Diffusion analysis and modeling of kinetic behavior for treatment of brine water using electrodialysis process

In this study,the removal of monovalent and divalent cations,Nat,Kt,Mg2t,and Ca2t,in a diluted solution from Chott-El Jerid Lake,Tunisia,was investigated with the electrodialysis technique.The process was tested using two cation-exchange membranes:sulfonated polyether sulfone cross-linked with 10%hexamethylenediamine(HEXCl)and sulfonated polyether sulfone grafted with octylamine(S-PESOS).The commercially available membrane Nafion®was used for comparison.The results showed that Nafion®and S-PESOS membranes had similar removal behaviors,and the investigated cations were ranked in the following descending order in terms of their demineralization rates:Nat>Ca2t>Mg2t>Kt.Divalent cations were more effectively removed by HEXCl than by monovalent cations.The plots based on the WebereMorris model showed a strong linearity.This reveals that intra-particle diffusion was not the removal rate-determining step,and the removal process was controlled by two or more concurrent mechanisms.The Boyd plots did not pass through their origin,and the sole controlling step was determined by film-diffusion resistance,especially after a long period of electrodialysis.Additionally,a semi-empirical model was established to simulate the temporal variation of the treatment process,and the physical significance and values of model parameters were compared for the three membranes.The findings of this study indicate that HEXCl and S-PESOS membranes can be efficiently utilized for water softening,especially when effluents are highly loaded with calcium and magnesium ions.

Highly selective electrocatalytic Cl− oxidation reaction by oxygen-modified cobalt nanoparticles immobilized carbon nanofibers for coupling with brine water remediation and H2 production

Combining the H2 production with brine remediation is regarded as a sustainable approach to achieving clean H2 energy. However, designing stable Cl− oxidation reaction (COR) electrocatalyst is the key to realize this route. Herein, a type of oxygen-modified Co nanoparticles anchored graphitic carbon nanofibers catalyst (Co/GCFs) was synthesized through a two-step strategy of adsorption and pyrolysis. The Co/GCFs-2.4 exhibits high selectivity and stability for COR at neutral electrolyte. It is worth noting that unlike the water oxidation, the chemical valence of cobalt has not changed during the COR. Further results demonstrated that the oxygen-modified Co nanoparticles provide active sites for selective COR, meanwhile, the graphitic carbon gives rise to strong catalytic stability. Thanks to the superior COR and H2 production activity of Co/GCFs-2.4, a two-electrode brine electrocatalysis system employing Co/GCFs-2.4 as both cathode and anode for H2 production exhibited robust stability, efficient and high Faraday efficiency (98%-100%). We propose that this work provides a novel strategy for designing efficient and stable catalysts with electrocatalytic COR and HER activities at neutral brine water for practically coupling with H2 production by water electrolysis and brine water remediation.

In Search of Portable Water Supplies within a Brine and Mine Water-Invaded Region for Serving Some Communities around Ishiagu, Afikpo and Environs in Abakaliki Basin, Southeast Nigeria

The study investigates the hydrogeochemical characteristics of some towns in the Abakaliki Basin, comprising, Ishiagu, Aka Eze, Amaseri, Afikpo and Okposi communities, with the aim of sourcing for portable water in the area. The basin is underlain by Albian sediments, essentially shales, in the lowlands, which were affected by low-grade metamorphism that had produced slates. The highlands comprise basic intrusives from episodes of magmatism and metallic ore mineralisation. Injection of brines into the aquifer system and low, seasonal aquifer recharge from rainfall results in poor water quality in the area. The study analyzes the geochemical distribution in water sources in the area and identifies sources of pollutants to guide the better choice of portable water. Results of hydrogeochemical analysis of both surface and groundwater from the communities were compared with World Health Organization to identify portable water locations in the area. While the salt lake at Okposi is the main source of brine intrusion in the study area, the Pb/Zn mine at Ishiagu is the main source of mine-water pollution in the study area. Most chemical parameters, (especially Cl-, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42-, HCO3-) maintain high concentrations within the salt lake area, with the values declining away from the salt lake. The main anthropogenic source of pollution in the area, especially at Ishiagu, is the indiscriminate surface mining of lead-zinc without proposer waste management practices. Possible sourcing for portable water in the study area includes a deep borehole at Ishiagu, away from lead-zinc intrusives. At the Okposi axis, searching for portable water in boreholes should target shallower aquifers that do not communicate with the deeper-seated brine zones, likewise targeting zones farther away from these brine-invaded areas. A controlled pumping rate could potentially ensure that the cone of depression was not low enough to reach the brine zone at depth. In addition, desalination could also potentially render the salt water drinkable if properly handled to eliminate the high concentration of salts in the water to the level of acceptable limit by the WHO. Based on the study, the best area to target for portable water in the study area is Afikpo, with most geochemical elements naturally occurring within WHO’s standard concentration while portable water could be harnessed in areas further away from mining sites, especially at deep groundwater.

Hydrochemistry of the Mixed Dead Sea-Red Sea Water under Different Impoundment Scenarios as a Time Dependent State

The expected water mixing process between Red/Dead Sea water during the proposed conveyance projects is the main target of this research. The project will ensue transporting Red Sea water to recover and maintain certain level of the Dead Sea, mostly will reach -395 m. It is found that, the two different water bodies with different EC values or different densities (salinities) are relatively divided by stable plane. This plane is defined as the BARZACH PLANE. In this study, the mixing process occurred between the Red Sea with the Dead Sea waters, located at 20% - 24% of the Dead Sea column depth based on the Barzach Plane level. During a laboratory experimental work, it is found that the mixed Red/Dead Sea water evaporates in a high rate until certain level where the solution attains oversaturated conditions with different dissolved solids. At this stage, a thin layer of solids suddenly formed and floated at the surface of the dense brine. The salinity of the captured water is so dense that floated salt layer cannot be dissolved. In addition, the formed floated salt layer at the surface prevents the below captured water to evaporate and at this stage, stalactites start to form until the excess dissolved solids are not oversaturated with any mineral.

Characteristics analysis and model prediction of sea-salt water intrusion in lower reaches of the Weihe River,Shandong Province,China

Marine sedimentary strata are widely distributed in the coastal zone of the study area, and are rich in brine resources. The exploitation of underground water resources often first caused the intrusion of salt water in the marine strata. Based on the analysis of sea-salt water intrusion feature, the sea-salt water intrusion is divided into four stages: The occurrence and development stage(1976–1985), the rapid development stage(1986–1990), the slow development stage(1990–2000) and the stable development stage(2000–2015). Based on the comparative analysis of the relationship between seawater intrusion and influencing factors, this paper presents that the groundwater exploitation and the brine resources mining are the main control factors of sea-salt water intrusion. On this basis, we have established a numerical model of the sea-salt water intrusion. Using this model, we predicted the development trend of the sea-salt water intrusion. The results show that if the current development of groundwater and brine is maintained, the sea-salt water intrusion will gradually withdraw; once development of brine stops, sea-salt water will invade again. This provides the scientific basis for the rational exploitation of groundwater and the prevention of sea-salt water intrusion.

Solar-Driven Water Treatment: New Technologies, Challenges, and Futures

In this review, the new solar water treatment technologies, including solar water desalination in two direct and indirect methods, are comprehensively presented. Recent advances and applications of five major solar desalination technologies include solar-powered humidification–dehumidification, multi-stage flash desalination, multi-effect desalination, RO, and solar stills. Each technology’s productivity, energy consumption, and water production costs are presented. Also, common methods of solar water disinfection have been reviewed as one of the common and low-cost methods of water treatment, especially in areas with no access to drinking water. However, although desalination technologies have many social, economic, and public health benefits, they are energy-intensive and negatively affect the environment. In addition, the disposal of brine from the desalination processes is one of the most challenging and costly issues. In this regard, the environmental effects of desalination technologies are presented and discussed. Among direct solar water desalination technologies, solar still technology is a low-cost, low-tech, and low-investment method suitable for remote areas, especially in developing countries with low financial support and access to skilled workers. Indirect solar-driven water desalination technologies, including thermal and membrane technologies, are more reliable and technically more mature. Recently, RO technology has received particular attention thanks to its lower energy demand, lower cost, and available solutions to increase membrane durability. Disposal of brines can account for much of the water cost and potentially negatively affect the environment. Therefore, in addition to efforts to improve the efficiency and reduce the cost of solar technologies and water treatment processes, future research studies should consider developing new solutions to this issue.

西藏富锂盐湖-班戈错未来水位变化趋势预测

利用2016—2020年班戈错水位观测资料,采用ARIMA季节乘积模型、Winters线性模型及时间序列分解模型建立针对该湖的水位预测模型。通过对比时间序列分解模型在班戈错水位预测精度较高,运用时间序列分解模型对2022—2024年水位进行了预测,确定未来3年将会出现水位的明显升高,水位增幅达到0.97 m。研究结果能为LiCl矿的开采提供精度较高的水位预测,并通过水位监测来指导班戈错矿田建设。

反渗透浓盐水零排放与改进设计

某除盐水站采用反渗透膜工艺处理回用水,稳定产出一级除盐水和一级浓盐水。为进一步浓缩处理浓盐水,提高钢铁工艺全流程废水的回收率和综合利用率,继续采用二级反渗透系统处理一级浓盐水,分离得到二级除盐水和二级浓盐水。二级除盐水循环补充到钢铁工艺流程或工业水管网,二级浓盐水则进入高含盐水管网。针对高含盐管网用水需求量不稳定的情况,结合该站现有的中水处理设备设施,进行改进设计,优化管路,统筹各级水源串级使用,落实废水资源化利用和浓盐水零排放。

分析解吸废水和反渗透浓盐水技术在循环水中的应用

随着全球工业猛速发展,工业循环水处理逐步成为能源、化肥、煤矿等行业的组成部分。但尿素解吸废液是主要污染水源之一,若大量排放尿素则会污染水体。本文结合某煤化工厂案例,借助解吸废水和反渗透浓盐水技术的特点,坚持见效快、投资少的原则,通过制定方案、调整杀菌剂品种、优化阻垢缓蚀剂配方、优化浓盐水反渗透工艺等措施进行工艺改造,结果显示,循环水的腐蚀性降低,产水量各项指标达到《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2022)要求,水的回收率达到了90%。表明该方法有效解决了水解废液pH值波动大,COD、氨氮含量较高、腐蚀率高的问题,达到提高水资源利用效率的目的。

碳酸锂生产中提锂单元工艺脱析水热能增效研究

热能应用系统作为碳酸锂工艺路线不可或缺的基本单元,其蒸气能耗高,是众多碳酸锂生产企业面临的共性问题。文章就如何先综合利用过程热能、余热回收、源头减量化、数据采集与数据分析等方面进行探索研究,达到最优运行工况、降低蒸气消耗的目的。

资源共享在氯碱生产中的应用

利用一期与二期氯碱装置的布局优势和产能优势,对两期装置的部分仪表气系统、循环水系统、纯水系统、电解系统淡盐水槽和盐酸储槽进行互连互通,在满足现有生产需求的前提下,实现过剩产能互补利用以及异常工况下的资源互助,其在安全、环保、节能方面发挥重要的作用。

罗布泊盐湖区应用空压机采卤的工艺参数研究

采用潜水泵疏干性开采盐湖卤水矿床时,地下水位会逐步下降,对应的采卤能耗和设备维检费用将大幅增加。本研究利用空压机抽水装置简便、维护方便等优势,在罗布泊盐湖区开展了空压机采卤试验,对空压机采卤相关的浸没比、空压机工作压力、送风量和出水管直径等工艺参数进行了探索和优化。试验结果表明,工艺参数优化后的空压机采卤系统稳定可靠,可降低采卤成本13%,为生产后期的浅藏卤水矿床及中深部盐湖卤水矿床提供了开发指导依据。

几种重要热液矿床成矿的岩浆作用贡献探讨

本文运用地球科学相关基础学科的基本理论知识,结合地质工作实践认识和矿床地质特征分析,对几种重要热液矿床成矿的岩浆作用贡献进行分析探讨,提出了新的认识。研究结果认为:(1)地下水是通过补给和排泄交替循环的,因此,通过简单的地下水的循环逐步转化为含矿热液成矿是难以实现的,地下水层控热液矿床成矿流体往往是经历了深部岩浆房驱动的热水循环。(2)地下卤水不是形成内生多金属矿床的矿源体,其本身不具有形成多金属矿床的成矿物质条件,产于板缘地热异常带内的热卤水中的多金属元素,是板块活动引起的强烈的岩浆-火山活动所提供,卤水起到了活化、富集和搬运金属元素的作用。(3)MVT铅锌矿床和卡林型金矿床的矿床特征本身说明它们的成矿与岩浆热液有成因关系。(4)根据变质作用和变质岩的定义,所有的变化是在固态条件下进行的,变质作用和变质岩难以形成变质热液矿床,其成因类型可归为岩浆热液矿床。(5)韧性剪切带是岩浆热力作用和构造应力作用下的塑性变形,成矿是岩浆热液在后期脆性断裂中充填交代而成。对矿床成因的正确认识,可有效的指导找矿勘查工作。岩浆成矿作用是最广泛、最强烈的成矿作用之一。

盐水浸泡作用下石膏岩力学特性试验研究

为研究盐岩溶腔油气储库建造过程中,盐溶液对石膏夹层的侵蚀效应,在实验室对自然状态(干试件)、饱和与半饱和盐溶液中浸泡20d的石膏(湿试件)进行单调单轴压缩与小幅反复加卸载作用方式下的单轴压缩试验,初步揭示石膏在这一特殊条件下的力学特性。研究结果表明:反复加卸载使石膏单轴抗压强度由单调加载条件下的14.6MPa降至12.3MPa,降幅15.8%,而峰值强度所对应轴向应变也从0.39%降为0.19%,反复加卸载使得石膏的强度与变形均有所降低,但弹性模量基本不变。在反复加卸载作用方式下,与干试件强度相比,在饱和与半饱和盐水中浸泡20d之后的石膏强度并未降低,说明盐水对石膏侵蚀作用不明显。在盐溶液中浸泡之后试件变形能力增强,与干试件情形相比,增幅高达73%～147%,相应弹性模量也从干试件的6.6GPa分别降为4.5和2.8GPa。由于结构致密、孔隙率低,加之化学成分为难溶物质,在常温及酸性化学溶液作用下,石膏晶体在细观结构上未受到盐溶液的侵蚀损伤,强度并不随溶液浸泡作用而降低。但是,20d浸泡作用下有少量溶液由表及里的浸入,从而使石膏变形呈软化趋势,且随溶液浓度不同而不同。在层状盐岩矿床油气储库建造及运营过程中,对石膏夹层的这一力学特性变化应予以考虑。所获得的结果对揭示石膏力学特性及指导层状盐岩溶腔油气储库建造具有重要意义与价值。

柴达木盆地西部新近系和古近系油田卤水水化学特征及其地质意义

油田卤水的研究具有油气地质与矿产资源意义,柴达木盆地西部新近、古近系油田卤水的溶解性总固体最高可达316 g/L,平均为140 g/L,钾、硼、锂等离子有的可达工业开采品位,阴离子主要以Cl-为主,阳离子主要以Na++K+为主,其含量与溶解性总固体之间呈现极好的线性关系,具有高浓缩地层水特征。研究表明,油田卤水的溶解性总固体与油气成藏运聚有显著关系,值得进一步探讨。结合柴西区域地质构造特征,对比分析油田卤水各特征离子间关系、钠氯系数、脱硫系数、钙镁系数以及r Ca+Mg/r HCO3+SO4系数等基本可以推断柴西油田卤水的大气降水对岩盐层淋滤成因,并有深部地热水的补给,在油田卤水形成演化过程中伴有碳酸盐矿物的溶解作用,同时乌南—昆北油区可能存在柴西茫崖拗陷的补给区。

以水为媒——古代神话、民间传说中的水与爱情

水在古代神话和民间传说中是一个非常重要的意象,因为水的存在,万物得以孕育、繁衍,水与爱情息息相关。水柔和含蓄的一面又和东方人内敛特性有共通性。水的形态万千,与人世间各种类型情爱相对应。水的波动对应爱情之痛,水的深广对应爱情的遥不可及,水的悠长对应爱情的心仪,水的流逝对应爱情的至死不渝。水的变化万千犹如爱情的变幻莫测。中国传统神话故事、民间传说中围绕着水的故事众多,关于爱情故事的描述更是数不胜数。该文主要以中国传统的神话故事、民间传说中的“水——爱情”为例,选用廪君和盐水女神、牛郎织女、孟姜女、白蛇传等故事,通过水这一媒介,探寻水意象与爱情的共同之处。

盐度对日本囊对虾仔虾生长发育和Na^+-K^+-ATPase活力的影响

研究了盐度对日本囊对虾仔虾(Marsupenaeus Japonicus)的生长发育和Na+-K+-ATPase活力的影响。结果表明,盐度对日本囊对虾仔虾存活率、增重率和Na+-K+-ATPase活力的影响显著(P<0.05)。随着向低盐度变化的增加,仔虾的存活率和增重率明显下降,而向高盐度变化无显著差异;在盐度变化48h内,随着盐度变化的增加仔虾Na+-K+-ATPase活力变化增大,各处理组仔虾Na+-K+-ATPase活力随着取样时间的增加呈峰值变化,至24h时低盐度处理组酶活力达到最大值,而高盐度处理组达到最小值:至48h^72h时,不同盐度下仔虾Na+-K+-ATPase活力趋于稳定,而且盐度越低酶活力越大。由此表明日本囊对虾仔虾在低盐度地下卤水中的适宜盐度为20‰—24‰。

天然气在盐溶液中的溶解机理及溶解度方程

无机盐对气体溶解度影响的主要机制是：无机离子的水合作用减少了游离水的量和降低了溶液的有效间隙度，从 而使气体在盐溶液中的溶解度比在纯水中低。提出水分子与盐离子的理论配位模型，建立了盐溶液中游离水体积分数与 盐的质量浓度的数学关系。在此基础上推导出与亨利定律和气体在纯水中溶解度方程具有良好相溶性的，更具一般意义 的关于气体溶解度的基本方程。该方程既适用于任何浓度的盐溶液，也适用于纯水体系；适用的温度和压力范围分别为 ０～１５０℃和０～６０ＭＰａ。亨利定律和气体在纯水中溶解度公式仅是本文公式在低压和盐浓度为零时的两种特例。

深井盐膏及盐水地层固井隔离液体系研究

目前国内深井多钻遇盐膏和盐水地层,常用隔离液体系抗温和抗盐能力较差,温度超过100℃时,在低浓度盐作用下体系失稳沉降严重,易造成固井施工复杂,注替安全隐患极大。选用一种多糖聚合物作为高温抗盐悬浮稳定剂,辅以耐盐的降失水剂及流型调节剂,研制了一套高温抗盐隔离液体系。该体系在钠盐、钙盐和镁盐溶液中均能保持稳定的性能;使用温度可达140℃;具有较好的密度调控能力,在1.3～2.4g/cm3可调;且与常规钻井液、水泥浆具有较好的相容性。该套体系有望应用在深井超深井及盐膏地层、复合盐岩层和盐水地层固井注水泥作业中。