A Brief Analysis of Energy Conservation Ways by Building Materials for Ecological Architecture

The development of society and economy in China is bringing growth to all industries. In particular, the development of China’s building industry has attracted much attention. Building materials are an important part of and widely used in the building industry. Energy conservation by building materials has become an inevitable way of sustainable development. Centering on the building industry, this paper mainly discusses in detail the energy conservation ways by ecological architecture and building materials.

Energy consumption prediction model of typical buildings in hot summer and cold winter zone of China

To overcome the shortcomings of the energyconsumption prediction models in the application during thedesign stage, a quick prediction model for energy consumptionis proposed based on the decoupling method. Taking typicalresidential and office buildings in hot summer and cold winterzones as research objects, the influence factors on buildingenergy consumption are classified into intrinsic factors andoperational factors on the basis of the heat transfer principle.Then, using the intrinsic factors as the fundamental variablesand operational factors as the modified variables, the quickprediction model for the buildings in typical cold and hot zonesis proposed based on the decoupling method and the accuracyof the proposed model is verified. The results show thatcompared to the simulation results of EnergyPlus, the relativeerror of the prediction model is less than 1.5% ; comparedwith the real operating data of the building, the relative erroris 13.14% in 2011 and 8.56% in 2012 due to the fact that thecoincidence factor becomes larger than the design value about16% in 2011 and 13% in 2012. The finding reveals that theproposed model has the advantages of rapid calculationcompared with EnergyPlus and Design Builder when predictingbuilding energy consumption in building designs. The energyconsumption prediction model is of great practical value inoptimal operation and building designs.

Preparation and Properties of Paraffin/PMMA Shape-stabilized Phase Change Material for Building Thermal Energy Storage

The composite phase change material(PCM) consisting of phase change paraffin(PCP) and polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA) was prepared as a novel type of shape-stabilized PCM for building energy conservation through the method of bulk polymerization. The chemical structure, morphology, phase change temperature and enthalpy, and mechanical properties of the composite PCM were studied to evaluate the encapsulation effect of PMMA on PCP and determine the optimal composition proportion. FTIR and SEM results revealed that PCP was physically immobilized in the PMMA so that its leakage from the composite was prevented. Based on the thermo-physical and mechanical properties investigations, the optimal mass fraction of PCP in the composite was determined as 70%. The phase change temperature of the composite was close to that of PCP, and its latent heat was equivalent to the calculated value according to the mass fraction of PCP in the composite. For estimating the usability in practical engineering, thermal stability, reliability and temperature regulation performance of the composite were also researched by TG analysis, thermal cycling treatments and heating-cooling test. The results indicated that PCP/PMMA composite PCM behaved good thermal stability depending on the PMMA protection and its latent heat degraded little after 500 thermal cycling. Temperature regulation performance of the composite before and after thermal cycling was both noticeable due to its latent heat absorption and release in the temperature variation processes. The PCP/PMMA phase change plate was fabricated and applied as thermal insulator in miniature concrete box to estimate its temperature regulation effect under the simulated environmental condition. It can be concluded that this kind of PCP/PMMA shape-stabilized PCM with the advantages of no leakage, suitable phase change temperature and enthalpy, good thermal stability and reliability, and effective temperature regulation performance have much potential for thermal energy storage in building energy conservation.

Energy saving effect of building envelope in summer

To explore the energy saving effect of building envelope,the experiments were carried out through a comparison of basic cubicle in summer.Experiments show that if energy efficiency measures are applied only in the external walls and windows,the energy saving cubicles have an average energy efficiency ratio of 27.75% and 27.05% when the air change rates are 1.1 and 1.4 h-1 in summer,with both values being over the standard target value by 25%.And the indoor air temperature of the energy saving cubicle is below that of the basic cubicle.The daily mean temperature difference between the interior surface of insulation wall and no insulation reaches 1.47 °C,and the mean temperature difference is up to 8.52 °C between the interior surface and exterior surface of insulating glass and single glass.The two cubicles were simulated for energy consumption using VisualDOE4.0 software under real weather conditions in summer.The results show that the mean deviation is 10.02% between experimental and simulated energy efficiency ratio.The correctness and validity of simulation results of the VisualDOE4.0 software are proved.

Application of natural ventilation of residential buildings in hot-humid regions

The current ventilation condition of the hot and humid regions was analyzed through on-site investigation. It is found that residents in this region expect to improve indoor thermal environment through natural ventilation as much as possible. Then,it comes to a conclusion by the field test that natural ventilation has certain practical effect on improving indoor thermal environment. CFD simulation software is employed to verify the test result. Based on PMV modified model,and according to norms,geography and climate combined with the measured and simulated results,the application of the time and effectiveness of natural ventilation in hot and humid region were analyzed,to some extent,providing a basis for reducing the air-conditioner's runtime with natural ventilation.

The Design of Courtyard-Style Elderly Care Buildings in Cold Regions

Different climatic zones should consider different architectural spatial organization forms when designing buildings. In this paper, the design scheme of Half Courtyard located in the Guanzhong Plain of Shaanxi is selected for research to explore how to construct ecological elderly care buildings in cold regions. The design scheme has been proven to increase solar energy efficiency, add natural ventilation, improve the insulation performance of building envelopes, and create a comfortable indoor climate.

居住建筑夏季行为节能计算模型研究

建筑节能是实现能源消耗降低的重要途径。其中,住宅领域的能耗削减,尤其需要对居民行为节能的可能性进行深入探讨。通过问卷调查方式收集数据,以了解不同地域间节能行为的差异,进而分析行为节能的多种模式。这些模式主要包括与设备使用直接相关的行为,以及不涉及设备使用的其他行为。在夏热冬暖及夏热冬冷地区,对设备使用行为开展了特别的实地测试,并据此建立了相应的节能行为模型。在台州和广州两地,采集了居民实际使用空调的数据,并将其应用于行为模型中,形成基于概率函数的模型。测试结果显示,广州地区空调启动的温度临界点为29.8℃,而台州地区空调启动的温度临界点为28.8℃。建立行为模型不仅能够提高能耗模拟的精确度,而且可为热工设计提供科学依据,有助于推动建筑节能技术的实际应用。

基于DesignBuilder的相变保温墙体节能特性及经济性分析

运用DesignBuilder软件对沈阳地区某办公楼夏冬两季的室内平均温度及夏季空调和冬季采暖的能耗进行模拟,对比研究在不同基层外墙(混凝土墙体和砖墙体)保温材料中加入相变材料的作用,并对相变保温建筑进行了经济性分析。结果表明,在保温材料中加入相变材料能有效控制室内温度,增加室内舒适度,同时也能明显降低夏季空调和冬季采暖的耗电量。经济性分析表明,虽然加入相变材料后会增加建筑造价,但随着使用年限的增加这种成本会得到回收,在不超过建筑物使用年限的情况下使用年限越长收益越大。

“双碳”目标下建筑节能减排研究进展可视化分析

为全面梳理建筑节能减排的研究历程及热点前沿,基于文献计量软件CiteSpace,以中国知网(CNKI)和Web of Science核心数据库中选取的与建筑碳减排相关的1883篇中文文献和1142篇外文文献为主体,结合研究热点知识图谱、关键词突现图谱及时间线图谱,对建筑节能减排的研究现状和研究趋势进行定量可视化研究。结果表明:建筑节能减排领域研究热点聚焦于建筑节能、绿色低碳、零碳排放3个方面;国内学者通过采用可再生材料,构建节能模型和提高回收利用率等措施降低碳排放;国外学者从立法政策探寻建筑行业的碳减排潜力,随后致力于可再生能源以及碳负技术的研究。

农宅围护结构节能改造的菜单式方案实现方法

农宅建筑节能是当前村镇建设的重要内容之一。本文基于对北方地区农宅的现场调研,对农宅的围护结构节能改造方案进行了研究,提出并设计了菜单式遴选节能方案的优化方法。该方法兼顾了不同保温方案的节能效果及农户的经济承受能力,不仅可以在一定的预算投资下给出农宅围护结构节能改造的最优方案,即“推荐菜品”,还可以根据用户的“自选菜品”直观反映其初投资及相应的节能率。该菜单式方法具有高效性、灵活性和普适性,对我国农村建筑围护结构节能改造方案的确定具有实际价值。

基于EnergyPlus的玻化微珠保温砂浆保温性能模拟与对比

以典型的办公建筑为例,应用EnergyPlus软件模拟对比了玻化微珠保温砂浆和普通抹面砂浆的保温性能,由此分析了两者的保温性能及建筑节能效果.经模拟分析,在一个采暖期里,玻化微珠保温砂浆内外保温建筑的总能耗仅是普通抹面砂浆建筑的56%,采暖能耗则仅为后者的19%,且室内温度比后者要明显地高.定量化地验证了玻化微珠保温砂浆优异的保温节能效果.

Evaluating different levels of information on the calibration of building energy simulation models

A poorly calibrated model undermines confidence in the effectiveness of building energy simulation, impeding the widespread application of advanced energy conservation measures (ECMs). Striking a balance between information-gathering efforts and achieving sufficient model credibility is crucial but often obscured by ambiguities. To address this gap, we model and calibrate a test bed with different levels of information (LOI). Beginning with an initial model based on building geometry (LOI 1), we progressively introduce additional information, including nameplate information (LOI 2), envelope conductivity (LOI 3), zone infiltration rate (LOI 4), AHU fan power (LOI 5), and HVAC data (LOI 6). The models are evaluated for accuracy, consistency, and the robustness of their predictions. Our results indicate that adding more information for calibration leads to improved data fit. However, this improvement is not uniform across all observed outputs due to identifiability issues. Furthermore, for energy-saving analysis, adding more information can significantly affect the projected energy savings by up to two times. Nevertheless, for ECM ranking, models that did not meet ASHRAE 14 accuracy thresholds can yield correct retrofit decisions. These findings underscore equifinality in modeling complex building systems. Clearly, predictive accuracy is not synonymous with model credibility. Therefore, to balance efforts in information-gathering and model reliability, it is crucial to (1) determine the minimum level of information required for calibration compatible with its intended purpose and (2) calibrate models with information closely linked to all outputs of interest, particularly when simultaneous accuracy for multiple outputs is necessary.

蒸发冷却空调的热舒适评价方法综述及展望

在绿色节能的新形势下,蒸发冷却空调相比于传统空调更具有节能减排的优势。目前关于蒸发冷却空调的研究仍集中于系统性能和能效上,而忽略了其所营造的室内环境的热舒适情况。准确预测蒸发冷却空调的热舒适对其发展同样起着不可忽视的作用。文章介绍了国内外蒸发冷却空调的热舒适研究现状并综述了其采用的热舒适评价方法,分析了蒸发冷却空调采用适应性热舒适评价的可能性和必要性。针对蒸发冷却空调所营造的室内热环境特点,提出了蒸发冷却系统的适应性热舒适模型框架。

Na_(2)CO_(3)·10H_(2)O-Na_(2)HPO_(4)·12H_(2)O/SiO_(2)复合定形相变材料的制备及应用

以Na_(2)CO_(3)·10H_(2)O(SCD)、Na_(2)HPO_(4)·12H_(2)O(DHPD)为相变主体制备了共晶体系,通过绘制凝固点变化图与DSC测试共同确定在m(SCD)∶m(DHPD)=4∶6时形成共晶,FTIR和XRD结果显示,2种水合盐间没有发生化学反应,但其晶型结构发生改变。通过添加质量分数为2%的Na2SiO3·9H_(2)O作为成核剂降低体系的过冷度,且经历50次相变循环体系未出现相分离,相变焓值仅下降0.25%。进一步使用质量分数为25%的气相SiO_(2)作为支撑材料,采用浸渍法制备了相变前后形状稳定的共晶水合盐/SiO_(2)定形相变材料(SSPCM)。所得SSPCM的相变温度为24.08℃,相变焓值为146.6J/g,过冷度为0.55℃,热导率为0.4571W/(m·K)。同保温泡沫相比,其可将模拟房内部中心温度的升温时间延长了1.81倍,降温时间延长了0.39倍。

基于BP神经网络的建筑能耗预测研究

建筑能耗是建筑物运营管理的重点,会直接影响建筑物的使用成本。利用BP神经网络预测原理,可以对建筑的能耗状况进行预测分析,分析建筑能耗情况,实现能量的均衡分布,从而为建筑节能设计和绿色建筑发展提供支撑。因此,本文针对耗电量、燃气消耗和建筑面积等因素,进行建筑能耗预测,旨在根据预测结果合理分配能源,提高能源利用率。

基于建筑碳排放模型的管理体系研究

为了有效控制单体建筑的节能减排,增强校园生态可持续发展动力,以中国地质大学(北京)为例,采用聚类分析、主成分分析和因子分析的方法,对建筑单体的边界条件、水电气等的碳排放规律、特点和影响因素进行分析,建立多元统计模型。结果显示:模型可以获得单体建筑的碳排放,可用于衡量不同区域和不同建筑的碳排放规模。

“节能性”与“经济性”耦合目标下寒冷地区办公建筑节能改造研究——以北京某办公建筑为例

2021年住房和城乡建设部发布了全文强制性标准《建筑节能与可再生能源利用通用规范》(GB55015—2021)。该标准要求公共建筑平均设计能耗水平应在《公共建筑节能设计标准》(GB50189—2015)的基础上进一步降低20%。面对新的节能要求,建筑改造节能性与经济性的平衡成为一项重点关注问题。针对寒冷地区办公建筑列举了多种节能技术路径,并以某典型办公建筑为例,将不同改造路径组合为10种节能改造方案,对各方案的节能率与改造成本进行了对比分析。提出了节能-经济耦合计算评价模型,确定满足新标准要求的寒冷地区办公建筑最优节能改造路径;为指导设计人员选择评价节能改造方案,获得最优效益提出考意见。

全过程工程咨询在大型公共建筑机电改造的实践研究

全过程工程咨询业务是近几年国内工程建设领域的发展热点话题。建设项目实施全过程工程咨询可以整合管理碎片,打破工程阶段间壁垒,提升项目管理效率,有效降低工程建设成本。“1+N”模式是全过程工程咨询单位提供的一种全新服务模式。“1”是指全过程项目管理,是项目管理核心;“N”是指专业咨询,是项目管理分项。以上海某项目空调冷热源改造项目为例,重点阐述在“1+N”的全过程工程咨询模式下,如何开展大型公共建筑机电改造的项目管理。实践证明,该项目管理模式可在保证系统安全可靠性和技术经济性的前提下缩短工期,提升效率,减少碳排放量并实现可观的节能效益。

膨胀蛭石基复合相变储热材料的制备及性能研究

文章以癸酸-棕榈酸(CA-PA)二元共晶物作为相变材料,膨胀蛭石(EVM)作为支撑材料,采用真空浸渍法制备癸酸-棕榈酸/膨胀蛭石复合相变储热材料(CA-PA/EVM)。通过FT-IR,DSC,TG,热循环等测试方法对癸酸-棕榈酸/膨胀蛭石复合相变储热材料的化学兼容性、储热性能、热稳定性及可靠性进行系统研究。结果表明:膨胀蛭石通过物理作用吸附癸酸-棕榈酸二元共晶物至其层状孔隙结构,且二者化学兼容性良好;癸酸-棕榈酸/膨胀蛭石复合相变储热材料的融化和凝固相变温度分别23.61,20.41℃,熔化和凝固相变潜热分别为67.22,64.87 J/g;膨胀蛭石中癸酸-棕榈酸的封装量可达52.22%,在工作温度下具有良好的热稳定性;癸酸-棕榈酸/膨胀蛭石复合相变储热材料经过100次热循环后仍保持良好的热可靠性,在建筑节能领域具有广阔的应用前景。