Vertical variation and storage of nitrogen in an aquic brown soil under different land uses

The vertical variation and storage of nitrogen in the depth of 0-150 cm of an aquic brown soil were studied under 14 years of four land use patterns, i.e., paddy field, maize field, fallow field and woodland in Shenyang Experimental Station of Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences in November of 2003. The results showed that different land uses had different profile distributions of soil total nitrogen (STN), alkali N, ammonium (NH4+-N) and nitrate (NO3--N). The sequence of STN storage was woodland >maize field > fallow field > paddy field, while that of NO3--N content was maize field > paddy field > woodland > fallow field, suggesting the different root biomass and biological N cycling under various land uses. The STN storage in the depth of 0-100 cm of woodland averaged to 11.41 thm-1, being 1.65 and 1.25 times as much as that in paddy and maize fields, respec-tively, while there was no significant difference between maize and fallow fields. The comparatively higher amount of NO3--N in maize and paddy fields may be due to nitrogen fertilization and anthropogenic disturbance. Soil alkali N was significantly related with STN, and the correlation could be expressed by a linear regression model under each land use (R20.929, p<0.001). Such a correlation was slightly closer in nature (woodland and fallow field) than in agro ecosystems (paddy and maize fields). Heavy N fertilization induced an excess of crop need, and led to a comparatively higher amount of soil NO3--N in cultivated fields than in fallow field and woodland. It is suggested that agroforestry practices have the potential to make a significant contribution to both crop production and environment protection.

Vertical distribution of plant nematodes in an aquic brown soil under different land uses

The vertical distribution of the dominant genera of plant nematodes at the depth of 0–150 cm of an aquic brown soil were studied for four land use patterns, i.e., paddy field, maize field, fallow field and woodland in the Shenyang Experimental Station of Ecology, Chi- nese Academy of Sciences in November of 2003. The results showed that the numbers of some dominant genera under different land uses decreased with the increase of soil depth. Helicotylenchus was most dominant genus under each land use type. Genera of Filenchus, Psilen- chus and Tylenchus in paddy field occurred at the depth of 0–20 cm; while Paratylenchus in fallow field and woodland, as well as Praty- lenchus in maize field presented in the deeper soil layers (0–80 cm). Significant correlations between the numbers of dominant genera of plant nematodes and soil chemical properties were found in this study. The number of Helicotylenchus under different land uses was posi- tively correlated with C/N ratio, total C, total N, total P, alkai-N, and Olsen-P. The numbers of Filenchus and Paratylenchus in paddy field, Pratylenchus in maize field and Paratylenchus in fallow field were negatively correlated with soil pH, and positively correlated with total C, total N and alkai-N. This study results showed that it is essential to sample at a certain depth according to the vertical distribution informa- tion of different genera of plant nematodes in adequately assessing the population size of plant nematodes.

Profile Distribution and Storage of Soil Organic Carbon in an Aquic BrownSoil as Affected by Land Use

Many attempts have been made to estimate the soil organic carbon (SOC) storage under different land uses, especiallyfrom the conversion of forest land or grassland into cultivated field, but limited reports were found on the estimation ofthis storage after cultivated field converted into woodland or grassland, especially in small scales. This study is aimed toinvestigate the dynamics of SOC concentration, its storage and carbon /nitrogen (C/N) ratio in an aquic brown soil at theShenyang Experimental Station of Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences under four land use patterns over 14 years. Thefour land use patterns were paddy field (PF), maize field (MF), fallow field (FF) and woodland (WL). In each pedon at 0-150cm depth, soil samples were collected from ten layers. The results showed that the profile distribution of SOC was differentunder different land uses, indicating the effect of land use on SOC. Soil organic carbon was significantly related with soiltotal N, and the correlation was slightly closer in nature ecosystems (with R2=0.990 and P<0.001 in both WL and FF, n=30)than in agroecosystems (with R2=0.976 and P<0.001 in PF, and R2=0.980 and P<0.001 in MF, n=30). The C/N ratio in theprofiles decreased generally with depth under the four land use patterns, and was comparatively higher in WL and lowerin PF. The C/N ratio of the FF was closer to that in the same soil depths of MF than to that of PF. Within 100 cm depth, theannual sequestration of SOC was 4.25, 2.87, and 4.48 t ha-1 more in WL than in PF, MF and FF, the annual SOC increasingrate being 6.15, 3.26, and 5.09 % higher, respectively. As a result, the SOC storage was significantly greater in WL than inany of the other three land use patterns, P=0.001, 0.008, and 0.008 as compared with PF, MF, and FF, respectively, whilethere was no significant difference among the other three land uses. It is suggested that woodland has the potential tomake a significant contribution to C storage and environmental quality.

中轻度重金属污染农田土壤的时空特征及改良

为研究农田土壤重金属与速效养分的时空特征以及氮磷增效剂对农田土壤重金属的影响,本试验以受中、轻度污染的酸性棕壤和典型潮土为研究对象,采用田间试验、盆栽试验与室内分析相结合的方法进行研究。结果表明:农田土壤中Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn 4种重金属元素含量在0~20 cm土层显著高于深层土壤;棕壤0~20 cm土层Cd含量超标204%,潮土0~20 cm土层Cd、Zn含量分别超标104%、419%;农田土壤0~20 cm土层重金属有效态含量占比高于深层土壤,棕壤中重金属有效态含量占比高于潮土。棕壤0~20 cm土层全氮、碱解氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、有效磷和速效钾含量均显著高于深层土壤,且随土壤深度增加呈逐渐减小趋势,而潮土中仅全氮、碱解氮和有效磷含量显著高于深层土壤;农田土壤速效养分随时间波动变化,其中硝态氮和铵态氮波动幅度最大,最大变异系数分别为44.1%和47.3%。受污染农田土壤的小麦植株体内Cd、Pb、Cu主要积累在叶片,Zn主要积累在籽粒;不同重金属元素从小麦茎、叶向籽粒的迁移程度差异较大,其中Cd迁移率最小,Zn迁移率最大。氮磷增效剂能显著减少棕壤中重金属有效态含量,底肥+氢醌+双氰胺+生物炭处理的有效态Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn含量较对照(仅加底肥,不加氮磷增效剂)处理分别显著降低24.7%、19.5%、23.7%、18.1%,而在潮土中施用效果不明显。研究表明,农田土壤重金属与土壤养分之间存在一定的相关性,且在土壤垂直分布上大体一致,土壤类型是氮磷增效剂对重金属有效态产生不同影响的重要因素。

Effects of slow-release urea fertilizers on urease activity, microbial biomass, and nematode communities in an aquic brown soil

A field experiment was carried out at the Shenyang Experimental Station of Ecology (CAS) in order to study the effects of slow-release urea fertilizers high polymer-coated urea (SRU1), SRU1 mixed with dicyandiamide DCD (SRU2), and SRU1 mixed with calcium carbide CaC2 (SRU3) on urease activity, microbial biomass C and N, and nematode communities in an aquic brown soil during the maize growth period. The results demonstrated that the application of slow-release urea fertilizers inhibits soil urease activity and increases the soil NH4+-N content.Soil available N increment could promote its immobilization by microorganisms. Determination of soil microbial biomass N indicated that a combined application of coated urea and nitrification inhibitors increased the soil active N pool. The population of predators/omnivores indicated that treatment with SRU2 could provide enough soil NH4+-N to promote maize growth and increased the food resource for the soil fauna compared with the other treatments.

Responses of nematode communities to different land uses in an aquic brown soil

An analysis of the seasonal and vertical distribution of soil nematode communities under three contrasting land uses,i.e.,cropland,abandoned cropland and woodland was conducted in an aquic brown soil.The results showed that different land-use types affected the spatiotemporal distribution of soil nematodes and their dominant genera,and different dominant genera showed different responses to land use.In the abandoned cropland and woodland,most dominant genera were present in the 0–20 cm layers and Chiloplacus was mainly distributed in the 5–30 cm layers,while in the cropland,Pratylenchus exhibited an even distribution from the 0–5 cm to the 40–50 cm depth.Soil environmental parameters under different land use could influence soil nematodes;soil porosity,total organic C,total N and the C/N ratio could positively influence the abundance of some dominant genera.Faunal profiles revealed that environmental stability and the homeostasis in the abandoned cropland and woodland lead to higher levels of community structure,and the soil food web tends to succeed to maturity.Nematode faunal analyses are a useful indicator for interpreting the stress and/or nutrient conditions under different land uses.

纳米材料胶结包膜型缓/控释肥料对作物产量和品质的影响

为了对纳米级材料胶结包膜型缓/控释肥料的缓/控释性能进行准确的评价,以3年6季作物定位施肥试验为基础,对冬小麦和夏玉米的产量及部分品质进行了监测。结果表明,与等量氮磷钾化肥配施相比,4种纳米级材料胶结包膜型缓/控释肥料不同程度地提高了小麦和玉米子粒产量和蛋白质产量,但蛋白质含量增加不显著,可溶性总糖含量反而降低。纳米级材料胶结包膜型缓/控释肥料对提高冬小麦的产量和品质有一定的促进作用,但不同肥料促进作用大小不同。

施用有机肥对土壤肥力的影响

在潮棕壤上进行了5年的定位试验,研究不同有机肥用量对作物产量和土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,施用有机肥处理与对照处理相比,施用有机肥有明显的增产和稳产作用。不施肥处理,除土壤全钾以外,土壤其他各项养分指标(C、N、P)均有所下降;施用有机肥能显著提高速效P、K养分含量和有机碳及全磷含量。5年时间,低量有机肥处理土壤碱解氮含量下降了9.19 mg/kg,说明低量有机肥并不能保证土壤氮的供给;中量有机肥处理土壤碱解氮含量略有上升,土壤全氮收支基本平衡;高量有机肥处理土壤碱解氮含量有明显增加,土壤全氮也有较大程度的盈余。

潮棕壤不同利用方式有机碳剖面分布及碳储量

对潮棕壤水稻田、玉米地、撂荒地和人工林地 4 种土地利用方式经过 14 年后在 0～150 cm 土体 10个土层中土壤有机碳含量的剖面分布、C/N 及有机碳储量进行比较研究。结果表明,不同利用方式下土壤有机碳含量产生明显的剖面分布差异。林地各土层有机碳含量较其它几种利用方式高,表明不同利用方式对土壤碳产生较大影响;土壤有机碳与全氮极显著相关,但自然生态系统中碳与氮的相关性略高于农田生态系统(林地R =0.990,撂荒地 R =0.990,稻田 R =0.976,玉米地 R =0.980,P < 0.001,n =30);剖面中 C/N 随深度而 2 2 2 2下降,林地 C/N 较高,稻田 C/N 较低,玉米地与撂荒地相应土层中 C/N 相近;在 100 cm 深度内,林地土壤分别比稻田、玉米地、撂荒地每年多截获 4.25、2.87 和 4.48 t·ha-1有机碳,年增幅分别为 6.15%、3.26%和 5.09%;林地有机碳储量显著高于稻田、玉米地和撂荒地(P 值分别达到 0.001、0.008 和 0.008),其它 3 种利用方式间差异不显著。据此认为林地在增加碳储量及改善环境方面具有很大的潜力。

利用PLFA方法研究不同土地利用方式对潮棕壤微生物群落结构的影响

目的研究不同土地利用方式对潮棕壤微生物群落结构的影响。方法以中国科学院沈阳生态实验站的长期定位试验为平台,利用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)技术研究农田、裸地、割草和休闲4种土地利用方式对微生物群落结构的影响,其中农田土地利用方式又包括对照处理(CK)、循环猪圈肥处理(M)、化肥处理(NPK)和化肥+循环猪圈肥处理(NPK+M)。结果细菌脂肪酸和真菌脂肪酸与总PLFA变化规律相似,均为休闲和割草处理最高,农田居中,裸地最低;农田各处理间PLFA含量差异较小,其中M处理最高,其次为CK和NPK+M处理,NPK处理最低;自然撂荒和有机肥的施用有利于微生物的生长,而施用化肥则降低了微生物PLFA量;自然生态系统中土壤具有较高的G+PLFA/G-PLFA比值(革兰氏阳性菌与革兰氏阴性菌的PLFA比值),而耕作和施用化肥则降低了这个比值;休闲和割草处理具有较低的细菌与真菌的PLFA比值,农田生态系统和裸地细菌PLFA/真菌PLFA比值则较高;土壤PLFA与土壤养分的相关性分析表明,土壤微生物量与土壤有机质和全氮显著相关。结论长期土地利用方式的不同明显导致了土壤微生物量和群落结构的差异。

长期不同土地利用方式对潮棕壤有机氮组分及剖面分布的影响

用Bremner法测定了长期(16 a)定位的不同土地利用方式(水田、旱地和林地)下潮棕壤有机氮各组分的含量。结果表明:在0～60 cm土层,3种土壤有机氮均以非酸解性氮为主,且酸解性全氮及酸解各组分氮含量及其占全氮的比例总体上以表层土壤(0～20 cm)为最高。0～60 cm土层土壤酸解性全氮含量及0～40 cm土层土壤酸解各组分氮含量均随土层深度增加而下降,但0～60 cm土层土壤酸解性全氮及其各组分氮占全氮比例的剖面分布均无明显规律。相同土层,水田和旱地土壤酸解各组分氮含量及其占全氮比例的规律性相同,即均为未知态氮>氨态氮>氨基酸态氮>氨基糖态氮,而林地土壤酸解各组分氮含量及其占全氮比例则无明显规律。与水田相比,旱地和林地均可显著增加表层土壤酸解性全氮及酸解氨态氮、氨基酸态氮、氨基糖态氮的含量及其占全氮的比例,其中,旱地增加土壤酸解氨态氮的效果最为明显,而林地增加土壤酸解氨基酸态氮和氨基糖态氮的效果最为明显,总体上以水田改为林地后增加土壤易矿化分解的酸解氮的效果最为明显,提高土壤供氮的潜力最大。

潮棕壤不同利用方式营养元素随剖面深度的变化特征

对中国科学院沈阳生态实验站潮棕壤水稻田、玉米地、撂荒地和人工林地营养元素随剖面深度变化的研究表明，4种土地利用方式的有机C、全N、全S及DTPA浸提态Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn等具有随剖面深度增加而下降的趋势，交换性Ca、Na及交换性盐基总量在土层间的分异不明显。有机C、全N、碱解N、NO3^-N、全S及DTPA浸提态微量元素在0～10cm和0～20cm的含量与0～100cm含量的比值分别为0．1和0．2以上．表明这些养分指标具有明显的表聚性特征；NH4^-N、全P、速效S无明显的表聚性；交换性Mg、Na及交换性盐基总量在0～20cm与0～100cm含量的比值小于0．2．反映了供试潮棕壤较强的淋溶作用。不同土地利用方式营养元素在土壤剖面中的分布差异及表聚性特征，主要受到植物循环的影响，另外还受到淋溶及人为干扰的影响。

长期施肥对作物产量的贡献

以中国科学院沈阳生态试验站16年定位试验为平台,研究了8种施肥制度的增产效应与稳产性能。结果表明:不同施肥处理对作物产量有明显影响,作物平均产量NPK>NP>NK>N>PK>P>K>CK,不施N肥时(即P、K、PK等处理)作物产量低;肥料对作物产量的年际贡献率在N、NP、NK、NPK处理中总体呈上升趋势,而在P、K、PK处理中则表现出下降的趋势;从化肥N、P、K的增产效果上看,总趋势是N>P>K;作物年际间产量的变异系数随化肥的均衡施用呈下降的趋势;玉米在NPK处理时的稳产性能最好,大豆在PK处理的稳产性最好。

土地利用方式对潮棕壤磷素剖面分布的影响

采用现场采集土壤样品及室内分析测试,对中国科学院沈阳生态实验站4种土地利用方式的潮棕壤在0～150cm10个土层中全磷的垂直分布、磷储量及碳磷比进行比较研究。结果表明,不同利用方式下土体中全磷平均含量为林地>撂荒地>玉米地>水稻田,各种利用方式土壤全磷含量在0～30cm各层次差异不显著,30cm以下各层次玉米地和撂荒地差异不显著,但60cm以下各层次林地土壤全磷显著高于其他3种利用方式,表明土地利用对磷素的剖面分布产生了明显的影响。4种利用方式在20cm深度土壤磷储量差异不明显,但在100cm和150cm深度,林地和撂荒地显著高于玉米地和水稻田土壤。土壤碳磷比随剖面深度下降而降低,在40cm以下有林地和玉米地高于撂荒地和水稻田的趋势。回归分析表明,各种利用方式下土壤速效磷与全磷有较好的正相关关系,说明供试土壤中速效磷含量受全磷状况的影响较大。

不同土地利用方式对潮棕壤有机碳含量的影响

对潮棕壤不同土地利用方式下0～100cm土体中土壤有机碳含量的剖面分布、有机碳储量及C／N进行了研究．结果表明：不同土地利用方式下土壤有机碳含量的剖面分布差异明显，林地、割草地、荒地及裸地各土层有机碳含量高于农田生态系统；不同土地利用方式下的土壤有机碳与全氮呈极显著的正相关；土壤C／N随剖面土层深度的增加呈下降趋势，林地土壤的C／N相对较高：割草地、荒地和裸地次之，农田生态系统的土壤C／N较低．在0～100cm深度土壤，荒地每年截获的土壤有机碳分别比农田不施肥、农田循环猪圈肥处理、农田化肥NPK处理、农田化肥NPK＋循环猪圈肥处理高4．52、4．25、4．46和3．58t·hm^-2．说明荒地在增加土壤有机碳储量方面有很大潜力．

不同利用方式下潮棕壤交换性钙镁的剖面分布

在水稻田、玉米地、撂荒地和人工林地4种土地利用方式下，对潮棕壤0-150cm土层中土壤交换性钙（Ca）和交换性镁（Mg）的剖面分布及Ca／Mg的变化进行了比较研究．结果表明：不同利用方式下土壤交换性Ca含量及储量差异不明显；林地各土层的土壤交换性Mg含量均显著高于水稻田（P〈0．05）；交换性Mg储量大小依次为林地、玉米地、撂荒地和水稻田（P〈0．05）．不同利用方式交换性Ca／Mg随土层深度的增加而降低，40cm以下土层水稻田Ca／Mg显著高于其他3种利用方式（P〈0．05）．土壤生态系统中Mg的优先固持、土壤管理以及植物自身的特性如生物量的循环速率、生物量在地上部分和地下部分的分配、根系的分布等，对土壤剖面中交换性Ca和交换性Mg的构成以及土壤交换性Ca库和Mg库的重建等起到重要作用．

不同施肥模式下潮棕壤微量元素含量及其变化状况

了解下辽河平原地区不同施肥模式对于土壤微量元素含量及其变化的影响。利用下辽河平原18年的定位试验,对不同施肥处理下土壤中Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu、Pb的含量及其变化进行研究。下辽河地区所测微量元素含量均略低于全国平均水平,长期采用常规施肥方式不会对土壤造成污染;除了Fe以外,试验前后所测元素的变化量在施肥处理与CK间均有显著差异,而各元素的变化量在养分循环处理与化肥处理间无显著差异;长期试验过程中,对照处理除了Zn以外均表现出下降的趋势,施肥处理除Cu以外均表现为增加的趋势;重茬玉米地中Cu含量比豆茬玉米地高。下辽河平原地区不同施肥模式下微量元素含量均低于国家限定标准,不会对土壤造成污染;不同施肥模式下微量元素变化不同,但养分循环再利用能够增加农田中微量元素的输入,对于维持农田生态系统的可持续发展有重要意义。

华中地区两种典型菜地土壤中氮素的矿化特征研究

以华中地区两种典型的菜地土壤——黄棕壤和潮土为研究对象,利用室内连续培养试验研究了菜地土壤氮素的矿化规律和矿化特征。结果表明,黄棕壤和潮土氮素的矿化以硝态氮量较多,铵态氮较少。两种土壤的矿化速率随培养时间的延长而降低,培养13周以后黄棕壤的矿化速率为N 0.13 mg/(kg.d),潮土为N 0.32 mg/(kg.d)。随着培养时间的延长,黄棕壤和潮土的累计氮矿化量缓慢增长。培养结束时黄棕壤矿化量为N 68.65 mg/kg,潮土矿化量为N 109.37 mg/kg,分别占土壤全氮量的24.52%和21.45%。黄棕壤和潮土氮素的矿化势分别为N 74.63 mg/kg和123.45 mg/kg,分别占土壤全氮量的26.65%和24.21%。

潮棕壤不同利用方式pH和Olsen-P的垂直变化特征

对潮棕壤4种土地利用方式经过14年后土壤pH和Olsen-P在0～150cm土体10个土层中的垂直分布情况进行的比较研究表明,不同利用方式下土壤pH和Olsen-P含量的剖面分布差异显著,说明不同利用方式对土壤pH和Olsen-P有较大影响。林地和撂荒地0～5cm土层pH分别为>7.0和6.5～7.0,玉米地0～20cm各土层土壤pH基本为6.0以下;20cm以下各土层中的pH,水稻田土壤呈微碱性,玉米地和撂荒地接近中性,林地呈微酸性。土体中Olsen-P平均含量为撂荒地>林地>水稻田>玉米地。水稻田和玉米地0～20cm的3个土层Olsen-P含量明显高于20～80cm的4个土层,表明耕地土壤由于施P肥而导致的P素表聚性;林地和撂荒地0～5cm土层的Olsen-P含量大大高于5～80cm的6个土层,这可能与林地和撂荒地的P素生物归还及基本不受人为扰动有关。4种土地利用方式下土壤各层次Olsen-P含量垂直分布的散点折线图呈现出较为相似的特征。80cm以下的3个土层Olsen-P含量接近或超过表层土壤,主要是受母质层相对较高的全P含量影响所致,也可能与地下水作用有关,不过具体原因还有待于进一步研究。

长期施肥对山东三大土类钾有效性及小麦产量的影响

钾是许多地区限制农业生产的主要因素之一,研究如何合理施肥提高土壤供钾能力和钾有效性,对提高作物产量十分必要。利用山东省三大土类25年长期定位肥料试验,探讨了不同施肥措施对山东省棕壤、潮土和褐土三大土类土壤钾有效性和钾素效应的影响。结果表明,长期不施用钾肥处理的土壤速效钾含量均有不同程度下降,三大土壤的速效钾亏缺顺序为棕壤>潮土>褐土。施钾处理的速效钾含量均明显高于不施钾处理,且NK处理的速效钾含量明显高于NPK处理。各土壤NP和NPK处理的小麦产量明显高于其他处理。棕壤在施氮和氮磷的基础上增施钾肥能明显提高小麦产量;潮土和褐土在施用氮磷的基础上增施钾肥一定程度上可提高小麦产量,在施氮的基础上增施钾肥对小麦产量无明显提高。