable densities.This unique shell-pore structure can be extended to other porous materials,and our strategy paves a new way for cost-effective,scalable and green production of multifunctional materials with well-defined microstructure.

Integrable Couplings of Classical-Boussinesq Hierarchy and Its Hamiltonian Structure

By using a Lie algebra, an integrable couplings of the classicai-Boussinesq hierarchy is obtained. Then, the Hamiltonian structure of the integrable couplings of the classical-Boussinesq is obtained by the quadratic-form identity.

Biomimetic 3D printing of composite structures with decreased cracking

The development of tissue engineering and regeneration research has created new platforms for bone transplantation.However,the preparation of scaffolds with good fiber integrity is challenging,because scaffolds prepared by traditional printing methods are prone to fiber cracking during solvent evaporation.Human skin has an excellent natural heat-management system,which helps to maintain a constant body temperature through perspiration or blood-vessel constriction.In this work,an electrohydrodynamic-jet 3D-printing method inspired by the thermal-management system of skin was developed.In this system,the evaporation of solvent in the printed fibers can be adjusted using the temperature-change rate of the substrate to prepare 3D structures with good structural integrity.To investigate the solvent evaporation and the interlayer bonding of the fibers,finite-element analysis simulations of a three-layer microscale structure were carried out.The results show that the solvent-evaporation path is from bottom to top,and the strain in the printed structure becomes smaller with a smaller temperaturechange rate.Experimental results verified the accuracy of these simulation results,and a variety of complex 3D structures with high aspect ratios were printed.Microscale cracks were reduced to the nanoscale by adjusting the temperature-change rate from 2.5 to 0.5℃s-1.Optimized process parameters were selected to prepare a tissue engineering scaffold with high integrity.It was confirmed that this printed scaffold had good biocompatibility and could be used for bone-tissue regeneration.This simple and flexible 3D-printing method can also help with the preparation of a wide range of micro-and nanostructured sensors and actuators.

Theory and practice for assessing structural integrity and dynamical integrity of high-speed trains

Purpose–The safety and reliability of high-speed trains rely on the structural integrity of their components and the dynamic performance of the entire vehicle system.This paper aims to define and substantiate the assessment of the structural integrity and dynamical integrity of high-speed trains in both theory and practice.The key principles and approacheswill be proposed,and their applications to high-speed trains in Chinawill be presented.Design/methodology/approach–First,the structural integrity and dynamical integrity of high-speed trains are defined,and their relationship is introduced.Then,the principles for assessing the structural integrity of structural and dynamical components are presented and practical examples of gearboxes and dampers are provided.Finally,the principles and approaches for assessing the dynamical integrity of highspeed trains are presented and a novel operational assessment method is further presented.Findings–Vehicle system dynamics is the core of the proposed framework that provides the loads and vibrations on train components and the dynamic performance of the entire vehicle system.For assessing the structural integrity of structural components,an open-loop analysis considering both normal and abnormal vehicle conditions is needed.For assessing the structural integrity of dynamical components,a closed-loop analysis involving the influence of wear and degradation on vehicle system dynamics is needed.The analysis of vehicle system dynamics should follow the principles of complete objects,conditions and indices.Numerical,experimental and operational approaches should be combined to achieve effective assessments.Originality/value–The practical applications demonstrate that assessing the structural integrity and dynamical integrity of high-speed trains can support better control of critical defects,better lifespan management of train components and better maintenance decision-making for high-speed trains.

A NEW COMPLETELY INTEGRABLE LIOUVILLE' S SYSTEM, ITS LAX REPRESENTATION AND BI-HAMILTONIAN STRUCTURE

A new isospectral problem and the corresponding hierarchy of nonlinear evolution equations is presented. As a reduction, the well-known MKdV equation is obtained. It is shown that the hierarchy of equations is integrable in Liouville' s sense and possesses Bi-Hamiltonian structure. Under the constraint between the potentials and eigenfunctions, the eigenvalue problem can be nonlinearized as a finite dimensional completely integrable system.

Multi-component KN Hierarchy and Associated two Integrable Couplings as Well as Their Hamiltonian Structure

Firstly, a vector loop algebra G3 is constructed, by use of it multi-component KN hierarchy is obtained. Further, by taking advantage of the extending vector loop algebras G6 and G9 of G3 the double integrable couplings of the multi-component KN hierarchy are worked out respectively. Finally, Hamiltonian structures of obtained system are given by quadratic-form identity.

Prolongation structure for nonlinear integrable couplings of a KdV soliton hierarchy

In this paper, a new nonlinear integrable coupling system of the soliton hierarchy is presented. Prom the Lax pairs, the coupled KdV equations are constructed successfully. Based on the prolongation method of Wahlquist and Estabrook, we study the prolongation structure of the nonlinear integrable couplings of the KdV equation.

A Single-Board Integrated Millimeter-Wave Asymmetric Full-Digital Beamforming Array for B5G/6G Applications

In this article,a single-board integrated millimeter-wave(mm-Wave)asymmetric full-digital beamforming(AFDBF)array is developed for beyond-fifth-generation(B5G)and sixth-generation(6G)communications.The proposed integrated array effectively addresses the challenge of arranging a large number of ports in a full-digital array by designing vertical connections in a three-dimensional space and successfully integrating full-digital transmitting(Tx)and receiving(Rx)arrays independently in a single board.Unlike the traditional symmetric array,the proposed asymmetric array is composed of an 8×8 Tx array arranged in a square shape and an 8+8 Rx array arranged in an L shape.The center-to-center distance between two adjacent elements is 0.54k0 for both the Tx and Rx arrays,where k0 is the free-space wavelength at 27 GHz.The proposed AFDBF array possesses a more compact structure and lower system hardware cost and power consumption compared with conventional brick-type full-digital arrays.In addition,the energy efficiency of the proposed AFDBF array outperforms that of a hybrid beamforming array.The measurement results indicate that the operating frequency band of the proposed array is 24.25–29.50 GHz.An eight-element linear array within the Tx array can achieve a scanning angle ranging from-47°to+47°in both the azimuth and the elevation planes,and the measured scanning range of each eight-element Rx array is–45°to+45°.The measured maximum effective isotropic radiated power(EIRP)of the eight-element Tx array is 43.2 dBm at 28.0 GHz(considering the saturation point).Furthermore,the measured error vector magnitude(EVM)is less than 3%when 64-quadrature amplitude modulation(QAM)waveforms are used.

Identification of time-varying system and energy-based optimization of adaptive control in seismically excited structure

The combination of structural health monitoring and vibration control is of great importance to provide components of smart structures.While synthetic algorithms have been proposed,adaptive control that is compatible with changing conditions still needs to be used,and time-varying systems are required to be simultaneously estimated with the application of adaptive control.In this research,the identification of structural time-varying dynamic characteristics and optimized simple adaptive control are integrated.First,reduced variations of physical parameters are estimated online using the multiple forgetting factor recursive least squares(MFRLS)method.Then,the energy from the structural vibration is simultaneously specified to optimize the control force with the identified parameters to be operational.Optimization is also performed based on the probability density function of the energy under the seismic excitation at any time.Finally,the optimal control force is obtained by the simple adaptive control(SAC)algorithm and energy coefficient.A numerical example and benchmark structure are employed to investigate the efficiency of the proposed approach.The simulation results revealed the effectiveness of the integrated online identification and optimal adaptive control in systems.

Retroviral integrase protein and intasome nucleoprotein complex structures

Retroviral replication proceeds through the integration of a DNA copy of the viral RNA genome into the host cellular genome, a process that is mediated by the viral integrase(IN) protein. IN catalyzes two distinct chemical reactions: 3'-processing, whereby the viral DNA is recessed by a di- or trinucleotide at its 3'-ends, and strand transfer, in which the processed viral DNA ends are inserted into host chromosomal DNA. Although IN has been studied as a recombinant protein since the 1980 s, detailed structural understanding of its catalytic functions awaited high resolution structures of functional IN-DNA complexes or intasomes, initially obtained in 2010 for the spumavirus prototype foamy virus(PFV). Since then, two additional retroviral intasome structures, from the α-retrovirus Rous sarcoma virus(RSV) and β-retrovirus mouse mammary tumor virus(MMTV), have emerged. Here, we briefly review the history of IN structural biology prior to the intasome era, and then compare the intasome structures of PFV, MMTV and RSV in detail. Whereas the PFV intasome is characterized by a tetrameric assembly of IN around the viral DNA ends, the newer structures harbor octameric IN assemblies. Although the higher order architectures of MMTV and RSV intasomes differ from that of the PFV intasome, they possess remarkably similar intasomal core structures. Thus, retroviral integration machineries have adapted evolutionarily to utilize disparate IN elements to construct convergent intasome core structures for catalytic function.

The Liouville integrable coupling system of the m-AKNS hierarchy and its Hamiltonian structure

In this paper a type of 9-dimensional vector loop algebra F is constructed, which is devoted to establish an isospectral problem. It follows that a Liouville integrable coupling system of the m-AKNS hierarchy is obtained by employing the Tu scheme, whose Hamiltonian structure is worked out by making use of constructed quadratic identity. The method given in the paper can be used to obtain many other integrable couplings and their Hamiltonian structures.