Developmental Genetic Analysis of Brown Rice Weight Under Different Environmental Conditions in indica Rice

Analysis of genetic main effects and genotype x environment (GE) interaction effects for brown rice weight (BRW) at four different filling stages in indica lice (Oryza sativa L.) was conducted for two-year experimental data by using developmental genetic models and corresponding statistical approaches for quantitative traits of seeds in cereal crops. It was indicated that the genetic main effects and their GE interaction effects of triploid endosperm, cytoplasmic and diploid maternal plant genes were important for BRW at different filling stages of rice, especially for endosperm or maternal additive main effects and their additive interaction effects. Because of the higher additive effects and additive interaction effects for BRW at different filling stages, the better improving effects for this trait could be expected by selection in rice breeding. The results of conditional genetic variance components showed that the new expression of quantitative genes in endosperm and maternal plant for BRW was mostly found at all different filling stages of rice. The gene expression, however, was most active at the early filling stages especially for the first (1-7 d) and the second filling stages (8-14 d after flowering). The phenomena that some genes were spasmodically expressible among filling stages of rice were detected for some genetic effects especially for net cytoplasmic main effects or its interaction effects and net dominance main effects. Predicted genetic effects at different filling stages of rice showed that some parents such as V20 and Zuo 5 were better than others for improving the BRW.

Analysis of Heterosis, Combining Ability and Heritability of Cadmium Content in Brown Rice of Three-line Indica Hybrid Rice

Five cytoplasmic male sterile （CMS） lines were used as parents in an incomplete diallet cross and six restorer lines of rice design （Nc II design）. Thirty hybrid combinations with the same growth period were selected as experimental ma- terials to investigate the heterosis, combined ability and heredity of Cd content in brown rice of indica hybrid rice. According to the results, Cd content in brown rice showed a significantly negative heterosis; the general combining ability and specific combination ability of Cd content in CMS and restorer lines both reached extremely significant level （P〈0.01）, indicating that both genetic improvement of parents and e- valuation of combinations are important to the breeding of hybrid combinations with low accumulation of Cd; the broad-sense heritabitity and narrow-sense heritability of Cd content were both relatively high with slight differences, which respectively reached 97.73% and 80.10%, indicating that Cd content in brown rice mainly de- pends on the additive action of genes; in addition, parent improvement showed bet- ter effect on the selection of early generation.

Analysis of the Conditional Correlations from Different Genetic Systems Between the Protein Content and the Appearance Quality Traits of Indica Rice

A factorial mating design in two environments was conducted using 7 cytoplasmic male sterile lines （A） and 5 restorer lines （R） along with their F1 （A × R） and F2 populations. The unconditional and conditional analyses of genetic models and the corresponding statistic methods, including endospermic, cytoplasmic, and maternal plant genetic systems, were used to analyze the genetic relationships between protein content （PC） and the appearance quality traits of indica rice （Oryza sativa L.）. The results from unconditional analysis indicated that PC was significantly correlated with the appearance quality traits of rice, except for the brown rice thickness （BRT）. Only the genetic covariance between PC and the brown rice width （BRW） was positively correlative, whereas all the other pairwise traits were negatively correlative. The results from conditional analysis revealed that the weight of brown rice （WBR） or the amylose content （AC） could significantly affect the relationships between PC and the appearance quality traits of indica rice. The conditional analysis showed that WBR might negatively affect the relationships between PC and the brown rice length （BRL）, BRW, or BRT through the geuotype x environmental （GE） interaction effects, but positively affected the relationships between PC and the ratio of brown rice length to width （RLW） or the ratio of brown rice length to thickness （RLT）. The amylase content could positively affect the relationships between PC and BRL, RLW, RLT through the cytoplasmic effects and maternal additive effects, but negatively affected the relationships between PC and BRW.

Correlation Analysis of Characters of Indica Hybrid Rice with High Content of Amylose

[Objective] The aim was to research and analyze characters and related correlation of indica hybrid rice containing high amylose. [Method] In the research, major characters of 16 species of groups of {ndica hybrid rice and the correlation were explored in rice belts in Sichuan in 2011. [Result] The variation of chalkiness degree was the highest at 26.8%, followed by rate of head rice at 22.89%; varia- tions of head rice rate and chalkiness degree were lower at 0.72% and 2.61%. In addition, rate of unpolished rice was of significantly negative correlation with chalki- ness degree; rate of chalky rice was of extremely positive correlation with chalkiness degree and gel consistency; chalkiness degree was of significantly positive correla- tion with gel consistency; gel consistency was of significantly negative correlation with protein content; amylose content was of insignificant correlation with gel consis- tency （r=0.166 9） of the 16 hybrid groups. These indicated that gel consistency would be still high as the content of amylose grows （AC≥25%）. For example, when the content of anylose in Chuanxiang 29A/Luhui 37, Kangfeng AJ6684, and Lefeng A/SR536 exceeded 27%, the gel consistency was over 80 mm in the research. [Conclusion] The research provides references for improvement of amylose content in breeding hybrid rice.

Developmental Analysis of Genetic Behavior of Brown Rice Width in indica-japonica Hybrids

The developmental genetic behaviors of brown rice width （BRW） have been studied in indica-japonica hybrid rice （Oryza sativa L.）, in which seven indica male sterile lines and five japonica restorer lines were applied, by using the developmental genetic models and corresponding statistical approaches for quantitative traits of triploid in cereal crops. The BRW of indica-japonica hybrid rice was co-determined by gene expression of tdploid endosperm, cytoplasm, diploid maternal plant and their genotype × environmental interaction effects. Unconditional analysis showed that the endosperm additive and matemal additive effects were predominant for the development of BRW from early- to late-stage of the grain development, but the endosperm dominant effect together with matemal effect and cytoplasmic effect became the major factor determing the BRW at the ripening stage. Moreover, conditional analysis found that there were new onset and offset of gene expression at different developmental stages of BRW in indica-japonica hybrid rice. Maternal and cytoplasm general heritabilities and their interaction heritabilities were more important compared to other components of heritability for BRW at all the five developmental stages.

Analysis of genetic effects and correlations for nutrient quality traits of indica rice in different environments

Understanding the variation for the expressionof genes in different environments is one of themajor goals in qualitative genetics. In this pa-per, the genetic models for quantitative traitsof endosperm in cereal crops were used to eval-uate the seed, cytoplasm and maternal geneticeffects as well as the genotype × environment(GE) interaction effects, and to predict thebreeding value of parents and genotypic corre-lation for nutrient quality traits of indica rice (Oryza sativa L.).

AMMI analysis of interaction of genotype and environment in chalkiness of indica rice

Chalkiness is an unpleasant trait for rice con-sumer,which is known to be controlled geneti-cally and affected by environment during grainmaturing.We used the model of Additive Main

Analysis of genetic effects and heritabilities for amylose content of indica rice in different environments

An understanding of the genetic effects of em-bryo genes for rice quality traits is of impor-tance for rice quality improvement. Analysisof embryo, endosperm, cytoplasmic, and ma-ternal genetic effects and genotype×environ-

Analysis of seed and maternal genetic effects on cooking quality characters in indica hybrid rice

We analysed seed and maternal genetic effects on characters of cooking quality in indica hybrid rice by using the model for quantitative characters of seeds of cereal crops. Incomplete diallel crosses were made by using six male sterile lines (Zhenshan 97A, Erjiuqing A, Erjiunan 1A, V20A, Zhe’nan 1A and Zhe’nan 3A)as females and three restorer lines(Cezao 2-2, T49 and 26715)as males. Sampled seeds were used to measure the cooking quality characters, including amylose content(%), gelatinization temperature(alkali spreading score)and gel consistency(mm). Results indicated that some rice cooking quality characters were controlled by both seed genes and maternal genes (see table). Gel consistency was mainly controlled by maternal effects, but also

Density Restriction Effects of Reproductive Rate of Rice Brown Planthopper Population in Super Rice Yongyou 6

[ Objective ] The paper was to study the density restriction effects of reproductive rate of rice brown planthopper （BPH） population in super indiea and japonica hybrid rice Yongyou 6. [Method] Different amounts of rice brown planthoppor were released to super indiea and japonica hybrid flee Yongyou 6 during fillering, booting and gain filling stage, respectively. The reproductive rate and variation dynamics of rice brown planthoppor in super rice was also investigated and analyzed. [Result] Tillering stage： the population quantity of rice brown planthoppor during booting and gain filling stage gradually increased with the increasing basal amount of its population during tillering stage; when the population density of rice brown planthopper during grain filling stage reached a certain limit （ 〉 250 head/cluster）, the population density during milking stage showed decrease trend with the increasing of such density; the development of rice brown planthoppor population in super rice Yongyou 6 showed the characteristics of fast in middle and slow in two ends. Booting stage： the development of rice brown planthopper pop- ulation from booting to gain filling stage increased with the increasing basal amount of density, and their correlation during milking stage was not significant; flee brown planthopper population still had high reproduction capacity in the middle and late stage of super rice, which had latent risk on rice yield. Gain filling stage ： when population density of rice brown planthopper 〈 70 head/cluster, the development of it population increased with the increase of basal amount of density, which had great threat to yield. [ Conclusion] The result provided theoretical basis for establishment and improvement of monitoring early warning system, cost-ef- fective control of occurrence and damage of rice brown planthopper, and improvement of the sustained control ability against rice brown planthopper.

Identification of Major Locus Bph35 Resistance to Brown Planthopper in Rice

An introgression line RBPH660,derived from wild rice Oryza rufipogon,showed stable resistance to brown planthopper(BPH).Segregation analysis indicated BPH resistance of RBPH660 was controlled by multiple genes/QTLs.By using the bulked segregant analysis(BSA)-seq method,two genomic regions harboring QTLs resistance to BPH were identified from 1.20 to 16.70 Mb on chromosome 4 and from 10.20 to 12.60 Mb on chromosome 9 in RBPH660,respectively.A major resistance locus,designated as Bph35 accounting for 51.27%of the phenotypic variation with a LOD score of 42.51,was mapped to the candidate region of chromosome 4 between In Del(insertion-deletion)markers PSM16 and R4 M13.For fine mapping of Bph35,one simple sequence repeat and three newly developed In Del markers were used to screen the recombinants.Finally,the Bph35 locus was delimited in the region from 6.28 to 6.93 Mb and there were 18 predicted protein-encoding genes with a total of 114 non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)variant sites between the resistant and susceptible parents.Out of these genes,Os04 g0193950,encoding a putative NB-ARC(nucleotidebinding adaptor shared by APAF-1,R proteins and CED-4)and LRR(leucine-rich repeat)domain protein with nine non-synonymous SNP substitutions in its coding sequence regions,might be the candidate gene for Bph35.These findings would facilitate the map-based cloning of the Bph35 gene and development of resistant varieties against BPH in rice.

Characterizing and Estimating Fungal Disease Severity of Rice Brown Spot with Hyperspectral Reflectance Data

Large-scale farming of agriculture crops requires real-time detection of disease for field pest management. Hyperspectral remote sensing data generally have high spectral resolution, which could be very useful for detecting disease stress in green vegetation at the leaf and canopy levels. In this study, hyperspectral reflectances of rice in the laboratory and field were measured to characterize the spectral regions and wavebands, which were the most sensitive to rice brown spot infected by Bipolaris oryzae （Helminthosporium oryzae Breda. de Hann）. Leaf reflectance increased at the ranges of 450 to 500 nm and 630 to 680 nm with the increasing percentage of infected leaf surface, and decreased at the ranges of 520 to 580 nm, 760 to 790 nm, 1550 to 1750 nm, and 2080 to 2350 nm with the increasing percentage of infected leaf surface respectively. The sensitivity analysis and derivative technique were used to select the sensitive wavebands for the detection of rice brown spot infected by B. oryzae. Ratios of rice leaf reflectance were evaluated as indicators of brown spot. R669/R746 （the reflectance at 669 nm divided by the reflectance at 746 nm, the following ratios may be deduced by analogy）, R702/R718, R692/R530, R692/R732, R535/R746, R521/R718, and R569/R718 increased significantly as the incidence of rice brown spot increased regardless of whether it＇s at the leaf or canopy level. R702/R718, R692/R530, R692/R732 were the best three ratios for estimating the disease severity of rice brown spot at the leaf and canopy levels. This result not only confirms the capability of hyperspectral remote sensing data in characterizing crop disease for precision pest management in the real world, but also testifies that the ratios of crop reflectance is a useful method to estimate crop disease severity.

Effects of Different Irrigation Management on the Textural Properties of Double-Cropping Late Indica Rice in South China

In order to investigate the effects of different irrigation management on the textural properties of two different double-cropping late indica rice,the effects of three irrigation management including conventional irrigation(CK),constant irrigation(CI)and alternate wetting and drying(AWD)on textural properties has been researched under field conditions of two years.The results indicated that the firmness,cohesiveness and chewiness were decreased under AWD treatment,and the stickiness was increased compared with CK,while the textural properties under CI treatment showed the opposite trend with AWD treatment.Additionally,AWD treatment signifi-cantly improved the springiness of TY871 compared with CK and CI treatment,but had no significant effect in RYHZ,suggesting improvement of the cooking and eating quality of TY871 under AWD treatment.Correlation analysis showed that the chewiness was positively correlated with the firmness and cohesiveness,and the cohesiveness was positively correlated with the firmness.AWD could promote the textural properties of high-quality late indica rice in South China whereas CI treatment has shown the disadvantage of the textural properties,which will provide useful information for the improvement of cooking and eating quality of rice.

糙米粉挤压改性工艺优化及其特性分析

以糙米为主要原料,采用挤压技术改性糙米粉。以糊化度为指标,在单因素试验的基础上通过响应面法优化改性工艺,并对改性前后糙米粉的特性进行分析。结果表明:最佳改性工艺参数为物料粒度120μm、水分添加量32%(以糙米粉质量计)、螺杆旋转频率30 Hz、挤压温度120℃,在此条件下改性糙米粉糊化度达到93.17%。与改性前相比,改性糙米粉水分、脂肪、淀粉和蛋白质含量降低;维生素B_(1)和B_(2)含量略降低。特性分析结果表明,改性后糙米淀粉颗粒表面变得平整,结晶度下降。

十二种有色糙米理化特性及食味品质的比较分析

为了探究不同品种糙米的理化特性及食味品质的差异,运用皮尔逊相关性分析法对13个指标之间的关系进行分析,采用主成分分析法对12种糙米的品质进行综合评价。结果表明:糙米的食味值与蛋白质含量、直链淀粉含量呈负相关(P<0.01),硬度与直链淀粉含量呈正相关(P<0.05),黏度与蛋白质含量、直链淀粉含量呈负相关(P<0.05)。通过主成分分析确定了3种主成分,累计贡献率达到88.50%,用这3个主成分评价不同糙米的品质。主成分1综合了质构指标,主成分2综合了理化指标,主成分3综合了食味值、蛋白质含量和水分含量这3个指标。根据各指标的贡献率及综合评分,12种糙米的品质由高到低排名为津育粳1(小粒米)、津育特28(SF28)、津育特1(SF1)、津育特7(SF7)、津育特20(SF20)、津特优140(TD140)、津特优1(TZ1)、津育特39(SF39)、津特优6(TZ6)、津特优139(TD139)、津育特8(SF8)、津育粳2(降糖米)。本研究为优质糙米的筛选提供一定的理论依据。

挤压重组糙米-刺五加茶酒的研制、品质分析及抗氧化评价

以挤压重组糙米蒸馏酒为酒基、刺五加茶汁为茶基,配以赤藓糖醇和柠檬酸制作茶酒,并采用单因素结合正交试验法优化茶酒制作工艺。结果表明,茶酒最佳制作配方为柠檬酸添加量0.14%,赤藓糖醇添加量4%,酒基与茶基的体积比0.5∶1.0,制备的茶酒色泽橙黄、晶亮透明、无沉淀和悬浮物,茶香和酒香融合协调,口感丰富,酸甜适口。酒精度为9.0%vol、总酸含量为4.23 g/L、可溶性固形物为14.18%、透光率为76.68%,总黄酮、总多酚和多糖含量分别为28.57 mg/L,287.08 mg/L和1 112.68 mg/L,特征物质紫丁香苷和异嗪皮啶含量分别为4.09 mg/L和5.86 mg/L,且对DPPH、羟基和超氧阴离子自由基的最大清除率分别为(90.39±3.32)%、(88.33±2.89)%、(80.81±3.19)%,清除能力较强。因此,该研究制备的茶酒具有较高的品质和抗氧化能力。

基于气相色谱-离子迁移色谱分析五彩糙米挥发性成分差异

研究不同色泽糙米的挥发性气味成分差异,明确彩色糙米的风味品质特性。以汉中市洋县产五彩糙米(黑、红、紫、黄和绿)为试材,采用气相-离子迁移色谱方法(GC-IMS)比较不同色泽糙米挥发性气味成分差异。结果:从五彩米样品中共鉴定出62种挥发性气味成分,包括醛类30种(占63.48%~70.39%)、醇类10种(占8.47%~16.81%)、酮类10种(占10.13%~15.09%)、酯类6种(占1.64%~6.15%)、呋喃类2种(占2.39%~4.94%)、酸类2种(占0.35%~1.34%)和醚类2种(占0.35%~0.79%)。黑色糙米的醛类含量相对较高,紫色糙米醇类和呋喃类含量相对较高,绿色糙米酮类含量相对较高,黄色糙米的酯类、醚类和酸类含量均相对较高。主成分分析表明,前2个主成分累计贡献率为72.2%,说明GC-IMS数据可区分五彩糙米原料挥发性成分。结论:通过建立洋县五彩糙米气味指纹图谱,可视化呈现不同色泽糙米挥发性风味轮廓,为其质量控制提供参考依据。

岳阳市新收获籼稻质量调查

目的研究岳阳市2022年新收获稻早、中晚稻谷的质量现状。方法扦取了湖南省岳阳市7县(市、区)新收获的249份籼稻样品作为试验样品,依据GB 1350—2009《稻谷》对新收获稻谷的质量指标进行检测和分析。结果2022年岳阳市新收获籼稻三等以上稻谷占比69.08%,千粒重平均值22.9 g,出糙率平均值77.3%,整精米率平均值46.3%,不完善粒平均值0.3%,水分含量平均值12.8%,谷外糙米含量平均值0.4%。结论总体来说,2022年岳阳市新收获籼稻质量良好,尤其君山区、湘阴县和临湘县的籼稻质量较好。

低温储藏解除后长粒型籼稻的品质变化和动力学分析

目的探讨长粒型优质籼稻低温储藏解除后的品质变化。方法以广西桂林新收获的长粒型优质籼稻为对象,对低温储藏解除后的稻谷进行低温(15℃)、常温(25℃)和高温(35℃)储存180 d,每20 d取样进行品质指标检测,并进行动力学分析。结果在3个温度条件下,稻谷的出糙率、整精米率、水分含量、发芽率、过氧化物酶活性、多酚氧化酶活性和品尝评分值呈下降趋势,黄粒米率、直链淀粉含量、丙二醛含量、脂肪酸值呈上升趋势,15℃条件下继续储存可以有效地延缓稻谷品质的劣变,低温解除前后的温差对稻谷储存前期品质变化影响较大。相关性分析表明,储藏时间和温度与稻谷各品质指标均呈显著相关性;温差与稻谷各品质指标的相关性不强。动力学分析结果表明不同温度下水分含量、丙二醛含量和脂肪酸值的变化均符合零级动力学模型,在相同储藏温度条件下,丙二醛含量的活化能均小于水分含量和脂肪酸值的活化能。结论稻谷低温解除后,短时间储存稻谷应避免温差较大,长时间储存应在较低温度下储存,既能延缓稻谷品质劣变,又能节约储存成本。丙二醛含量可作为低温解除后稻谷品质变化的早期预测参考指标。

华南地区主栽籼型糙米食用品质比较分析

比较分析华南地区8个优质籼稻品种糙米的外观品质、理化指标、蒸煮品质、糊化特性以及质构特征,评价其食用品质。结果表明,各品种糙米的最适蒸煮时间为24~34 min,皮层厚度与最适蒸煮时间和pH呈显著正相关,与膨胀率呈显著负相关。籼型糙米直链淀粉质量分数在12.50%~15.35%之间,蛋白质质量分数为7.70%~9.60%,脂肪质量分数为3.02%~4.25%,蛋白质与米饭弹性呈显著负相关。米饭硬度主要受灰分和质量分数腹部皮层厚度影响。根据米饭硬度进行聚类分析,可以将其分为3类;根据米饭黏性进行聚类分析,可以将其分为2类。总体而言,籼稻作为全谷物糙米食用弹性较好,耐咀嚼,食味品质较高,但硬度和黏性的品种间差异较大,根据消费者口感偏好和应用场景可分类选择适宜的籼稻品种。