Pulsed lavage in joint arthroplasty: A systematic review and metaanalysis

BACKGROUND Knee and hip osteoarthritis affects millions of people around the world and is expected to rise even more in frequency as the population ages.Joint arthroplasty is the surgical management of choice in these articulations.Heterotopic ossi-fication and radiolucent lines formation are two frequent problems faced in hip and knee replacements respectively.Some studies show that the usage of pulsed lavage may prevent their formation.AIM To compare pulsed lavage to standard lavage in joint arthroplasty.METHODS PubMed,Cochrane,and Google Scholar(page 1-20)were searched till December 2023.Only comparative studies were included.The clinical outcomes evaluated were the heterotopic ossification formation in hip replacements,radiolucent lines formation,and functional knee scores in knee replacements.RESULTS Four studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this meta-analysis.Pulsed lavage was shown to reduce the formation of radiolucent lines(P=0.001).However,no difference was seen in the remaining outcomes CONCLUSION Pulsed lavage reduced the formation of radiolucent lines in knee replacements.No difference was seen in the remaining outcomes.Furthermore,the clinical significance of these radiolucent lines is poorly understood.Better conducted randomized controlled studies and cost-effectivity studies are needed to reinforce these findings.

Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid metagenomic next-generation sequencing assay for identifying pathogens in lung cancer patients

Background:For patients with lung cancer,timely identification of new lung lesions as infectious or non-infectious,and accurate identification of pathogens is very important in improving OS of patients.As a new auxiliary examination,metagenomic next-generation sequencing(mNGS)is believed to be more accurate in diagnosing infectious diseases in patients without underlying diseases,compared with conventional microbial tests(CMTs).We designed this study tofind out whether mNGS has better performance in distinguishing infectious and non-infectious diseases in lung cancer patients using bronchoalveolar lavagefluid(BALF).Materials and Methods:This study was a real-world retrospective review based on electronic medical records of lung cancer patients with bronchoalveolar lavage(BAL)and BALF commercial mNGS testing as part of clinical care from 1 April 2019 through 30 April 2022 at The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University.164 patients were included in this study.Patients were categorized into the pulmonary non-infectious disease(PNID)group(n=64)and the pulmonary infectious disease(PID)group(n=100)groups based onfinal diagnoses.Results:BALF mNGS increased the sensitivity rate by 60%compared to CMTs(81%vs.21%,p<0.05),whereas there was no significant difference in specificity(75%vs.98.4%,p>0.1).Among the patients with PID,bacteria were the most common cause of infection.Fungal infections occurred in 32%of patients,and Pneumocystis Yersini was most common.Patients with Tyrosine kinase inhibitors(TKIs)therapy possess longer overall survival(OS)than other anti-cancer agents,the difference between TKIs and immuno-checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)was insignificant(median OS TKIs vs.ICIs vs.Anti-angiogenic vs.Chemo vs.Radiotherapy=76 vs.84 vs.61 vs.58 vs.60).Conclusions:our study indicates that BALF mNGS can add value by improving overall sensitivity in lung cancer patients with potential pulmonary infection,and was outstanding in identifying Pneumocystis infection.It could be able to help physicians adjust the follow-up treatment to avoid the abuse of antibiotics.

Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid assessment facilitates precision medicine for lung cancer

Lung cancer is the most common and fatal malignant disease worldwide and has the highest mortality rate among tumor-related causes of death.Early diagnosis and precision medicine can significantly improve the survival rate and prognosis of lung cancer patients.At present,the clinical diagnosis of lung cancer is challenging due to a lack of effective non-invasive detection methods and biomarkers,and treatment is primarily hindered by drug resistance and high tumor heterogeneity.Liquid biopsy is a method for detecting circulating biomarkers in the blood and other body fluids containing genetic information from primary tumor tissues.Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)is a potential liquid biopsy medium that is rich in a variety of bioactive substances and cell components.BALF contains information on the key characteristics of tumors,including the tumor subtype,gene mutation type,and tumor environment,thus BALF may be used as a diagnostic supplement to lung biopsy.In this review,the current research on BALF in the diagnosis,treatment,and prognosis of lung cancer is summarized.The advantages and disadvantages of different components of BALF,including cells,cell-free DNA,extracellular vesicles,and micro RNA are introduced.In particular,the great potential of extracellular vesicles in precision diagnosis and detection of drug-resistant for lung cancer is highlighted.In addition,the performance of liquid biopsies with different body fluid sources in lung cancer detection are compared to facilitate more selective studies involving BALF,thereby promoting the application of BALF for precision medicine in lung cancer patients in the future.

The Role of Abdominal CT in the Assessment of the Effectiveness of Gastric Lavage after Pesticide Poisoning

Pesticide poisoning is one of the most common diseases in the emergency department, characterized by rapid changes in condition, a high misdiagnosis rate, and a poor prognosis. Measures for early removal of poisons are crucial, and gastric lavage is one of the important measures. Regarding the post-gastric lavage effect, abdominal CT scanning has an important application value in the assessment of the gastric lavage effect after pesticide poisoning.

Comparison of drug concentrations in blood and gastric lavage fluid before and after gastric lavage:A case report

BACKGROUND Gastric lavage(GL)is one of the most important early therapies to remove unabsorbed toxins from the gastrointestinal tract.However,the details of performing gastric lavage remain to be established.There is controversy in clinical practice regarding individual choice of the timing of GL and its efficiency.CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a young woman who presented to the Emergency Department with drug intoxication for four hours.We used the latest toxicological screening techniques to compare drug concentrations in the patient's blood and gastric lavage fluid before and after gastric lavage.The results confirmed that gastric lavage was effective in reducing drug concentrations in the stomach;a small amount of drug remained in the stomach at the end of gastric lavage.CONCLUSION Gastric lavage is effective in reducing drug concentrations in the stomach,with a small amount of drug remaining in the stomach at the end of gastric lavage.

Gene polymorphisms associated with sudden decreases in heart rate during extensive peritoneal lavage with distilled water after gastrectomy

BACKGROUND Our previous study found that the telomerase-associated protein 1(TEP1,rs938886 and rs1713449)and homo sapiens RecQ like helicase 5(RECQL5,rs820196)single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)were associated with changes in heart rate(HR)≥30%during peritoneal lavage with distilled water after gastrectomy.This study established a single tube method for detecting these three SNPs using two-dimensional(2D)polymerase chain reaction(PCR),and investigated whether SNP-SNP and SNP-environment interactions increase the risk of high HR variability(HRV).AIM To investigate whether genotypes,genetic patterns,SNP-SNP and SNP-environment interactions were associated with HRV.METHODS 2D PCR was used to establish a single-tube method to detect TEP1 rs938886 and rs1713449 and RECQL5 rs820196,and the results were compared with those of sanger sequencing.After adjusting for confounders such as age,sex,smoking,hypertension,and thyroid dysfunction,a nonconditional logistic regression model was used to assess the associations between the genotypes and the genetic patterns(codominant,dominant,overdominant,recessive,and additive)of the three SNPs and a risk≥15%or≥30%of a sudden drop in HR during postoperative peritoneal lavage in patients with gastric cancer.Gene-gene and geneenvironment interactions were analyzed using generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction.RESULTS The coincidence rate between the 2D PCR and sequencing was 100%.When the HRV cutoff value was 15%,the patients with the RECQL5(rs820196)TC genotype had a higher risk of high HRV than those who had the TT genotype(odds ratio=1.97;95%CI:1.05-3.70;P=0.045).Under the codominant and overdominant models,the TC genotype of RECQL5(rs820196)was associated with a higher risk of HR decrease relative to the TT and TT+CC genotypes(P=0.031 and 0.016,respectively).When the HRV cutoff value was 30%,patients carrying the GC-TC genotypes of rs938886 and rs820196 showed a higher HRV risk when compared with the GG–TT genotype carriers(P=0.01).In the three-factor model of rs938886,rs820196,and rs1713449,patients carrying the GC-TC-CT genotype had a higher risk of HRV compared with the wild-type GG-TT-CC carriers(P=0.01).For rs820196,nonsmokers with the TC genotype had a higher HRV risk compared with nonsmokers carrying the TT genotype(P=0.04).When the HRV cutoff value was 15%,patients carrying the TT-TT and the TC-CT genotypes of rs820196 and rs1713449 showed a higher HRV risk when compared with TT-CC genotype carriers(P=0.04 and 0.01,respectively).Patients carrying the GC-CT-TC genotypes of rs938886,rs1713449,and rs820196 showed a higher HRV risk compared with GG-CC-TT genotype carriers(P=0.02).When the HRV cutoff value was 15%,the best-fitting models for the interactions between the SNPs and the environment were the rs820196-smoking(P=0.022)and rs820196-hypertension(P=0.043)models.Consistent with the results of the previous grouping,for rs820196,the TC genotype nonsmokers had a higher HRV risk compared with nonsmokers carrying the TT genotype(P=0.01).CONCLUSION The polymorphism of the RECQL5 and TEP1 genes were associated with HRV during peritoneal lavage with distilled water after gastrectomy.

Efficacy and outcome of extensive intraoperative peritoneal lavage plus surgery vs surgery alone with advanced gastric cancer patients

BACKGROUND Gastric cancer(GC)is one of the most common malignant tumors.After resection,one of the major problems is its peritoneal dissemination and recurrence.Some free cancer cells may still exist after resection.In addition,the surgery itself may lead to the dissemination of tumor cells.Therefore,it is necessary to remove residual tumor cells.Recently,some researchers found that extensive intraoperative peritoneal lavage(EIPL)plus intraperitoneal chemotherapy can improve the prognosis of patients and eradicate peritoneal free cancer for GC patients.However,few studies explored the safety and long-term outcome of EIPL after curative gastrectomy.AIM To evaluate the efficacy and long-term outcome of advanced GC patients treated with EIPL.METHODS According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria,a total of 150 patients with advanced GC were enrolled in this study.The patients were randomly allocated to two groups.All patients received laparotomy.For the non-EIPL group,peritoneal lavage was washed using no more than 3 L of warm saline.In the EIPL group,patients received 10 L or more of saline(1 L at a time)before the closure of the abdomen.The surviving rate analysis was compared by the Kaplan-Meier method.The prognostic factors were carried out using the Cox appropriate hazard pattern.RESULTS The basic information in the EIPL group and the non-EIPL group had no significant difference.The median follow-up time was 30 mo(range:0-45 mo).The 1-and 3-year overall survival(OS)rates were 71.0%and 26.5%,respectively.The symptoms of ileus and abdominal abscess appeared more frequently in the non-EIPL group(P<0.05).For the OS of patients,the EIPL,Borrmann classification,tumor size,N stage,T stage and vascular invasion were significant indicators.Then multivariate analysis revealed that EIPL,tumor size,vascular invasion,N stage and T stage were independent prognostic factors.The prognosis of the EIPL group was better than the non-EIPL group(P<0.001).The 3-year survival rate of the EIPL group(38.4%)was higher than the non-EIPL group(21.7%).For the recurrence-free survival(RFS)of patients,the risk factor of RFS included EIPL,N stage,vascular invasion,type of surgery,tumor location,Borrmann classification,and tumor size.EIPL and tumor size were independent risk factors.The RFS curve of the EIPL group was better than the non-EIPL group(P=0.004),and the recurrence rate of the EIPL group(24.7%)was lower than the non-EIPL group(46.4%).The overall recurrence rate and peritoneum recurrence rate in the EIPL group was lower than the non-EIPL group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION EIPL can reduce the possibility of perioperative complications including ileus and abdominal abscess.In addition,the overall survival curve and RFS curve were better in the EIPL group.

Pneumocystis jirovecii diagnosed by next-generation sequencing of bronchoscopic alveolar lavage fluid: A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND The advent of molecular targeted agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors has greatly improved the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma(RCC), thus significantly improving patient survival. The incidence of rare drug-related adverse events has gained increased attention.CASE SUMMARY We report a patient with advanced RCC treated with multiple lines of molecular targeted agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors, who developed a pulmonary infection after treatment with everolimus in combination with lenvatinib. Determining the pathogenic organism was difficult, but it was eventually identified as Pneumocystis jirovecii by next-generation sequencing(NGS) of bronchoscopic alveolar lavage fluid(BALF) and successfully treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.CONCLUSION Rare pulmonary infections caused by molecular targeted agents are not uncommon in clinical practice, but their diagnosis is difficult. Evaluating BALF with NGS is a good method for rapid diagnosis of such infections.

Analysis of the Efficacy of Humidified High-Flow Nasal Oxygen Therapy Combined with Alveolar Lavage in the Treatment of Patients with Severe Pneumonia Complicated with Respiratory Failure

Objective:To analyze the curative effect of humidified high-flow nasal oxygen therapy combined with alveolar lavage in patients with severe pneumonia and respiratory failure.Methods:120 patients with severe pneumonia complicated with respiratory failure admitted to the Third People’s Hospital of Xining from July 2021 to December 2022 were randomly divided into two groups:group A and group B.The patients in group A were given humidified high-flow nasal oxygen therapy combined with alveolar lavage,whereas those in group B were given humidified high-flow nasal oxygen therapy.The treatment efficacy,blood gas analysis results,and differences in inflammatory mediators were compared between the two groups.Results:The curative effect in group A(96.67%)was significantly higher than that in group B(81.67%),P<0.05;the partial pressure of carbon dioxide(PaCO2),partial pressure of oxygen(PaO2),oxygen saturation(SpO2),and Horowitz index(P/F)of group A were significantly better than group B,P<0.05;the interleukin 6(IL-6),tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α),and C-reactive protein(CRP)levels,white blood cell(WBC)count,serum procalcitonin(PCT),and neutrophil(N)percentage of group A were significantly lower than those of group B,P<0.05.Conclusion:For patients with severe pneumonia complicated with respiratory failure,alveolar lavage,on the basis of humidified high-flow oxygen therapy,can inhibit local inflammation,improve blood gas analysis results,promote disease recovery,and improve the clinical treatment effect。

Novel abdominal negative pressure lavage-drainage system for anastomotic leakage after R0 resection for gastric cancer

BACKGROUND Anastomotic leakage(AL) is a severe complication associated with high morbidity and mortality after radical gastrectomy(RG) for gastric cancer(GC).We hypothesized that a novel abdominal negative pressure lavage-drainage system(ANPLDS) can effectively reduce the failure-to-rescue(FTR) and the risk of reoperation, and it is a feasible management for AL.AIM To report our institution's experience with a novel ANPLDS for AL after RG for GC.METHODS The study enrolled 4173 patients who underwent R0 resection for GC at our institution between June 2009 and December 2016. ANPLDS was routinely used for patients with AL after January 2014. Characterization of patients who underwent R0 resection was compared between different study periods. AL rates and postoperative outcome among patients with AL were compared before and after the ANPLDS therapy. We used multivariate analyses to evaluate clinicopathological and perioperative factors for associations with AL and FTR after AL.RESULTS AL occurred in 83(83/4173, 2%) patients, leading to 7 deaths. The mean time of occurrence of AL was 5.6 days. The AL rate was similar before(2009-2013, period1) and after(2014-2016, period 2) the implementation of the ANPLDS therapy(1.7% vs 2.3%, P = 0.121). Age and malnourishment were independently associated with AL. The FTR rate and abdominal bleeding rate after AL occurred were respectively 8.4% and 9.6% for the entire period; however, compared with period 1, this significantly decreased during period 2(16.2% vs 2.2%, P = 0.041;18.9% vs 2.2%, P = 0.020, respectively). Moreover, the reoperation rate was also reduced in period 2, although this result was not statistically significant(13.5% vs2.2%, P = 0.084). Additionally, only ANPLDS therapy was an independent protective factor for FTR after AL(P = 0.04).CONCLUSION Our experience demonstrates that ANPLDS is a feasible management for AL after RG for GC.

Negative short-term impact of intraoperative biliary lavage in patients with hepatolithiasis

AIM: To evaluate short-term outcomes following intraoperative biliary lavage for hepatolithiasis.METHODS: A total of 932 patients who were admitted to the West China Medical Center of Sichuan University between January 2010 and January 2014 and underwent bile duct exploration and lithotomy were retrospectively included in our study. The patients were divided into the lavage group and the control group. Related pre-, intra-, and postoperative factors were recorded, analyzed, and compared between the two groups in order to verify the effects of biliary lavage on the short-term outcome of patients with hepatolithiasis. RESULTS: Amongst the patients who were included, 678 patients with hepatolithiasis were included in the lavage group, and the other 254 patients were enrolled in the control group. Data analyses revealed that preoperative baseline and related intraoperative variables were not significantly different. However, patients who underwent intraoperative biliary lavage had prolonged postoperative hospital stays(6.67 d vs 7.82 d, P = 0.024), higher hospitalization fees(RMB 28437.1 vs RMB 32264.2, P = 0.043), higher positive rates of bacterial cultures from blood(13.3% vs 25.8%, P = 0.001) and bile(23.6% vs 40.7%, P= 0.001) samples, and increased usage of advanced antibiotics(26.3% vs 38.2%, P = 0.001). In addition, in the lavage group, more patients had fever(> 37.5℃, 81.4% vs 91.1%, P = 0.001) and hyperthermia(> 38.5℃,39.7% vs 54.9%, P = 0.001), and higher white blood cell counts within 7 d after the operation compared to the control group.CONCLUSION: Intraoperative biliary lavage might increase the risk of postoperative infection, while not significantly increasing gallstone removal rate.

Evaluation of gastric lavage efficiency and utility using a rapid quantitative method in a swine paraquat poisoning model

BACKGROUND:Gastric lavage(GL)is one of the most critical early therapies for acute paraquat(PQ)poisoning;however,details of the treatment protocol remain to be established.METHODS:A rapid quantitative method involving sodium dithionite testing was developed.It was validated for the determination of the PQ concentrations in gastric juice and eluate samples from a swine acute PQ poisoning model with early or delay GL,or without.The vital signs,laboratory testing,and PQ plasma concentrations were collected for therapeutic effect evaluation.RESULTS:The reaction conditions of the test were optimized for two types of samples.Early GL at one hour(H1)could improve the signs and symptoms after acute PQ poisoning at 24 hours(H24).In contrast,GL at 6 hours(H6)could only partially relieve the vital signs.The H1 GL group effectively reduced the peak of the plasma PQ concentration.In addition,the PQ concentrations in the plasma and the gastric juice were significantly decreased in both the GL groups as compared to the untreated group at H24.Moreover,there was no significant difference in the washing efficiencies calculated from the total eluates between the two GL groups.However,the washing efficiency of the first 10 L eluate is superior to that of the additional 10 L eluate.CONCLUSION:GL only at early stage may it benefit PQ poisoning in an animal model.The currently used 20 L GL volume may need to be reduced in view of the low washing efficiency in the later 10 L eluate.The rapid quantitative method can be used for gastric juice sample and has a certain value for clinical GL practices.

Split-dose vs same-day reduced-volume polyethylene glycol electrolyte lavage solution for morning colonoscopy

AIM: To compare same-day whole-dose vs split-dose of 2-litre polyethylene glycol electrolyte lavage solution (PEG-ELS) plus bisacodyl for colon cleansing for morning colonoscopy.

Clinical significance of telomerase activity in peritoneal lavage fluid from patients with gastric cancer and its relationship with cellular proliferation

AIM： To evaluate the efficacy of telomerase activity assay and peritoneal lavage cytology （PLC） examination in peritoneal lavage fluid for the prediction of peritoneal metastasis in gastric cancer patients, and to explore the relationship between telomerase activity and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression.METHODS： Telomeric repeated amplification protocol （TRAP）-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was performed to measure the telomerase activity in 60 patients with gastric cancer and 50 with peptic ulcer. PLC analysis of the 60 patients with gastric cancer was used for comparison. The proliferating cell nuclear antigen （PCNA） in gastric carcinoma was immunohistochemically examined.RESULTS： The telomerase activity and PLC positive rate in peritoneal lavage fluid from patients with gastric cancer was 41.7% （25/60）, and 25.0% （15/60）, respectively. The positive rate of telomerase activity was significantly higher than that Qf PLC in the group of pT, （15/16 vs 9/16, P 〈 0.05）, P1-3 （13/13 vs 9/13, P 〈 0.05） and diffuse type （22/42 vs 13/42, P 〈 0.05）. The patients with positive telomerase activity, peritoneal metastasis, and serosal invasion had significantly higher levels of average PCNA proliferation index （PI）, （55.00 ± 6.59 vs 27.43 ± 7.72, 57.26 ±10.18 vs 29.15 ±8.31, and 49.82 ± 6.74 vs 24.65 ±7.33, respectively, P 〈 0.05）.CONCLUSION： The TRAP assay for telomerase activity is a useful adjunct for cytologic method in the diagnosis of peritoneal micrometastasis and well related to higher proliferating activity of gastric cancer. The results of this study also suggest a promising future therapeutic strategy for treating peritoneal dissemination based on telomerase inhibition.

Treatment of Intestinal Lavage Wastewater by Coagulation-ASBR-SBR Process

[ Objective] The study aimed to discuss the optimal conditions for the treatment of intestinal lavage wastewater by coagulation-ASBR- SBR process. [ Method] According to the water-quality characteristics of wastewater from a heparin sodium production factory of Jiangsu Province, intestinal lavage wastewater was segregated from enzymolysis wastewater and treated using coagulation-ASBR-SBR process, and the effects of PFS dosage, HRT of ASBR and SBR reactor on the removal rate of COD and NH4＊ -N were analyzed. [ Result] The best dosage of PFS was 0.15 g/L, and the optimal HRT of ASBR reactor was 36 h, while the best HRT of SBR reactor was 15 h. Under the optimal conditions above, the removal rate of COD and NH,＊ -N reached 99.1% and 97.3% respectively, and the quality of the effluent water could reach the first standard of Comprehensive Discharge Standard of Sewage （GB8978-1996）. [ Conclusion ] The research could provide a new process for the treatment of intestinal lavage westewater.

Reduction effect of bacterial counts by preoperative saline lavage of the stomach in performing laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery

AIM: To investigate the effects of gastric lavage with 2000 mL of saline in laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery.

Pulsed Lavage in Cementless Total Hip Arthroplasty Reduces the Incidence ofBrooker Grade 3 and 4 Heterotopic Ossifications

Heterotopic ossification (HO) may cause pain, and can lead to loss of hip motion after total hip arthroplasty (THA). There is evidence that pulsed lavage may lower the incidence of HO formation. We assessed the effect of pulsed lavage on the incidence of HO in 87 male patients after THA. All patients received an uncemented THA through a posterolateral approach. 39 patients were treated with pulsed lavage (index group) and 48 males were treated without pulsed lavage (historical control group, matched on aetiology, gender, surgical approach and type of prosthesis). Both groups followed the same postoperative treatment regimen. HO severity was scored in both groups according to the Brooker classification by three blinded orthopaedic surgeons one year postoperatively. Good inter-observer agreement (Kappa 0.7) for scoring HO was found. The incidence of HO (51%) in the index group did not differ significantly (p = 0.53) from the control group (58%). However, the incidence of clinically relevant HO (Brooker grades 3 and 4) was significantly lower (p = 0.04) in the index group (3%) as compared to the control group (17%). These results suggest a beneficial effect of pulsed lavage on the incidence of severe heterotopic ossification after cementless THA in male patients.

Characteristics of alveolar macrophages in bronchioalveolar lavage fluids from active tuberculosis patients identified by single-cell RNA sequencing

Tuberculosis(TB),is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis(M.tuberculosis),and presents with high morbidity and mortality.Alveolar macrophages play an important role in TB pathogenesis although there is heterogeneity and functional plasticity.This study aimed to show the characteristics of alveolar macrophages from bronchioalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)in active TB patients.Single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq)was performed on BALF cells from three patients with active TB and additional scRNA-seq data from three healthy adults were established as controls.Transcriptional profiles were analyzed and compared by differential gene expression and functional enrichment analysis.We applied pseudo-temporal trajectory analysis to investigate correlations and heterogeneity within alveolar macrophage subclusters.Alveolar macrophages from active TB patients at the single-cell resolution are described.We found that TB patients have higher cellular percentages in five macrophage subclusters.Alveolar macrophage subclusters with increased percentages were involved in inflammatory signaling pathways as well as the basic macrophage functions.The TB-increased alveolar macrophage subclusters might be derived from M1-like polarization state,before switching to an M2-like polarization state with the development of M.tuberculosis infection.Cell-cell communications of alveolar macrophages also increased and enhanced in active TB patients.Overall,our study demonstrated the characteristics of alveolar macrophages from BALF in active TB patients by using scRNA-seq.

Safety of gastric lavage using nasogastric ryle’s tube in pesticide poisoning

Objective: Gastric lavage is mandatory irrespective of nature in all patients with acute poisoning in India. Present study was undertaken with aim whether lavage done using nasogastric Ryle’s tube and small aliquots of water or normal saline is safe. Patients and Methods: All the patients above 12 years of age admitted consecutively with pesticide ingestion or exposure between July 2004 to June 2005 were studied with respect to complications associated with lavage using Ryle’s tube. Forty five patients were admitted directly to our hospital and lavage was undertaken using Ryle’s tube (16F ) with 100 - 200 mL of aliquots till 1 - 1.5 liters of fluid was lavaged, with prophylactic endotracheal intubation in patients with Glasgow coma scale ( GCS) < 10 (group I). The incidence of complications related to lavage in group I was compared to that in 53 patients admitted during same period with pesticide poisoning but lavaged outside using nasogastric Ryle’s tube and referred to our institute (group II). Results: The significant complications observed in group I were significant drop in SaO2 (6 patients) laryngospasm, tachycardia, electrolyte imbalance and tube getting struck in throat (one each). In one patient in group I (had no prophylactic intubation though GCS 3) In group II, 7 had aspiration pneumonia (no prophylactic intubation). Other significant complication was drop in SaO2 during lavage. None of them had any serious life threatening complication. Conclusion: Gastric lavage carried out using nasogastric Ryle’s tube and small aliquots of water or normal saline is relatively safe in patients with pesticide poisoning when combined with prophylactic endotracheal intubation in patients with GCS < 10. In absence of prophylactic intubation, risk of aspiration is there. However aspiration pneumonia is generally mild and not life threatening.

Is colonic lavage a suitable alternative for left-sided colonic emergencies?

BACKGROUND The use of intra-operative colonic lavage(IOCL)with primary anastomosis remains controversial in the emergency left-sided large bowel pathologies,with alternatives including Hartmann’s procedure,manual decompression and subtotal colectomy.AIM To compare the peri-operative outcomes of IOCL to other procedures.METHODS Electronic databases were searched for articles employing IOCL from inception till July 13,2020.Odds ratio and weighted mean differences(WMD)were estimated for dichotomous and continuous outcomes respectively.Single-arm meta-analysis was conducted using DerSimonian and Laird random effects.RESULTS Of 28 studies were included in this meta-analysis,involving 1142 undergoing IOCL,and 634 other interventions.IOCL leads to comparable rates of wound infection when compared to Hartmann’s procedure,and anastomotic leak and wound infection when compared to manual decompression.There was a decreased length of hospital stay(WMD=-7.750;95%CI:-13.504 to-1.996;P=0.008)compared to manual decompression and an increased operating time.Single-arm meta-analysis found that overall mortality rates with IOCL was 4%(CI:0.03-0.05).Rates of anastomotic leak and wound infection were 3%(CI:0.02-0.04)and 12%(CI:0.09-0.16)respectively.CONCLUSION IOCL leads to similar rates of post-operative complications compared to other procedures.More extensive studies are needed to assess the outcomes of IOCL for emergency left-sided colonic surgeries.