Vertical distribution of plant nematodes in an aquic brown soil under different land uses

The vertical distribution of the dominant genera of plant nematodes at the depth of 0-150 cm of an aquic brown soil were studied for four land use patterns, i.e., paddy field, maize field, fallow field and woodland in the Shenyang Experimental Station of Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences in November of 2003. The results showed that the numbers of some dominant genera under different land uses decreased with the increase of soil depth. Helicotylenchus was most dominant genus under each land use type. Genera of Filenchus, Psilenchus and Tylenchus in paddy field occurred at the depth of 0-20 cm; while Paratylenchus in fallow field and woodland, as well as Pratylenchus in maize field presented in the deeper soil layers (0-80 cm). Significant correlations between the numbers of dominant genera of plant nematodes and soil chemical properties were found in this study. The number of Helicotylenchus under different land uses was positively correlated with C/N ratio, total C, total N, total P, alkai-N, and Olsen-P. The numbers of Filenchus and Paratylenchus in paddy field, Pratylenchus in maize field and Paratylenchus in fallow field were negatively correlated with soil pH, and positively correlated with total C, total N and alkai-N. This study results showed that it is essential to sample at a certain depth according to the vertical distribution information of different genera of plant nematodes in adequately assessing the population size of plant nematodes.

Impact of wetting-drying cycles and acidic conditions on the soil aggregate stability of yellow‒brown soil

Soil aggregate is the basic structural unit of soil,which is the foundation for supporting ecosystem functions,while its composition and stability is significantly affected by the external environment.This study was conducted to explore the effect of external environment(wetting-drying cycles and acidic conditions)on the soil aggregate distribution and stability and identify the key soil physicochemical factors that affect the soil aggregate stability.The yellow‒brown soil from the Three Gorges Reservoir area(TGRA)was used,and 8 wetting-drying conditions(0,1,2,3,4,5,10 and 15 cycles)were simulated under 4 acidic conditions(pH=3,4,5 and 7).The particle size distribution and soil aggregate stability were determined by wet sieving method,the contribution of environmental factors(acid condition,wetting-drying cycle and their combined action)to the soil aggregate stability was clarified and the key soil physicochemical factors that affect the soil aggregate stability under wetting-drying cycles and acidic conditions were determined by using the Pearson’s correlation analysis,Partial least squares path modeling(PLS‒PM)and multiple linear regression analysis.The results indicate that wetting-drying cycles and acidic conditions have significant effects on the stability of soil aggregates,the soil aggregate stability gradually decreases with increasing number of wetting-drying cycles and it obviously decreases with the increase of acidity.Moreover,the combination of wetting-drying cycles and acidic conditions aggravate the reduction in the soil aggregate stability.The wetting-drying cycles,acidic conditions and their combined effect imposes significant impact on the soil aggregate stability,and the wetting-drying cycles exert the greatest influence.The soil aggregate stability is significantly correlated with the pH,Ca^(2+),Mg^(2+),maximum disintegration index(MDI)and soil bulk density(SBD).The PLS‒PM and multiple linear regression analysis further reveal that the soil aggregate stability is primarily influenced by SBD,Ca^(2+),and MDI.These results offer a scientific basis for understanding the soil aggregate breakdown mechanism and are helpful for clarifying the coupled effect of wetting-drying cycles and acid rain on terrestrial ecosystems in the TGRA.

Responses of nematode communities to different land uses in an aquic brown soil

An analysis of the seasonal and vertical distribution of soil nematode communities under three contrasting land uses,i.e.,cropland,abandoned cropland and woodland was conducted in an aquic brown soil.The results showed that different land-use types affected the spatiotemporal distribution of soil nematodes and their dominant genera,and different dominant genera showed different responses to land use.In the abandoned cropland and woodland,most dominant genera were present in the 0–20 cm layers and Chiloplacus was mainly distributed in the 5–30 cm layers,while in the cropland,Pratylenchus exhibited an even distribution from the 0–5 cm to the 40–50 cm depth.Soil environmental parameters under different land use could influence soil nematodes;soil porosity,total organic C,total N and the C/N ratio could positively influence the abundance of some dominant genera.Faunal profiles revealed that environmental stability and the homeostasis in the abandoned cropland and woodland lead to higher levels of community structure,and the soil food web tends to succeed to maturity.Nematode faunal analyses are a useful indicator for interpreting the stress and/or nutrient conditions under different land uses.

Profile Distribution and Storage of Soil Organic Carbon in an Aquic BrownSoil as Affected by Land Use

Many attempts have been made to estimate the soil organic carbon (SOC) storage under different land uses, especiallyfrom the conversion of forest land or grassland into cultivated field, but limited reports were found on the estimation ofthis storage after cultivated field converted into woodland or grassland, especially in small scales. This study is aimed toinvestigate the dynamics of SOC concentration, its storage and carbon /nitrogen (C/N) ratio in an aquic brown soil at theShenyang Experimental Station of Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences under four land use patterns over 14 years. Thefour land use patterns were paddy field (PF), maize field (MF), fallow field (FF) and woodland (WL). In each pedon at 0-150cm depth, soil samples were collected from ten layers. The results showed that the profile distribution of SOC was differentunder different land uses, indicating the effect of land use on SOC. Soil organic carbon was significantly related with soiltotal N, and the correlation was slightly closer in nature ecosystems (with R2=0.990 and P<0.001 in both WL and FF, n=30)than in agroecosystems (with R2=0.976 and P<0.001 in PF, and R2=0.980 and P<0.001 in MF, n=30). The C/N ratio in theprofiles decreased generally with depth under the four land use patterns, and was comparatively higher in WL and lowerin PF. The C/N ratio of the FF was closer to that in the same soil depths of MF than to that of PF. Within 100 cm depth, theannual sequestration of SOC was 4.25, 2.87, and 4.48 t ha-1 more in WL than in PF, MF and FF, the annual SOC increasingrate being 6.15, 3.26, and 5.09 % higher, respectively. As a result, the SOC storage was significantly greater in WL than inany of the other three land use patterns, P=0.001, 0.008, and 0.008 as compared with PF, MF, and FF, respectively, whilethere was no significant difference among the other three land uses. It is suggested that woodland has the potential tomake a significant contribution to C storage and environmental quality.

Effects of slow-release urea fertilizers on urease activity, microbial biomass, and nematode communities in an aquic brown soil

A field experiment was carried out at the Shenyang Experimental Station of Ecology (CAS) in order to study the effects of slow-release urea fertilizers high polymer-coated urea (SRU1), SRU1 mixed with dicyandiamide DCD (SRU2), and SRU1 mixed with calcium carbide CaC2 (SRU3) on urease activity, microbial biomass C and N, and nematode communities in an aquic brown soil during the maize growth period. The results demonstrated that the application of slow-release urea fertilizers inhibits soil urease activity and increases the soil NH4+-N content.Soil available N increment could promote its immobilization by microorganisms. Determination of soil microbial biomass N indicated that a combined application of coated urea and nitrification inhibitors increased the soil active N pool. The population of predators/omnivores indicated that treatment with SRU2 could provide enough soil NH4+-N to promote maize growth and increased the food resource for the soil fauna compared with the other treatments.

A comparison of measured ^(137)Cs and excess ^(210)Pb levels in the cultivated brown and cinnamon soils of the Yimeng Mountain area

This contribution analyzes the similarities and differences between the measured activities of 137Cs and excess 210Pb(210Pbex) in the cultivated brown and cinnamon soils of the Yimeng Mountain area, discusses the influence of soil texture on the measurement of 210Pbex, and presents differences between the two types of soils. Fields A and B were selected to represent the fields that contain cultivated brown and cinnamon soils, respectively. From either study field, one site of sectioned core and six bulk cores were collected to measure 137Cs levels, 210Pbex levels, and the particle-size composition of soil samples. Three undisturbed soil samples were collected to measure capillary and aeration porosities. The 137Cs inventories for the two study fields are very similar. The 137Cs is a man-made radionuclide, which means that its measured levels for soils are unaffected by soil texture. In contrast, levels of the naturally occurring 210Pbex of soils from Field A were lower than those of Field B by about 50%. In contrast to aquatic sediments, levels of 210Pbex in terrestrial surface soils are affected by the emanation of 222Rn from the soils. It can be assumed that the coarser the soils, the greater the emanation of 222Rn; in addition, the lower the measured 210Pbex, the greater the underestimate of this value. The cultivated brown soils in Field A are coarser than the cultivated cinnamon soils in Field B. As a result, 222Rn in Field A will diffuse more easily into the atmosphere than that in Field B. As a consequence, the measured 210Pbex in soils from Field A is much lower than the actual value, whereas the value measured for Field B is much closer to the actual value.

岩溶区镉污染棕色石灰土母质稻田土壤团聚体镉赋存特性研究

【目的】研究桂西北岩溶区镉(Cd)污染棕色石灰土母质稻田土壤团聚体Cd赋存形态特性,为区域内该类型Cd污染稻田稻米安全生产提供数据参考。【方法】采用湿筛法将采样土壤团聚体分离成>2.000 mm、1.000~2.000 mm、0.250~1.000 mm、0.074~0.250 mm和<0.074 mm 5个粒级的团聚体,研究桂西北岩溶区0~20、20~30、30~50和50~80 cm剖面深度土壤团聚体粒径组成、不同粒径团聚体Cd含量及其主要赋存形态。【结果】各层剖面0.250~1.000 mm粒径团聚体占比较为稳定,均在30.00%以上,各层剖面间无显著差异(P>0.05)。0~20 cm剖面(耕作层)中>2.000 mm粒径团聚体占比最大(40.20%),随着剖面深度增加,>2.000 mm粒径团聚体占比迅速降低,<0.250 mm粒径团聚体占比呈逐渐增加趋势。不同粒径团聚体Cd含量分析结果表明,在0~20、20~30和30~50 cm剖面中,Cd主要富集在>2.000 mm粒径团聚体中,Cd含量分别高达2.22、1.66和0.95 mg/kg,在50~80 cm剖面中,Cd主要富集在1.000~2.000 mm粒径团聚体中。>2.000 mm粒径团聚体在0~30 cm土层中对全土Cd含量的贡献率最大。不同剖面深度团聚体中Cd赋存形态存在明显差异,0~20 cm剖面各粒径团聚体中Cd主要以有机结合态存在,可交换态Cd占比最小(<0.074 mm粒径团聚体除外),随着剖面深度增加,团聚体中可交换态Cd占比明显增加,当剖面深度增加至30 cm以下时,团聚体中Cd主要以碳酸结合态存在,残渣态含量最小。【结论】桂西北岩溶区Cd污染棕色石灰土母质稻田Cd主要富集在>2.000 mm和1.000~2.000 mm粒径的团聚体中;0~20 cm耕作层各粒径团聚体中的Cd主要以有机结合态存在,可交换态占比最小,随着剖面深度的增加,可交换态Cd占比明显增加,稳定形态Cd占比明显降低。因此,在实际生产过程中要注重提高土壤大粒径团聚体含量,避免过度精耕和深翻,减少耕层土壤可交换态Cd含量,降低水稻生产过程中稻米Cd超标的风险。

中轻度重金属污染农田土壤的时空特征及改良

为研究农田土壤重金属与速效养分的时空特征以及氮磷增效剂对农田土壤重金属的影响,本试验以受中、轻度污染的酸性棕壤和典型潮土为研究对象,采用田间试验、盆栽试验与室内分析相结合的方法进行研究。结果表明:农田土壤中Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn 4种重金属元素含量在0~20 cm土层显著高于深层土壤;棕壤0~20 cm土层Cd含量超标204%,潮土0~20 cm土层Cd、Zn含量分别超标104%、419%;农田土壤0~20 cm土层重金属有效态含量占比高于深层土壤,棕壤中重金属有效态含量占比高于潮土。棕壤0~20 cm土层全氮、碱解氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、有效磷和速效钾含量均显著高于深层土壤,且随土壤深度增加呈逐渐减小趋势,而潮土中仅全氮、碱解氮和有效磷含量显著高于深层土壤;农田土壤速效养分随时间波动变化,其中硝态氮和铵态氮波动幅度最大,最大变异系数分别为44.1%和47.3%。受污染农田土壤的小麦植株体内Cd、Pb、Cu主要积累在叶片,Zn主要积累在籽粒;不同重金属元素从小麦茎、叶向籽粒的迁移程度差异较大,其中Cd迁移率最小,Zn迁移率最大。氮磷增效剂能显著减少棕壤中重金属有效态含量,底肥+氢醌+双氰胺+生物炭处理的有效态Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn含量较对照(仅加底肥,不加氮磷增效剂)处理分别显著降低24.7%、19.5%、23.7%、18.1%,而在潮土中施用效果不明显。研究表明,农田土壤重金属与土壤养分之间存在一定的相关性,且在土壤垂直分布上大体一致,土壤类型是氮磷增效剂对重金属有效态产生不同影响的重要因素。

玉米秸秆还田形态对棕壤性土土壤肥力及烤烟产量品质的影响

为探究不同形态秸秆还田对棕壤性土植烟土壤肥力的影响效应,以不施秸秆为对照(CK),设置玉米秸秆粉碎1 cm(FS1)、粉碎5 cm(FS5)、粉碎10 cm(FS10)和秸秆粉末1 mm(FM)4种形态的秸秆还田试验,表征0~20 cm土层土壤物理性质、养分状况以及土壤酶活性,并综合评价土壤肥力质量以及烤烟产质量。两年试验结果表明,(1)与CK相比,秸秆还田处理均能改善土壤物理性状,可降低土壤容重2.88%~10.99%,提高田间持水量5.96%~34.02%,降低土层平均穿透阻力19.17%~25.87%,以FS5处理的降低或提升效果最显著(P<0.05);(2)不同形态秸秆还田对土壤碳氮的提升具有差异,FS5和FM处理能较CK显著增加土壤总有机碳含量74.08%和44.84%(P<0.05),FS1、FS5和FS10处理分别显著增加微生物量碳含量80.79%、125.31%和70.39%(P<0.05),以FS5处理增加量最高,同时能分别提升土壤全氮、碳氮比和硝态氮含量34.40%、20.22%和749.06%(P<0.05);(3)与CK相比,不同形态秸秆还田分别显著提升土壤蔗糖酶和纤维素酶活性52.40%~222.39%和6.19%~26.88%,以FS5处理的提升幅度最高(P<0.05);(4)土壤肥力评价结果表明,FS5处理综合质量得分最高(0.72),可作为提升棕壤性土植烟土壤肥力的有效秸秆形态,其中,土壤硝态氮、土壤微生物量碳和纤维素酶是影响土壤肥力的关键因子;(5)FS1和FS5处理可增加烤后烟产量8.46%~23.34%。综上所述,不同秸秆还田形态在短期内可改善棕壤性土植烟土壤的理化性状和酶活性,其中以秸秆粉碎5 cm还田效果较好,可实现土壤综合肥力的快速提升。

长期不同施肥对褐土持水性质的影响

为了评价长期不同施肥对褐土土壤物理性状和土壤持水性质的影响,依托山西省寿阳旱地农业生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站长期进行氮磷肥与有机肥配合施用定点定位试验的褐土农田,设置不施肥(CK)、单施氮磷肥(NP)、氮磷肥与有机肥配施(NPM)和单施高量有机肥(M)等4个处理,并测定其土壤容重、孔隙度、紧实度、饱和导水率以及土壤水分特征曲线等指标。结果表明,与CK相比,NPM和M处理显著降低了土壤容重和紧实度,提高了土壤孔隙度和饱和导水率,同时水分累计入渗量也分别提高了20.00%和47.62%;土壤水分特征曲线表明,不同处理土壤持水能力从高到低为M>NPM>NP>CK;Van Genuchten模型拟合结果表明,M处理下田间饱和含水量(θs)和剩余含水量(θr)均最高,而CK最低。与CK相比,NPM和M处理田间持水率分别提高了11.97%和40.27%,土壤有效含水率分别提高了15.11%和21.35%。综上,长期施用高量有机肥(M)以及氮磷肥与有机肥配施(NPM)配合施用可以提高土壤持水能力,是褐土区较为适宜的施肥措施。

工农业副产物添加对棕壤的改良研究

由于不当农艺措施等人为因素影响,辽宁省棕壤区土壤发生酸化,需要添加改良剂予以阻控。以农田棕壤为研究对象,选取工业矿渣(煤矸石和膨润土矿渣)、秸秆(玉米秸秆、花生秸秆)、菌糠(平菇菌糠、金针菇菌糠)等6种常见的工农业生产副产物作为改良剂,采用室内恒温培养的方法,考察了工农业生产副产物对酸化棕壤的影响。结果表明:添加秸秆、菌糠和工业废弃物均可一定程度上改良土壤的酸度,使土壤pH提高0.29~0.79个单位;添加改良剂可不同程度改变土壤净硝化作用,但影响不大;改良剂的添加有效增强了土壤磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性。综合而言,农业生产副产物更适合酸化棕壤的改良。

有机物料配合深耕混合还田快速提升砂质棕壤农业生产力的效果和机理

【目的】提高土壤肥力是增加作物产量的有效方式,我们尝试了不同耕作和有机肥还田方式对砂粒含量较高且贫瘠的土壤的培肥效果。【方法】田间试验于2018年开始,在辽宁南部砂质棕壤进行,供试作物为玉米。以常规浅翻15 cm (T15)为对照,设置了秸秆浅混还田(0-15 cm,T15+S)、深翻35 cm (T35)、秸秆深混还田(0-35 cm,T35+S)、有机肥深混还田(0-35 cm,T35+M)、秸秆有机肥深混还田(0-35 cm,T35+S+M)、免耕(NT)、免耕秸秆覆盖(NT+S)和免耕秸秆条覆盖(HT+HS)处理,共9个处理。2020年玉米收获后,测产,同时取0-15 cm和15-30 cm土层样品,测定土壤pH、有机质和养分含量以及有机碳储量。【结果】试验进行3年后,在0-15 cm土层,T35+M和T35+S+M处理土壤有机质含量增幅较T15分别增加了19.2%和20.4%,而NT和T35处理则显著降低;在15-35 cm土层,T35、T35+S、T35+M和T35+S+M处理土壤有机质含量较T15分别增加了12.5%、24.5%、29.9%和35.7%。深翻和有机物料还田(T35+S、T35+M和T35+S+M)显著增加了玉米产量,与T15处理相比,3年T35+S、T35+M和T35+S+M处理玉米产量平均增加了10%、12.3%和16.4%,而浅翻处理(T15+S、NT、NT+S和HT+HS)不同程度地降低了玉米产量。T15+S、HT+HS和NT+S处理间有机质转化率无显著差异,但与T35+S处理相比平均降低了57.9%,与T35+M处理相比平均降低了78.4%。0-15 cm土壤有机质和pH对玉米产量影响显著,而在15-35 cm土层,除pH外,有机质和养分含量以及有机碳储量均对玉米产量有显著影响。【结论】腐熟猪粪、猪粪和玉米秸秆配合深翻混合还田可以快速提升0-35 cm土层中的土壤有机碳储量,提高有机质的转化率,是较为理想的棕壤快速培肥途径。通过提高深层土壤有机质和养分含量,提高了辽宁南部棕壤的农业生产能力。

烟秆生物炭还田对植烟黄棕壤养分、细菌群落结构与功能的影响

【目的】明确烟秆生物炭对植烟黄棕壤养分、细菌群落结构与功能的影响,为提高烟秆的资源化利用提供理论依据。【方法】基于大田试验,比较不同用量烟秆生物炭(0、5、15、20和40 t/ha)施用4年后烟田土壤养分指标及细菌丰度变化;采用16S rDNA序列高通量测序技术和PICRUSt基因预测方法,分析耕层土壤细菌群落结构、多样性及代谢功能变化。【结果】随着生物炭施用量的增加,土壤pH、有机质、总氮、有效磷、速效钾含量及细菌丰度呈增加趋势。主坐标分析(PCoA)和聚类分析结果表明,施用生物炭改变了细菌群落组成。生物炭用量在15 t/ha时,土壤细菌OTU丰富度及Alpha多样性指数最高;在门水平上,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)相对丰度较低,而芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)和硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae)相对丰度较高;在属水平上,芽单胞菌属(Gemmatimonas)、黄色土源菌属(Flavisolibacter)和Roseiflexus相对丰度较高。冗余分析(RDA)结果表明,生物炭用量与土壤拟杆菌门显著正相关(P<0.05,下同),与酸杆菌门显著负相关。PICRUSt功能预测表明,施用生物炭增加了与土壤碳代谢相关的细菌基因丰度。【结论】贵州植烟黄棕壤施用烟秆生物炭后,土壤养分、烤烟农艺性状和经济性状指标均有提升,土壤细菌群落丰富度及多样性显著提高,土壤细菌碳代谢能力增强,对改善烟田土壤微生态具有积极作用。以15 t/ha烟秆生物炭作用效果较好,可在生产上推广应用。

Susceptibility of Wheat Varieties to Soil-Borne <i>Rhizoctonia</i>Infection

Response of 19 wheat varieties cultivated in Hungary varied within large limits to soil borne Rhizoctonia infection. The most frequent symptom, usually leading to damping off was the root neck necrosis. Four significant factors influencing the susceptibility of wheat comprised 71% of total variation but none of them was dominant. The inhibition of development of survivors in Rhizoctonia infested soil correlated with overall susceptibility of variety concerned. The varieties Emese, Kikelet and Palotás are proved to be less susceptible, but none of the varieties could be certified as tolerant. No relationships were revealed between pathogenicity of 26 Rhizoctonia strains studied and their taxonomic position or origin. The anamorph strains of Athelia, Ceratobasidium, Ceratorhiza and Waitea similar to Thanatephorus anamorphs selectively infected the wheat varieties, but the syndromatic pictures were undistinguishable with unarmed eye. R. solani was proved to be more aggressive against germinating wheat than R. cerealis. Nine significant factors influencing the virulence of Rhizoctonia strains comprised 82% of total variation, and six of them influenced exclusively Thanatephorus anamorphs.

不同生物质炭对棕壤中磷素吸附解吸的影响

为了减少土壤磷素流失,提高磷肥利用效率,探究不同生物质炭对棕壤中磷素吸附解吸行为的影响规律,以水稻秸秆、玉米秸秆和花生壳为原材料,利用限氧升温炭化法制备生物质炭,通过批量吸附试验研究了生物质炭种类和生物质炭添加量对棕壤磷吸附解吸的影响。结果表明:水稻秸秆生物质炭在添加量为4 g/kg时显著提高棕壤对磷的吸附量,花生壳生物质炭和玉米秸秆生物质炭则显著降低棕壤对磷的吸附量;吸附等温线表明,不同生物质炭均未改变吸附等温线的变化趋势,均可用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程进行描述(R^(2)>0.93),其中Langmuir方程拟合效果更好,不同处理对磷的理论吸附量大小顺序为:水稻秸秆生物质炭+棕壤>棕壤>花生壳生物质炭+棕壤>玉米秸秆生物质炭+棕壤;吸附动力学试验表明,不同生物质炭均未改变磷吸附动力学曲线的变化趋势,在所有动力学模型中,准二级动力学模型最适合描述土壤对磷的吸附行为(R^(2)>0.99),其次为准一级动力模型(R^(2)>0.99)和Elovich动力学模型(R^(2)>0.88);3种生物质炭均显著促进棕壤对磷的解吸,当生物质炭添加量为≥2g/kg时,水稻秸秆生物质炭、玉米秸秆生物质炭和花生壳生物质炭,分别可提高棕壤对磷的解析率50%、70%和90%以上。由此可见,不同生物质炭可提高棕壤对磷素的供应和利用,水稻秸秆生物质炭在减少棕壤磷素流失、保护生态环境方面具有更大的应用价值。

长期施肥对黄棕壤水稻土真菌群落结构的影响

【目的】探究长期不同施肥措施对黄棕壤水稻土土壤肥力和真菌群落结构的影响,为绿色农业提供理论依据。【方法】位于湖北武汉的黄棕壤水稻土长期施肥定位试验始于1981年,包括5个施肥处理:不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、氮磷钾化肥(NPK)、常量有机肥(OM)、氮磷钾+常量有机肥(OMNPK)。2020年5月,在各处理小区内取0—20 cm土层土壤样品,利用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术、FUNGuild和生态网络方法,综合分析了土壤养分含量、酶活性、真菌群落结构。【结果】1)与CK比较,N处理降低了土壤速效养分含量,NPK处理维持了土壤养分稳定,OM和OMNPK处理显著提高了土壤速效养分含量。OMNPK处理显著降低了α-葡萄糖苷酶、硫酸酯酶活性,却显著提高了β-纤维二糖苷酶活性;OM和OMNPK处理提高了亮氨酸氨基肽酶活性,却降低了乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶活性,N和NPK处理对这两种酶活性的影响与之相反。2)与CK相比,N处理显著降低了真菌多样性,而NPK和OM处理显著提高了真菌多样性。菌群结构在N、NPK、OM处理间明显不同,而OM、OMNPK和CK处理比较接近。LEfSe分析结果发现,N处理土壤中的差异物种是Entrophospora属和Sympoventuriaceae科,OMNPK处理的差异物种是Microascales目和Microascaceae科,OM处理的差异物种是盘菌目(Pezizales)、Pyronemataceae科和Pseudaleuria属。冗余分析结果显示,β-葡萄糖苷酶、β-木糖苷酶、磷酸酶、亮氨酸氨基肽酶、乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶、硫酸酯酶和pH是影响土壤真菌群落结构的重要因素。3)施肥提高了病理营养型(pathotroph)真菌的相对丰度,减少了腐生营养型(saprotroph)真菌的相对丰度。与CK比较,N、NPK、OM和OMNPK处理的病理营养型真菌相对丰度分别提高了190.5%、141.4%、71.5%和250.2%,腐生营养型真菌相对丰度分别降低了30.6%、33.3%、19.4%和49.5%,共生营养型(symbiotroph)真菌相对丰度分别提高了310.8%、956.8%、424.3%和435.1%。各施肥处理相比,OM处理病理营养型真菌相对丰度最低,而OMNPK处理最高。病理营养型中,OMNPK、N、NPK和OM处理的动物性病原体丰度比CK分别提高了322%、184%、105%和85%;N和NPK处理较CK处理还显著提高了植物性病原体丰度,OMNPK和OM处理对植物性病原体丰度无显著影响。有机肥处理提高了真菌网络的边数、正相关数、平均加权度、图密度、网络直径和连接部件,增强了网络的复杂性。【结论】长期施用有机肥能够培肥地力,增加真菌群落的多样性和物种交互复杂性,减少病理营养型真菌相对丰度,而有机无机肥配合施用提高土壤肥力的效果显著高于单施有机肥,但也增加了动物性病原体丰度,增加了病害的潜在风险。

长期施肥棕壤大豆产量的演变及土壤氮素分布特征

【目的】探究长期不同施肥模式下,东北棕壤大豆产量的演变、稳定性和可持续性及土壤氮素累积分布特征,为该地区制定合理的施肥措施,实现大豆的可持续绿色生产提供科学依据。【方法】基于始于1979年的棕壤肥料长期定位试验,轮作体系为玉米-玉米-大豆,选取其中的12个处理,分为化肥区:不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、氮磷肥配施(NP)、氮磷钾肥配施(NPK);低量有机肥区:单施低量有机肥(M_(1))、低量有机肥与化肥配施(M_(1)N、M_(1)NP、M_(1)NPK);高量有机肥区:单施高量有机肥(M_(2))、高量有机肥与化肥配施(M_(2)N、M_(2)NP、M_(2)NPK)。分析长期不同施肥下大豆产量的演变规律以及39年轮作施肥对大豆氮素吸收与收获期土壤氮素累积分布的影响。【结果】与不施肥处理(CK)相比,各施肥处理大豆平均产量均显著提高,且低量有机肥区和高量有机肥区大豆平均产量高于化肥处理,M_1NPK和M_2NPK处理平均产量最高,分别为3 147和3 238kg·hm^(-2),较NPK处理提高了9.5%和12.7%。灰色-线性回归模型结果表明,施用有机肥或有机肥与化肥配施处理年际可得趋势产量显著高于单施化肥处理。低量有机肥区各处理大豆产量的变异系数最低,稳定性好,产量可持续性指数(YSI)较高,介于0.41—0.51,均高于高量有机肥区各处理。配施有机肥大豆季肥料贡献率提高,但低量与高量有机肥区差异不显著。配施有机肥39年,大豆植株吸氮量较单施化肥处理增加,以低量有机肥区的M_(1)NPK处理最高,为314.2 kg·hm^(-2)。低量有机肥区,土壤矿质氮主要累积在0—60 cm土层,60—100 cm土层矿质氮累积量较低;有机肥与化肥配施各处理0—80 cm土层矿质氮累积高于M_(1)处理,可为作物吸收提供有效氮源,但80—100 cm土层矿质氮较上层土壤降低,减少了氮素淋失风险;其中,M_1NPK处理0—60 cm土层矿质氮累积最高,60—100 cm随土层深度增加矿质氮累积呈持续降低趋势,而高量有机肥区M_(2)NPK处理则呈现先降低后增加的趋势。有机无机肥配施39年增加了0—20 cm土层全氮及微生物量氮含量,且高于20—40 cm土层。M_(1)NPK和M_(2)NPK处理0—20 cm土层全氮含量较NPK处理分别增加了13.9%和5.5%,微生物量氮含量分别增加了32.6%和92.1%。【结论】长期不同施肥影响作物产量、氮素吸收与土壤氮素分布。在东北棕壤地区玉米-玉米-大豆轮作体系中,玉米季氮磷钾化肥配施低量有机肥(13.5 t·hm^(-2)),大豆季仅施用氮磷钾化肥改变土壤氮素分布与累积,进而影响大豆地上部氮素吸收,可增加大豆产量,提高产量的稳定性与可持续性。长期配施低量有机肥大豆收获期土壤全氮及微生物量氮含量增加,增加了土壤供氮量;同时深层土壤矿质氮累积降低,减少了氮素淋溶风险,有利于大豆的可持续绿色生产,是该轮作体系较为合理的施肥方式。

长期秸秆配施化肥下土壤团聚体碳氮分布、微生物量与小麦产量的协同效应

【目的】研究秸秆配施化肥对暗棕壤团聚体组成、团聚体碳氮含量、土壤微生物量特征及小麦产量的影响,揭示长期秸秆配施化肥下土壤肥力和生产力的协同提升机制。【方法】依托长期定位40年施肥试验,选取4个处理:单施化肥(NP)、秸秆配施化肥(S+NP)、秸秆配施1/2化肥(S+1/2NP)、秸秆配施1/4化肥(S+1/4NP),其中秸秆为麦秸隔年还田,用量为3000 kg·hm^(-2),氮磷化肥用量为150 kg N·hm^(-2)、150 kg P2O5·hm^(-2)。采集0—20 cm土层土样,利用湿筛法得到不同粒级的水稳性团聚体,测定团聚体中有机碳(SOC)、氮含量及土壤微生物量碳(SMBC)、微生物量氮(SMBN)含量。【结果】(1)长期秸秆配施化肥显著降低土壤容重并提高了团聚体稳定性,和NP相比,S+NP处理土壤容重降低4.7%,>2 mm团聚体含量、平均重量直径(MWD)和几何重量直径(GWD)分别提升254.4%、76.5%和91.3%。(2)S+NP、S+1/2NP处理>2 mm团聚体百分含量、MWD和GWD显著高于S+1/4NP,分别增加了49.1%—52.4%,19.43%—22.4%和24.2%—33.3%。(3)S+NP、S+1/2NP、S+1/4NP和NP相比增加了>2 mm和>0.25 mm团聚体对土壤有机碳、全氮贡献率,并显著提高全土SOC、SMBC和SMBN含量;其中,SOC含量在S+NP中最高,比S+1/2NP、S+1/4NP高6.3%和12.6%。(4)产量表现为S+NP>NP>S+1/2NP>S+1/4NP处理,S+NP比减施化肥处理提高小麦产量28.6%—47.5%。(5)土壤团聚体稳定性、SOC含量及小麦产量之间有较好的相关性,>2 mm和>0.25 mm团聚体含量、MWD和GWD分别与全土SOC含量及小麦产量呈显著或极显著正相关。【结论】暗棕壤地区在长期秸秆还田条件下,配施化肥量150 kg N·hm^(-2)、150 kg P2O5·hm^(-2)时能提高土壤团聚体稳定性、有机碳含量、微生物生物量和小麦产量,最大化实现土壤结构改良、肥力提升和作物增产的协同效应。

不同钝化剂对黄棕壤旱地严格管控类土壤镉的钝化效果

【目的】研究施用不同钝化剂对黄棕壤旱地严格管控类土Cd的钝化效果,为以土壤类型划分的Cd污染土壤钝化修复提供理论参考。【方法】采用室内培养试验法,以贵州典型Cd超标黄棕壤为研究对象,将牛粪(NF)、玉米生物炭(SWT)、石灰(SH)、磷灰石(LHS)、膨润土(PRT)、方解石(FJS)、海泡石(HPS)、巨大芽孢杆菌(JDYB)和胶质芽孢杆菌(JZYB)作为钝化剂,通过室内培养70 d后,分析其土壤理化性质(pH、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾)、Cd全量和有效态Cd含量的变化特征。【结果】(1)施用不同钝化剂均提高土壤pH 0.03~0.88,其中SH处理的土壤pH增幅最大,达14.94%。除SH、PRT、FJS和HPS会降低土壤有机质含量外,其他钝化剂均能有效增加土壤有机质含量,其中NF增加土壤有机质含量的幅度最大(31%)。相对其他钝化剂,NF对土壤速效养分(碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾)含量增加效果最好,分别增幅25.16%、31.89%和65.11%。(2)施用FJS会提高土壤Cd含量,而其他钝化剂均能降低土壤Cd含量0.1~0.26 mg·kg^(-1),其中LHS和HPS对土壤Cd含量的降低效果最好。(3)与对照相比,SH降低土壤有效态Cd含量的幅度最大(30.56%),而不同钝化剂对土壤Cd的钝化效果分别表现为SH(36%)> LHS(35%)> SWT(28%)> NF(26%)> FJS(23%)> PRT(22%)> JDYB(20%)> HPS(18%)> JZYB(14%)。【结论】NF对黄棕壤中的养分指标提升效果最好,而SH对黄棕壤Cd的钝化效果最为理想。

侵蚀性雨型分类及不同植被类型对棕壤坡面土壤侵蚀的影响

为探讨不同雨型下的植物措施对棕壤坡面土壤侵蚀特征的影响,利用k-均值聚类方法将2018—2019年山东省泰安市下港坡面径流场16次侵蚀性降雨进行分类,结合径流场产流、产沙等监测数据,分析了不同雨型对4种植被措施下坡面土壤侵蚀的影响。结果表明:(1)以降雨历时、降雨量和平均雨强为特征指标,侵蚀性降雨可分为A类(长历时、大雨量、大雨强)、B类(中历时、中雨量、中雨强)和C类(短历时、小雨量、小雨强)3种雨型。(2)与种植玉米相比,A、B雨型下,减流量均呈现板栗花生间作>苹果树>李子树的趋势。在土壤流失量方面:A雨型下,与李子树相比,减沙量呈现板栗花生间作>苹果树>玉米的趋势;B雨型下,与玉米相比,板栗花生间作的减沙率为84.2%,李子树的减沙率为31.2%,苹果树的减沙率为85.1%;C雨型下,减沙量呈现苹果树>李子树>板栗花生间作的趋势。(3)种植玉米的坡耕地土壤侵蚀情况最为严重,平均每年的土壤流失量为18.04 t/hm2;与之相比,板栗花生间作可降低79.57%的土壤侵蚀率,苹果树和李子树可分别降低73.36%,18.55%的土壤侵蚀率。综上,板栗花生间作与其他植物措施相比具有一定优势,尤其适合应对长历时、大雨量、大雨强的A类侵蚀性降雨,减流、减沙效果明显。