Metamaterial Inspired Radar Absorbers:Emergence,Trends and Challenges

The advances in metamaterial science and technology have raised the expectations of camouflage or stealth researchers to one order higher in terms of absorption characteristics.As metamaterial inspired radar absorbing structures are proving themselves as a good candidate with near unity absorption,feasibility towards hardware realization is necessary.Hence an extensive literature survey of metamaterial inspired radar absorbing structure has been carried out and reported in this paper along with the challenges and material issues.The various types of metamaterial structures that can be used as absorber have been provided along with simulation figures.To make the review more useful,graphene and carbon nanotube(CNT)based radar absorbing structures are also included along with their simulation and fabrication techniques.

Interaction of Electromagnetic Waves with Two-Dimensional Metal Covered with Radar Absorbing Material and Plasma

A two-dimensional metal model is established to investigate the stealth mechanisms of radar absorbing material （RAM） and plasma when they cover the model together. Using the finite-difference time-domain （FDTD） method, the interaction of electromagnetic （EM） waves with the model can be studied. In this paper, three covering cases are considered： a. RAM or plasma covering the metal solely; b. RAM and plasma covering the metal, while plasma is placed outside; e. RAM and plasma covering the metal, while RAM is placed outside. The calculated results show that the covering order has a great influence on the absorption of EM waves. Compared to case a, case b has an advantage in the absorption of relatively high-frequency EM waves （HFWs）, whereas case c has an advantage in the absorption of relatively low-frequency EM waves （LFWs）. Through the optimization of the parameters of both plasma and RAM, it is hopeful to obtain a broad absorption band by RAM and plasma covering. Near-field attenuation rate and far-field radar cross section （RCS） are employed to compare the different cases.

Microwave Absorption Properties of the Carbonyl Iron/EPDM Radar Absorbing Materials

Employing carbonyl iron powder and Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Monomer （EPDM） as the absorbent and matrix, rubber radar absorbing materials （RAM） were prepared. Effects of the carbonyl iron volume fraction and the thickness of the RAM on the microwave absorption properties in the frequency range of 2.6-18GHz were studied, and a mathematical analysis was made using the electromagnetic theory. The experimental results indicate that the minimum reflectivity of the radar absorbing materials continuously decreases with the increase of the carbonyl iron volume fraction, and the absorption peak also moves towards the low frequency for the same thickness of the RAM. The minimum reflectivity of the 3.0 mm RAM is -21.7dB at 3.5 GHz when the volume fraction of carbonyl iron is 45%. The reflectivity of the RAM is not in direct proportional to the thickness of the RAM, when the RAM has the same volume fraction of the carbonyl iron. The reflectivity of the RAM presents a regular trend at a given carbonyl iron volume fraction in the frequency range of 2.6-18 GHz. With the increase of the thickness, the maximum absorption peak moves towards low frequency band, the minimum reflectivity firstly decreases and then increases, and the absorption bandwidth for reflectivity〈-10 dB firstly increases and then decreases. The microwave absorption properties of the RAM are determined by the thickness and the composition of the radar absorbing materials. Theoretical analysis indicates that the reflectivity of the RAM is determined by the matching degree of the air＇s characteristic impedance and the input impedance.

Research Progress on Nanostructured Radar Absorbing Materials

Nanostructured radar absorbing materials (RAMs) have received steadily growing interest because of their fascinating properties and various applications compared with the bulk or microsized counterparts. The increased surface area, number of dangling bond atoms and unsaturated co-ordination on surface lead to interface polarization, multiple scatter and absorbing more microwave. In this paper, four types of nanostructured RAMs were concisely introduced as follows: nanocrystal RAMs, core-shell nanocomposite RAMs, nanocomposite of MWCNT and inorganic materials RAMs, nanocomposite of nanostructured carbon and polymer RAMs. Their microwave properties were described in detail by taking various materials as

Preparation and radar-absorbing properties of Al2O3/TiO2/Fe2O3/Yb2O3 composite powder

Al2O3/TiOe/FeeO3/Yb2O3 composite powder was synthesized via the sol-gel method. The structure, morphology, and ra- dar-absorption properties of the composite powder were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and RF impedance analysis. The results show that two types of particles exist in the composite powder. One is irregular flakes （100-200 rim） and the other is spherical A1203 particles （smaller than 80 rim）. Electromagnetic wave attenuation is mostly achieved by dielectric loss. The maximum value of the dissipation factor reaches 0.76 （at 15.68 GHz） in the frequency range of 2-18 GHz. The electromagnetic absorption of waves covers 2-18 GHz with the matching thicknesses of 1.5-4.5 mm. The absorption peak shifts to the lower-frequency area with increas- ing matching thickness. The effective absorption hand covers the frequency range of 2.16-9.76 GHz, and the maximum absorption peak reaches -20.18 dB with a matching thickness of 3.5 mm at a frequency of 3.52 GHz.

Multi-objective optimization design of radar absorbing sandwich structure

By introducing a dimensionless parameter to couple the two objectives, weight and radar absorbing performance, into a single objective function, a multi-objective optimization procedure for the radar absorbing sandwich structure （RASS） with a cellular core is proposed. The optimization models considered are one-side clamped sandwich panels with four kinds of cores subject to uniformly distributed loads. The average specular reflectivity calculated with the transfer matrix method and the periodic moment method is utilized to characterize the radar absorbing performance, while the mechanical constraints include the facesheet yielding, core shearing, and facesheet wrinkling. The optimization analysis indicates that the sandwich structure with a two-dimensional （2D） composite lattice core filled with ultra-lightweight sponge may be a better candidate of lightweight RASS than those with cellular foam or hexagonal honeycomb cores. The 2D Kagome lattice is found to outperform the square lattice with respect to radar absorbing.

The Optimizing Research about Radar Absorbent Material Parameters

From the Physical Optics theory (PO) and Leontovich Impedance Boundary Condition (IBC), We research RCS reduction (RCSR) of multilayer dielectric and magnetic medium on different shape conductors such as plate, cuboid and cone by use of Matlab programs. Some available RCS data and graph results are given. These show the connection between Radar Absorbent Material (RAM) parameters and the number of layers. In the mean time, the relation between RAM optimized parameters and RCS value is also shown. It has better practical significance.

Investigation into wideband electromagnetic stealth device based on plasma array and radar-absorbing materials

Manipulation of electromagnetic waves is essential to various microwave applications,and absorbing devices composed of low-pressure gas discharge tubes and radar-absorbing materials(RAM)can bring new solutions to broadband electromagnetic stealth.The microwave transmission method is used to measure the physical parameters of the plasma unit.The designed structure exhibits superior absorption performance and radar cross-section(RCS)reduction capability in the 2–18 GHz band,with unique absorption advantage in the S and C frequency bands.It is found that the combination of the plasma and the RAM can significantly broaden the absorption frequency band and improve the absorption performance with excellent synergistic stealth capability.Experimental and simulation results present that broadband,wide-angle,tunable electromagnetic wave absorption and RCS reduction can be achieved by adjusting the spatial layout of the combined plasma layer and the type of RAMs,which creates opportunities for microwave transmission and selective stealth of equipment.Therefore,the wave manipulation by combined plasma array and RAM provides a valuable reference for developing numerous applications,including radar antenna stealth,spatial filter,and high power microwave shielding.

新型多层复合结构雷达吸波材料的研制及其性能研究

通过阻抗匹配原理将玻璃纤维增强复合材料、聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺泡沫、炭黑浸渍板进行多层结构复合,层板间使用环氧树脂胶粘,制备了一种具有宽带吸波效果的雷达吸波材料。通过弓形法反射率测试装置与矢量网络分析仪测试吸波材料在1~18GHz的吸波性能。结果表明:吸波材料在L波段、C波段、X波段、Ku波段具有优异的吸波性能,在L波段平均反射率为-12.9dB,在C波段平均反射率为-15.21dB,在X波段平均反射率为-19.25dB,在Ku波段平均反射率为-28.06dB,吸波材料在减轻重量的同时有效减少了阻抗突变和雷达散射截面积,具有较好的工业应用价值。

Carbon nanofibers embedded with Fe-Co alloy nanoparticles via electrospinning as lightweight high-performance electromagnetic wave absorbers

As a lot of electromagnetic pollution and interference issues have emerged,to overcome electromagnetic interference,prevent electromagnetic hazards,and develop new high-performance electromagnetic wave(EMW)absorbers have become a significant task in the field of materials science.In this paper,a three-dimensional(3D)carbon nanofibers network with core-shell structure,embedded with varied molar ratios of iron and cobalt(4:0,3:1,2:2,1:3,0:4),was effectively synthesized(Fe/Co@C-CNFs)via electrospinning.The phase,microstructure,magnetic and EMW absorption properties were studied.It is discovered that Fe/Co@C-CNFs doped with iron:cobalt=1:1 have excellent EMW absorption capacity.When the matching thickness is 1.08 mm,the minimum reflection loss(RL)value is-18.66 dB,while the maximum effective absorption bandwidth(EAB)reaches 4.2 GHz(13.9-18 GHz)at a thickness of 1.22 mm.This is owing to the absorbers'superior impedance matching and multiple reflections as well as the conductivity,dielectric,and magnetic losses of carbon nanofibers embedded with Fe-Co alloy particles.In addition,the radar cross section(RCS)of the absorbers has been calculated by CST Studio Suite,showing that the absorbing coating can effectively reduce the RCS at various angles,especially for Fe/Co@C-CNFs doped with iron:cobalt=1:1.These findings not only provide new insights for the preparation of light-weight and high-performance electromagnetic wave absorbers,but also contribute to energy storage and conversion.

电磁超表面在隐身技术中的应用研究进展

电磁超表面能够利用散射调控和电磁波吸收2种主要机理进行隐身是隐身技术中一种极具潜力的新型技术途径。对电磁超表面在隐身技术中的应用与研究进展进行综述,首先介绍了超表面散射调控机理进行隐身设计的基本原理与实现方法,介绍了相位梯度超表面、编码超表面和超表面隐身套的发展历程和研究成果;其次介绍了基于吸波机理的超表面隐身技术研究进展,包括完美吸波结构、多频带吸波结构、宽频带吸波结构、宽角域吸波结构;再次介绍了超表面雷达隐身与其他功能的复合设计研究,包括超表面隐身强度复合设计、超表面吸波透波散射一体化、雷达红外兼容隐身等内容;最后总结了一些超表面在隐身技术应用中存在的问题和未来的研究方向。

基于单元阵列结构的聚合物基吸波器件的设计

近年来,随着科技水平飞速提高,电磁波在各个领域广泛应用。而电磁防护成为军事及核电领域重点研究对象。如何吸收电磁波从而减少暴露风险成为了现代科学研究的重大课题之一。本文结合电磁防护领域的相关理论及几何学的设计方法使用新型高分子材料设计了一种新型的双层频率选择表面,采用PLA作为介质基底,聚合物基导电复合材料作为贴片设计的频率选择表面。经仿真分析发现:相较于传统材料,聚合物基吸波器件的中心谐振频率更高,且其电磁参数在一定范围内可调,可以更好地实现吸波效果;相较于其他影响因素(FSS单元尺寸,导电复合材料电导率),PLA层的电容率(即相对介电常数实部)对中心谐振频率影响更大,当相对介电常数实部在1.6~3.2范围内增加时,其中心谐振频率明显向低频移动,最大吸波率也随之增加。最终经仿真分析得到采用无分形的缝隙型五边形环状结构的聚合物基吸波器件设计参数。

A thin radar-infrared stealth-compatible structure:Design,fabrication,and characterization

A thin radar-infrared stealth-compatible structure with reflectivity below -10 dB in the whole radar X wave band and infrared emissivity less than 0.3 in the infrared region of 8μm-14 μm is reported. The designed stealth-compatible structure consists of metallic frequency selective surface （MFSS）, resistive frequency selective surface （RFSS）, and metal backing from the top down, and it is only 2. l-mm thick. The MFSS is made up of some divided low infrared emissivity metal copper films, and the RFSS consists of a capacitive array of square resistive patches. They are placed close together, working as an admittance sheet because of a mutual influence between them, and the equivalent admittance sheet greatly reduces the thickness of the whole structure. The proposed stealth-compatible structure is verified both by simulations and by experimental results. These results indicate that our proposed stealth-compatible structure has potential applications in stealth fields.

雷达吸波涂层腐蚀失效对雷达隐身性能的影响

目的 研究腐蚀失效后的吸波涂层与雷达隐身性能的变化规律。方法 制备7块吸波涂层样品,分别进行0、24、48、96、240、480、840 h的中性盐雾试验。通过X射线能谱仪和扫描电子显微镜、电化学工作站分别对试验后的样品组成成分和微观形貌、电化学阻抗谱进行表征。利用矢量网络分析仪对盐雾试验后的样品在8~18 GHz频率范围内的雷达波反射率进行测试。结果 吸波涂层在试验96、240 h后出现局部小范围点蚀现象,480、840h时出现大面积点蚀现象。同时,吸收剂形貌也发生改变,涂层氧含量增加,说明涂层中吸收剂被渗入的腐蚀介质腐蚀氧化。通过等效电路图拟合交流阻抗谱数据结果,认为样品腐蚀失效经历了3个阶段,840 h盐雾试验后,样品膜值较试验前原始样品(0 h)已下降69.7%,说明涂层防护性能得到极大破坏。0h样品雷达波反射率均值为-4.27,4dB带宽实现了70.07%,840h样品反射率均值为-4.71,4 dB带宽达到了87.53%,整个试验过程反射率测试结果的均值相差不到0.5 dB,说明雷达隐身性能并没有下降。结论 在一定时间阶段内,雷达吸波涂层中吸收剂被氧化腐蚀,并不会导致雷达隐身性能下降。

Electromagnetic Waves Absorbing Characteristics of Composite Material Containing Carbonyl Iron Particles

Results of measurements of permeability, permittivity and radar absorption properties of composites on basis of carbonyl iron particles R-10 brand are presented in this paper. The calculations and experimental studies have shown that in the super high frequency (SHF) and extremely high frequency (EHF) ranges on the basis of two-layer structures with different content of carbonyl iron particles can create a radar absorbing coatings with a reflectivity of less than -10 dB over a wide bandwidth from 3.1 to 17.1 GHz and from 27 to 37 GHz. Absorbing properties of composites are saved in terahertz frequency range from 250 to 525 GHz.

雷达吸波复合材料外观失效机理分析及控制方法研究

目的解决多层泡沫夹芯结构的雷达吸波复合材料在环境效应下产生外观失效的问题。方法制备3种类型的雷达吸波复合材料,开展典型自然环境试验。观察试验样品外观状态,并检测变形量。通过观察泡沫的微观组织形貌,检测热膨胀量变化及泡沫与树脂间的粘黏强度,用气相色谱质谱联用仪GCMS检测复合材料裂解气体成分,分析复合材料外观失效成因,并提出解决技术途径。结果6个月自然环境试验后,1#、2#样品外观失效,而3#样品无明显变化。复合材料100℃裂解气体成分为氮气、二氯一氟乙烷、甲基膦酸二甲脂。4种泡沫在22~85℃的最大热膨胀量分别为–0.18%、–0.37%、–0.30%、–0.45%。环氧树脂与4种泡沫的粘黏强度在41~52 N,而聚氨酯树脂达到了54~81 N。结论雷达吸波复合材料泡孔内残留气体的释放,是导致外观失效的根本原因。通过热处理工艺,减少样品残留气体量,并提升胶黏剂与泡沫的粘黏复合强度,是提升复合材料环境适应性的有效技术途径。

基于超材料的红外/雷达兼容隐身材料研究进展

运用各种侦察探测手段,实现战场透明化是现代信息化战争的一个基本特点。红外探测和雷达探测被广泛应用于战场,这促使红外/雷达兼容隐身技术成为了对抗探测的研究重点。相较于传统红外/雷达兼容隐身材料,基于超材料的新型红外/雷达兼容隐身材料表现出更加优异的性能。本文对实现红外/雷达兼容隐身的原理和途径进行了阐述,重点综述了基于光子晶体、吸波超材料和编码超材料的红外/雷达兼容隐身材料的研究现状以及进展,并分析了红外/雷达兼容隐身材料的发展趋势。

纳米氧化物对混凝土吸波性能的影响研究

将分散良好的纳米SiO_(2)、纳米Fe_(2)O_(3)及纳米Al_(2)O_(3)颗粒作为吸波材料掺入混凝土中,制备了纳米SiO_(2)混凝土(NS)、纳米Fe_(2)O_(3)混凝土(NF)及纳米Al_(2)O_(3)混凝土(NA),采用弓形法扫频测量系统分别研究了纳米混凝土的吸波性能,结果表明:NF、NA在较低频率范围内雷达波反射率较小,在较高频率时雷达波反射率较大,而NS则反之,在一定频段内,复合掺入纳米Fe_(2)O_(3)及纳米SiO_(2)颗粒较之单独掺入,可显著降低混凝土的雷达波反射率;增大试件厚度可降低某些特定频段的混凝土雷达波反射率;在掺量为1%~5%时,混凝土的雷达波反射率随着纳米Fe_(2)O_(3)掺量的增大而降低。