Enhanced Constructability Using 4D Plus Modelling in Brownfield Sites

In the oil and gas industry, operations in greenfield sites are straightforward. However, there are increased risks, such as damage to existing facilities, unknown site conditions, and other complexities in brownfield sites. In addition to these physical risks, task scheduling is also complex, as vessels need to be replaced during a turnaround. To mitigate the risks of site conditions and realize a truncated schedule for Saudi Aramco’s operations, 3D laser scanning was combined with 3D modeling, clash detection, and time. This integrated approach minimized the shutdown period, which resulted in cost savings, heightened safety, and enhanced stakeholder communications.

Investigation of soil and groundwater environment in urban area during post-industrial era: A case study of brownfield in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China

With the adjustment of industrial structure,many high pollution enterprises will gradually shut down.This process will produce a large number of high-risk pollution plots and cause a series of environmental problems.In this study,geophysical detection and direct push technology were applied to investigate soil and groundwater pollution in a typical brownfield in Zhenjiang,Jiangsu province,China.The results showed that Chlorotoluene and its ramification were the main pollutants for the brownfield.Pollution decreased with depth and was quite uneven in the brownfield.Production and wastewater treatment areas were heavily polluted,where volatile organic compounds contaminated and semi-volatile organic compounds were found 12 m and 15 m below the land surface,respectively.About 18880 m3 groundwater was contaminated.This study is significant to develop a geological survey work mode for the postindustrial era.

Development and actualization of brownfields database with the use of unmanned aerial vehicles-the case of Upper Silesia,Poland

This paper presents the assumptions and the preliminary results of the project entitled"Extension of the system for man-agement of post-mining areas in the Silesian province-OPI TPP 2.0".The overall objective of the project is to develop and implement a new e-service in the form of an open-access information system on post-mining areas in the Silesia Voivodeship.The range of information and tools planned to be made available is dedicated to assessing the possibilities and potential for economic and social reuse of these areas.The basic and extremely important stage of the project was to identify and collect data on post-industrial sites located in the Silesia Province.The information contained in this article illustrates the activities that were carried out in the initial phase of the project in which unmanned aerial vehicles(UAV)were used to identify and acquire information on brownfields(including post-mining sites)entered into the developed common database.The article assesses the possibility of using drones in an enterprise of such a large scale and also points out the advantages of using this method.The article describes the methodology and scope of work related to the acquisition of data that can be collected using unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)covering surface infrastructure and land use of brownfields,allowing for the identification of negative phenomena on their site as well as monitoring of naturally occurring processes.Based on fieldworks experience and the results of numerous analyses carried out for different types of brownfields(e.g.post-mining areas,former transport bases,settling ponds,etc.),paper presents the advantages and benefits of drones(UAN)over other data sources used to monitor changes in an area.The article is based on the results of an inventory of over 600 brownfields located in Upper Silesia region(Silesia Voivodeship,Poland).

Enlightenment of Brownfield Development Practices in China and Abroad on Urban Development of China

This study proposed obstacles in the brownfield development and analyzed 3 classical cases of brownfield development:German Ruhr Industrial Area,the American Automobile City and 798 Art Zone in China.Based on the comprehensive elaboration and evaluation of the driving factors,patterns,rehabilitation benefits,costs and prospects of brownfield development,its enlightenment on urban development of China was summarized from 4 perspectives:inhibiting urban sprawl,improving environmental quality of brownfield,promoting urban renewal and reserving cultural heritage.

Renovation of Flexible Landscapes in Urban Brownfield Sites

This paper introduced concept and modern thought of urban brownfield site and flexible landscape design, analyzed factors influencing the modernity, and pointed out significance and necessity of flexible landscape design. By analyzing realistic problems of urban brownfield site, this paper combined flexible design and renovation of brownfield landscape renovation, and proposed suggestions for the flexible landscape renovation of urban brownfield sites, so that renovation of urban brownfield landscape is not confined in renovation, but is more flexible and adaptive, and flexible design is positive for the renovation of urban brownfield landscapes.

Brownfields and Children under 18 in Detroit

Children in Detroit are disproportionately exposed to toxins and pollutants when compared to children who reside in the suburbs,subjecting Detroit children to many health conditions such as asthma and lead poisoning.This disturbing knowledge was the impetus to focus on looking at GIS datasets that might help start to address the following question:To what extent is the health of Detroit’s children threatened by brownfields in the neighborhoods in which they live and go to school?Three datasets were used to investigate the relationship between under 18 populations and brownfield presence in Detroit.This study was able to identify the potential areas of concern.This study recommends to discern how brownfield may be affecting residents,in particular those residents under the age of 18,by examining smaller areas at a larger scale to get a true picture of the brownfield landscape in Detroit.

Brownfield Redevelopment Toward Sustainable Urban Land Use in China

Brownfield redevelopment is a new urban land use strategy to pursue the ideal of sustainable development. It relieves environmental pressure and resolves the glaring contradiction between urban land idleness and urban sprawl. It addresses issues of urban land use and farmland protection in China. This paper compares brownfield with greenfield, and defines brownfield and its redevelopment. It elaborates general and special government policies for this sustainable land use strategy in the context of China. General policies contain two aspects: clarifying brownfield redevelopment's priority in Chinese urban planning and land use and setting a general quantitative redevelopment target. The extent of the government's special policies, which aim at coordinating three factors in the redevelopment process, namely govern- ments, developers and users, are divided into five areas: statistics and categorization, assessment and remediation, fi- nancial supports and tax incentives, environmental and legal liability, and publicity and guidance. The paper concludes the major functions of different levels of Chinese government in the redevelopment process, i.e. making general strategy, formulating legislation, spectifying regulations and technical standards, estimating and categorizing brownfield sites, drawing up brownfield planning, providing information and financial support, guiding developers, publicizing the strategy to the public, and checking reuse results.

Development of a brownfield inventory for prioritizing funding outreach in Tucson,Arizona

Fear of liability from the 1980 Comprehensive Environmental Response,Compensation,and Liability Act(CERCLA or Superfund)has prompted developers to build preferentially upon undeveloped green space rather than potentially contaminated former industrial sites,leading to urban sprawl in the suburban areas while blighted properties in the urban core remain vacant.A brownfield is defined as a property in which the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance or contaminant poses a barrier to development.Agencies often create brownfield inventories by performing a site suitability analysis,using distinguishing features such as ecolo-gically and culturally significant areas or neighborhoods that need revitalizing.Pima County,Arizona and the Sonora Environmental Research Institute,Inc.(SERI)developed a brownfield inventory of the large,industrial area directly to the west of Davis-Monthan Air Force Base.Because the brownfield target area has few residential neighborhoods and lacks the distinguish-ing features usually used in a brownfield site suitability analysis,the county and SERI used the official tax assessor database and 11 federal,state and county environmental databases to develop a brownfield inventory.The goal of the project was to prioritize properties that stood to benefit from the grant funding.The final brownfield inventory contained 531 parcels.

Exploration of the PIPP Financing Model in Brownfield Remediation

Lack of adequate and affordable financing is the most significant obstacle to brownfield remediation.This paper identifies the financing barriers of PPP(Public-Private Partnership)model to brownfi eld reuse,develops a PIPP(Public Intermediary Private Partnerships)fi nancing model,and discusses its operating mechanism and component elements from the aspects of its driving force,participation forms,and profi tability.Accordingly,it puts forward the specifi c operating plan and safeguard measures of the PIPP fi nancing model in brownfi eld remediation in China.

从顶层设计到实践路径——英美污染场地风险管理与再利用体系研究与启示

从基本理念、法规政策、部门协同等方面出发,总结以英国、美国为代表的污染场地风险管理与再利用顶层设计特征,并提炼不同顶层设计下形成的实践路径。充分借鉴国际经验,依托中国国情与现有工作基础,提出“以终为始”的顶层设计优化、“分流而治”的污染场地分级分类系统建设以及“双线并行”的风险管理与再利用规划实践路径的构建策略,具体包括完善污染场地再利用规划类法规政策、打通土地利用与土壤污染数据壁垒、构建分级分类管理系统、制定污染场地风险管控与再利用实践指南、构建全过程多环节协同决策机制等措施,以期为中国污染场地风险管理与再利用等相关政策的制定提供参考借鉴。

煤制气遗留场地修复后再开发安全利用评估

随着社会经济发展和城镇建设加快,原有土地使用性质发生改变,其中工业遗留场地的污染物可能对土壤和地下水造成污染。但由于修复技术的局限性以及水文地质的复杂性,修复后场地仍然可能存在不利于安全利用的物质残留或异味等风险隐患。为了进一步完善污染地块修复后再利用评价方法,对可能存在的污染风险进行识别,现选取了一块经原位化学氧化和原位热脱附修复后的煤制气遗留场地,从感官可接受度、工程安全性和环境质量3个方面系统全面地评估场地修复后再开发安全利用的适宜性。评估结果表明,在感官可接受度方面,硫化氢的质量浓度是其嗅阈值的1.6~4.8倍,氨、甲苯和三氯甲烷质量浓度均低于其嗅阈值,臭气浓度低于检出限,感官可接受程度高;在工程安全性方面,地块经原位热脱附和原位化学氧化修复后,基本土性参数、压缩系数和渗透系数未发生明显改变,但是原位化学氧化区MH2点位浅层土壤硫酸盐残留浓度达到中腐蚀等级;在环境质量方面,修复后场地土壤中和地下水中污染物的质量浓度均低于相应评价标准限值。在场地后期开发建设中,应进一步对土壤中硫化氢气体和土壤硫酸盐腐蚀性进行监测,确保地块安全开发利用。研究结果可为其他污染地块修复后的再利用提供有效、科学的指导。

A conceptual framework for ex ante valuation of ecosystem services of brownfield greening from a systematic perspective

Introduction:Although Brownfield greening(BG)can be a crucial solution to green space deficiency in dense urban areas,the potential benefits of different BG initiatives have rarely been quantitatively pre-evaluated.Here,the concept and main features of BG and its costs and benefits are firstly depicted.Next,a conceptual framework is presented which combines ecosystem service(ESS)valuation,economic cost-benefit analysis,and spatial pattern analysis.The framework is used to perform ex ante valuation of the ESS value of BG in Xuhui District,Shanghai.Outcomes:The scenario comparison results show that it can spatially reflect a closer-to-reality value of ESS at the urban scale instead of a theoretical value at the site scale.The ultimate values of ESS(After economic and landscape adjustments)in the composite scenario is more than 21%higher than those in the full-eco scenario,whereas the initial values of ESS(before the adjustments)in the former was 14%lower than those in the latter.These results suggest that a considerable part of brownfield greening projects need to be implemented in the more populated and economically vibrant areas instead of solely in the ecological construction zone,thereby correspondingly providing more cultural and regulation services and forming a better urban green space network.Conclusion:The framework provides a simple,science-based,and feasible tool for making BG decisions from a systematic perspective in dense urban areas.It can help meet the need for applying ESS knowledge to BG-based green space planning and policy making in the context of urban sustainable development.

Synchrotron micro-scale measurement of metal distributions in Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia root tissue from an urban brownfield site

Liberty State Park in New Jersey,USA,is a ＂brownfield＂ site containing various levels of contaminants.To investigate metal uptake and distributions in plants on the brownfield site,Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia were collected in Liberty State Park during the growing season（May–September）in 2011 at two sites with the high and low metal loads,respectively.The objective of this study was to understand the metal（Fe,Mn,Cu,Pb and Zn）concentration and spatial distributions in P.australis and T.latifolia root systems with micro-meter scale resolution using synchrotron X-ray microfluorescence（μXRF）and synchrotron X-ray computed microtomography（μCMT）techniques.The root structure measurement by synchrotron μCMT showed that high X-ray attenuation substance appeared in the epidermis.Synchrotron μXRF measurement showed that metal concentrations and distributions in the root cross-section between epidermis and vascular tissue were statistically different.Significant correlations were found between metals（Cu,Mn,Pb and Zn）and Fe in the epidermis,implying that metals were scavenged by Fe oxides.The results from this study suggest that the expression of metal transport and accumulation within the root systems may be element specific.The information derived from this study can improve our current knowledge of the wetland plant ecological function in brownfield remediation.

Revitalization of Urban Brownfield:Case Study on the Planning of the Central Park of Nanhu Eco-City in Tangshan

The redevelopment and regeneration of coal mining subsidence area has always been a hot topic in the?eld of social and scienti?c research.Relying on remote sensing and the geographic information system(GIS)platform and considering the opinions of experts from various disciplines,this paper intends to take the landscape planning and design of the coal mining subsidence area in Nanhu of Tangshan as an example to discuss the planning design strategies and substantial implementing approaches to transform abandoned urban land into a national urban wetland park,which specifically includes:①anticipation of geological subsidence disaster and construction of ecological security pattern;②coal ash management;③garbage mountain transformation;④application of eco-technologies for solving ground subsidence,etc.,so as to provide technical methods and research ideas for the utilization directions,ecological protection,and construction of urban brown?eld in similar areas all over the world.

Brief Analysis on the Characteristics and Regeneration Methods of Brownfields in Binhai New Area

Under the new normal, urban construction in China is gradually transforming from an era of expansion planning to stock-based planning. The reuse of once-used, abandoned, or contaminated land in urban areas has become the focus for digging the potential of urban land resources and values. Binhai New Area, as the forefront of economic growth in China's development zones, has experienced rapid development in the past 30 years, where the brownfield regeneration issue is becoming increasingly prominent in the rapid process of urban industrial development and new town construction. In consideration of the large size of each single brownfield patch and serious petrochemical contamination, it is essential and valuable to carry out a research on the present status, problems, and regeneration strategies of brownfield in Binhai New Area.

Redevelopment of urban brownfield sites in China:Motivation,history,policies and improved management

Rapid urbanisation in China has resulted in an increased demand for land in towns and cities.To upgrade and modernise,China has also moved many major industries from urban centres to less populated areas.With the high economic value of urban land,the transformation and utilisation of brownfield areas have become important economically and socially.The Chinese government has recognised the need for strong frameworks to safeguard soil and groundwater quality,with brownfield sites a key category for management.Strong scientific,regulatory and decision-making frameworks are needed and being adopted to ensure practical,careful and wise use of central and localised government resources,to manage the reuse and regeneration of these brownfield sites.This paper reviews the context,policies and management procedures of developing brownfield sites in countries with a history of brownfield management and discusses China’s current situation and priorities for brownfield governance and redevelopment.These include(1)clarification of brownfield site soil contamination risk control standards and risk assessment procedures,(2)the responsibilities of different national and local agencies,(3)the establishment of a national expert committee to advise on best practices,policy and process,(4)the use of registered brownfield databases at national,provincial,municipal and county levels,and(5)the set up of soil pollution prevention fund at the provincial level.

我国工业棕地再开发影响因素研究

随着我国城市建设由增量开发进入城市更新时代,工业棕地的再开发也将成为未来城市更新的重要内容,而现有研究往往更重视工业用地再开发的经济收益而对其环境影响关注不足。本文在总结国内外棕地再开发可能性影响因素研究的基础上,分析我国工业棕地再开发的模式特征,运用2019—2022各省市自治区定期公布的建设用地土壤污染风险管控和修复名录,聚类分析我国各地级市工业棕地再开发的特点,并运用多元线性回归的方法实证研究我国各地区工业棕地再开发可能性的影响因素。研究发现:(1)我国工业棕地再开发形成了明显的地方政府积极主导的特点;(2)我国各地区工业棕地再开发的情况可分为四类,分别为高修复发达城市、中等修复较发达城市、低修复较不发达城市以及高修复较不发达城市;(3)地方政府财力、城市产业结构调整以及房地产开发投资水平等因素影响我国不同地区的工业棕地再开发可能性。基于以上研究发现,本文提出完善土壤污染防治基金的建立和使用,建立多层级的基金并向财政收入水平较低的地区倾斜以及鼓励多元主体参与工业棕地再开发等政策建议。

“Brown Earth-Work”:A New Landscape Paradigm and Research Approach for Brownfields Regeneration

Landscape architecture is one of the leading disciplines in tackling the challenges of brownfi elds regeneration,as open spaces are favored by regeneration projects as the end use.Among the many disciplines involved in brownfields regeneration efforts,the two key disciplines that have impacts on the physical and spatial quality of brownfi eld sites are landscape architecture and environmental engineering.However,in current brownfi elds regeneration practice in China,there is a lack of collaboration between the two disciplines and it is urgent to elaborate the coupling mechanism between environmental remediation and landscape design.In response,the concept of"Brown Earth-Work"is proposed,which emphasizes the physical and spatial dimensions of"contamination"in brownfi eld sites.By identifying the key spatial and environmental elements in brownfi elds regeneration,Brown Earth-Work can serve as a common basis for closer dialogues and collaborations between the disciplines of landscape architecture and environmental engineering during the process.

Brownfield Redevelopment Based on Theories of Urban Regeneration and Landscape Urbanism:A Case Study on Changchun Tractor Factory

Urban development and construction has led to a series of problems,such as the deficiency of land resources,difficulty in old city renovation,and backward landscape construction,etc.Brownfield refers to the abandoned and polluted lands of industrial,commercial,or other uses,whose redevelopment can not only effectively stimulate the intensive utilization of urban lands and the growth of urban economy,but also improve the quality of the urban ecological environment.Considering that the research on brownfield redevelopment methodologies in China is still at its initial stage,the application of the theories of urban regeneration and landscape urbanism in brownfield redevelopment will be conducive to solving various urban problems and promoting brownfield land use values.This paper,based on an analysis on the theoretical connotations of urban regeneration and landscape urbanism and their infl uences on brownfi eld redevelopment,argues that the urban regeneration theory can serve as the"framework"while the landscape urbanism theory as"skeleton"of brownfi eld development,both of which can integrally form the"organic body of brownfi eld redevelopment."It further puts forward fi ve primary principles for brownfi eld redevelopment which are elaborated through a case study on Changchun Tractor Factory.

棕地的历时性设计的机遇与挑战——以当斯维尔公园“树城”方案为例

文章通过对历时性这一在自然、社会、经济各领域都具有重要意义的维度进行思考,探讨了其可以为棕地的改造与更新带来更好地融入城市、改变人们的固有印象,以及缓解经济压力等诸多机遇,同时也伴随着对于设计者能力的更高要求的挑战。结合当斯维尔公园的“树城”案例,对历时性进行了实践层面的解读,以期能够唤起人们对于棕地景观设计中过程导向、时间维度及自然的自发展等方面的重视。