Current Methods of Human and Animal Brucellosis Diagnostics

Brucellosis is an urgent infectious disease of livestock and wild animals and the commonest human zoonosis. Diagnosis of brucellosis is rather complicated and it has to be obligatorily confirmed by laboratory testing. Direct bacteriological and molecular methods and indirect serological tests are used for brucellosis diagnostics. The choice of the diagnostic tools depends on the overall epidemiological situation in the region and the objectives of the study: validation of the diagnosis, screening (monitoring), cross-sectional studies or confirmation of brucellosis-free status of the region. The review describes current bacteriological, serological and molecular methods, routinely used for the diagnosis of brucellosis in humans and animals. The perspectives of brucellosis diagnostics are also discussed.

Rapid diagnostic method for transplutonium isotope production in high flux reactors

Transplutonium isotopes are scarce and need to be produced by irradiation in high flux reactors.However,their production is inefficient,and optimization studies are necessary.This study analyzes the physical nature of transplutonium isotope produc-tion using ^(252)Cf,^(244)Cm,^(242)Cm,and ^(238)Pu as examples.Traditional methods based on the Monte Carlo burnup calculation have the limitations of many calculations and cannot analyze the individual energy intervals in detail;thus,they cannot sup-port the refined evaluation,screening,and optimization of the irradiation schemes.After understanding the physical nature and simplifying the complexity of the production process,we propose a rapid diagnostic method for evaluating radiation schemes based on the concepts“single energy interval value(SEIV)”and“energy spectrum total value(ESTV)”.The rapid diagnostic method not only avoids tedious burnup calculations,but also provides a direction for optimization.The optimal irradiation schemes for producing ^(252)Cf,^(244)Cm,^(242)Cm,and ^(238)Pu are determined based on a rapid diagnostic method.Optimal irradiation schemes can significantly improve production efficiency.Compared with the initial scheme,the optimal scheme improved the production efficiency of ^(238)Pu by 7.41 times;^(242)Cm,11.98 times;^(244)Cm,65.20 times;and ^(252)Cf,15.08 times.Thus,a refined analysis of transplutonium isotope production is conducted and provides a theoretical basis for improving production efficiency.

Research Progress of Noninvasive Diagnostic Methods for Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis

Distinguishing between nonalcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH) and advanced liver fibrosis is the key for clinical diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD). Liver biopsy, which is widely used for diagnosis of liver diseases at present, has many drawbacks, such as being invasive, expensive and unstable. This article compares and summarizes the commonly used non-invasive diagnostic methods, including their diagnostic parameters, advantages and disadvantages, in order to provide a useful reference for the diagnosis of NASH.

Risk Assessment of Diary Cattle Brucellosis Based on Systematic Multilevel Grey Relation Entropy Method

[Objective] The study was to explore the major factors affecting diary cattle brucellosis risk assessment,as well as their strong-to-weak sequence,so as to provide theoretical basis for assessing diary cattle brucellosis risk level in different regions.[Method] From 4 dimensions of feeding and importing,breeding,housing and polyculture situation,an evaluation index system was set up,and diary cattle brucellosis risk survey was conducted in 3 typical regions.Finally,systematic multilevel grey relation entropy method was applied to perform data analysis.[Result] The strong-to-weak sequence of Level 1 impact factor of diary cattle brucellosis was as follows：feeding and importinghousingpolyculture situationbreeding;the sequence of Level 2 impact factor was U32〉U12〉U11〉U31〉U21〉U42〉U43〉U23〉U22〉U41;the risk level sequence of 3 typical regions was Province A（County A1,A2,A3）Province B（County B1,B2,B3）Province C（County C1,C2,C3）.[Conclusion] According to the weight of Level 1 index strata,administrative departments at all levels and dairy cattle farmers should lay emphasis on the aspects of feeding,importing and housing;viewed from the perspective of Level 2 index strata,dairy cattle farmers should value the siting of cattle field,the brucellosis surveillance before importing and milking modes most.According to the diary cattle brucellosis risk level of 3 typical regions,if administrative departments at all levels strengthen peoples＇ awareness of their personal health and increase investment in this area,with new healthy cultured atmosphere built,the risk level of diary cattle brucellosis will surly decline.

Development and refinement of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for managing patients with cardiogenic stroke:An arduous journey

Cardioembolic stroke,referred to as cardiogenic stroke,is a clinical syndrome in which emboli from the heart pass through the circulatory system and cause cerebral artery embolism and corresponding brain dysfunction.Compared to other subtypes of ischemic stroke,cardiogenic stroke presents with more etiologies,greater severity,worse prognosis,and a higher recurrence rate.In this minireview,we provide new insights into the etiological classification,diagnostic methods,and interventions of cardiogenic stroke.

Current Problems of the Diagnostics and Treatment of Sepsis and Burn Injuries: The Modified Pathogenetic Concept

Background: The deep understanding of pathogenesis is a key moment in the formation of the modern strategy of modern medicine. We conducted the thorough analysis of the microscopic processes occurring in the bodies of patients with purulent-septic complications. The modified pathogenetic concept of the diagnostic and treatment model of diseases with septic complications is presented. The obtained information about the mechanisms of origin and development of these diseases is fundamentally important for finding the modern effective methods of treating patients. The aim of the research is to modify treatment tactics for patients with sepsis and burn injuries based on the modified pathogenetic concept using modern diagnostics, i.e. the method of fluorescence spectroscopy (MFS) and biomarkers. Materials and Methods: The proposed modified pathogenetic concept of the diagnostic and treatment model of diseases with purulent-septic complications along with standard methods was used successfully for effective treatment of 15 patients with sepsis and 25 with burn injuries. Results: 3 main scenarios of behaviour of spectral-fluorescence characteristics of patients with sepsis are illustrated. Spectral-fluorescence markers of sepsis were studied, which are informative 24 to 48 hours before the appearance of obvious clinical and laboratory signs of significant changes in the general somatic status of patients. Conclusions: The proposed diagnostic and therapeutic approach is new and fundamentally important for diagnostics and monitoring of the process of treatment of patients with purulent-septic diseases and burn injuries. An in-depth understanding of the dynamics of septic complications and the corresponding changes of the main markers of these diseases during treatment is especially relevant. The use of infusion therapy with solutions of donor albumin as an effective pathogenetic treatment is scientifically justified.

Study of Failure Diagnostic Methods and Intelligent Diagnostic System for Reciprocating Compressors

Three categories of failure diagnostic methods for reciprocating compressors are classified according to the signals adopted by the diagnosis. They are parameter method, vibration method, and oil analysis method. In this paper, the applicable range and operational difficulties of these methods are discussed on the basis of analysis and induction upon normal failure. It is proposed that a compressor's normal failure can be divided into thermodynamical property failure and mechanical function failure. As to the former, the parameter method that takes a cylinder pressure signal as the main diagnostic signal may be applied; and as to the latter, the vibration signal frequency spectrum can be used to diagnose. At the same time, the structure of an intelligent diagnostic system based on neural networks is introduced, and its schematic is given.

Advances in Laboratory Diagnostic Methods for Duck Circovirus Infection

Duck circovirus infection is an immunosuppressive disease that is characterized by growth retardant and odd deaths. Its infection is usually combined with other pathogens, making the clinical diagnosis more difficult. With the rapid development of molecular biological and immunological technologies, the laboratory diagnostic methods for duck circovirus infection also advance greatly. The paper summarizes the research advances in various laboratory detection methods for duck cireovirus infection including PCR, nested PCR, multiple PCR, fluorescence quantitative PCR, LAMP, nucleic acid probe and ELISA, as well as their ad- vantages and shortages, aiming at providing reference for finding novel detection methods and for the diagnosis and comprehensive prevention and control.

Reliable Method for Steady-State Concentrations and Current over the Diagnostic Biosensor Transducers

A mathematical modelling of diagnostic biosensors system at three basic types of enzyme kinetics is discussed in the presence of diffusion. Enzyme kinetics is adopted to be first order, Michaelis-Menten and ping-pong mechanism. In this paper, approximate analytical solutions are obtained for the non-linear equations under steady-state conditions by using the new Homotopy perturbation method. Simple and closed forms of analytical expressions for concentrations of substrate, product and co-substrate and corresponding current response have been derived for all possible values of parameters. Furthermore, the numerical simulation of the problem is also reported here by using Matlab program. Good agreement between analytical and numerical results is noted.

Diagnostic Validity of Cica Beta Test 1 for the Detection of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Gram Negative Bacteria by Comparing with Phenotypic Method

Background: Detection of extended spectrum beta lactamase producing bacteria is an important issue in the clinical settings. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to validate the Cica Beta Test 1 for detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria. Method: This analytical type of cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka from January 2006 to December 2006 for a period of one (01) year. All the patients presented with the clinical features of urinary tract infection and surgical as well as burn wound infection at any age with both sexes were selected as study population. All bacteria were isolated and identified by their colony morphology, staining characters, pigment production, motility and other relevant biochemical tests. Phenotypic confirmation of ESBLs producing isolates were done by inhibitor potentiated disc diffusion test according to CLSI recommendation. The Cica Beta Test 1 was performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Result: A total number of 288 Gram negative bacteria were isolated. Among these isolates Cica Beta test 1 was positive in 97 strains and phenotypic confirmatory test was positive in 89 strains. The test sensitivity of Cica Beta Test 1 was 100% (95% CI 95.9% to 100.0%). Specificity of the test was 96.0% (95% CI 92.2% to 98.2%). The positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were 92.7% (95% CI 84.5% to 95.7%) and 100.0% (95% CI 98.0% to 100.0%) respectively. The accuracy of the test was 97.2% (95% CI 95.1% to 99.1%). Area under ROC curve = 0.980 (95% CI 0.964 to 0.996);p value 0.0001. Conclusion: In conclusion, Cica Beta Test 1 is very high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of ESBL from Gram negative bacteria.

A Diagnostic Method for Fog Forecasting Using Numerical Weather Prediction(NWP)Model Outputs

An attempt has been made in the present study to forecast fog with a diagnostic method using the outputs of global NWP model.The diagnostic method is based on the combination of thresholds of meteorological variables involved in fog formation.The thresholds are computed using the observations during fog.These thresholds are applied to the output of a global NWP model for forecasting fog.The occurrence of fog is a common phenomenon during winter season over the northern plains of India.The diagnostic method is used to predict fog occurrences over three stations in north India.The proposed method is able to predict both occurrences and non-occurrences of fog at all the three stations.It is found that 94%of the fog events forecasted by the model using the diagnostic method have been actually observed at the selected stations.The performance of method in predicting fog is found best over Delhi with the highest accuracy(0.61)and probability of detection(0.60).The study signifies that diagnostic approach based on the output of a global model is a useful tool for predicting fog over a single location.

牛羊布鲁菌病(brucellosis)的诊断方法

布鲁菌病是一类由各型布鲁菌感染而引起的重要的人畜共患病之一。被感染的动物最常见的临床表现为流产、胎盘炎、附睾炎、睾丸炎等。人感染布鲁菌病后,多呈慢性经过,可损害人体多种器官。虽然病原学鉴定是一种常规有效的诊断布鲁菌病的方法之一,但由于其对操作人员安全以及实验室级别的要求非常严格,加之从患病动物体内分离病原体的过程既耗时又具有危险性,在布鲁菌病临床诊断实践中推广应用困难。布鲁菌病血清学诊断方法显示出较高的特异性和敏感性,但难以鉴别布鲁菌各型野毒株以及疫苗株感染。鉴于上述问题,深入开发和研制更高特异性、敏感性和稳定性的新型布鲁菌病诊断方法在兽医临床实践中势在必行。主要从细菌学、血清学和分子生物学等方面对布鲁菌病诊断方法研究情况进行了综述,以期为相关研究提供参考。

The Pathogenetic Concept of the Diagnostic-Treatment Approach for Patients with Purulent-Septic Complications

Background: The significant improvement of immediate and long-term functional results of treating patients is the fundamental problem of modern medical science. A deep understanding of the pathogenesis is the key point in creating the management strategy for patients with various diseases. Information about the mechanisms of origin and development of purulent-inflammatory diseases and sepsis is essential for finding effective ways to prevent and treat them. The aim of the research is to use the method of fluorescence spectroscopy in creating the pathogenetic diagnostic and treatment model for the prevention and treatment of purulent-inflammatory diseases and sepsis, modification of treatment tactics, search for new markers of purulent-septic diseases, as well as monitoring of patients during the treatment. Materials and methods: The proposed approach, along with standard diagnostic methods, was used to organize the treatment process of 100 patients with purulent-inflammatory diseases, including 15 patients with sepsis, 35 with acute inflammatory abdominal pathology, 20 patients with burn injury (main group) and 35 patients with burn injury (comparison group). Results: The behavior of spectral-fluorescent characteristics in their dynamics has been studied, and the new markers for assessing patients’ conditions have been proposed. Their effectiveness for the diagnosis of purulent-septic diseases has been proved, which advances the results of standard research methods by 24 - 48 hours. Conclusions: The proposed diagnostic and treatment approach is fundamentally important for diagnosis and monitoring during the treatment of patients with purulent-septic diseases. Particularly relevant is the proposal to modify the treatment process for these patients, associated with the use of infusion of donor albumin solutions.

An Assessment of Awareness of Specialists in Adequate Diagnostics of Chronic Pancreatitis in Kazakhstan

Our national center of gastroenterology provides highly specialized care, including chronic pancreatitis. Another area of our activities is educational programs, including postgraduate and fellows’ courses. Thereby, we have noted significant gaps in the knowledge of the specialists that involved in the chronic pancreatitis management. The most critical downsides are related to insufficient attention to etiology and risk factors, using outdated classifications, the lack of knowledge in arsenal of diagnostic techniques, polypharmacy or application of low level of evidence treatment methods. Finally, we have made amendments in the National Clinical Protocol in Chronic Pancreatitis [1], updated the State Educational Standard for residents of the gastroenterological profile [2]. The aim of the study was the analysis of the basic knowledge among different specialists in the management of chronic pancreatitis (CP) around the country. This qualitative study consists of two parts, including focus group interviews followed by interviews with the specialists across the country, which was conducted during the period 2015-2018. In this paper, we present results of diagnostic approaches at the different levels of medical care. The general practitioners have noted the absence of modern methods of laboratory and visual diagnostics in their routine practice, therefore explaining the plenty of the complicated forms. Another issue is the low specialist’s adherence to clinical guidelines, poor knowledge of the risk factors and overestimation of the clinical presentation value except malnutrition symptoms. On the other hand, surgeons and other specialists are not ready to implement modern diagnostic tools and methods in their practice. Obviously, in accordance with the results of our study, our educational center should conduct a number of training activities, as well as develop new algorithms for medical care specialists.

Intelligent System for Parallel Fault-Tolerant Diagnostic Tests Construction

This investigation deals with the intelligent system for parallel fault-tolerant diagnostic tests construction. A modified parallel algorithm for fault-tolerant diagnostic tests construction is proposed. The algorithm is allowed to optimize processing time on tests construction. A matrix model of data and knowledge representation, as well as various kinds of regularities in data and knowledge are presented. Applied intelligent system for diagnostic of mental health of population which is developed with the use of intelligent system for parallel fault-tolerant DTs construction is suggested.

6种布鲁氏菌病诊断试剂检测结果的比较

为比较不同布鲁氏菌病诊断试剂在实验室检测工作中性能的差异,本研究以96份奶牛血清为实验材料,采用虎红平板凝集试验(RBT)、试管凝集试验(SAT)、间接酶联免疫吸附试验(iELISA)、竞争酶联免疫吸附试验(cELISA)4种方法、6种不同试剂进行比对检测,将SAT结果作为金标准,分析其余5种诊断试剂的敏感性、特异性和符合率,并分析同种方法不同试剂检测结果的一致性。结果显示:(1)SAT检测出阳性样本3份,阴性样本93份。(2)与SAT结果相比,RBT、iELISA-A和iELISA-B的敏感性最高(100.00%),RBT和cELISA-C的特异性最高(98.92%)。(3)RBT、iELISA-A、cELISA-C的符合率均在91.67%以上。(4)iELISA-A与iELISA-B之间,cELISA-C与cELISA-D之间一致性较差。研究表明:相比iELISA-B和cELISA-D试剂盒,iELISA-A和cELISA-C试剂盒的结果更加可靠;在开展布鲁氏菌病大规模初筛时宜选用敏感性高的试剂,如RBT和iELISA-A,确诊时宜选用特异性高的试剂,如SAT和cELISA-C。本研究结果为诊断试剂的选择提供参考,以提高诊断准确性。

基于音频分析技术的甲状腺疾病诊断方法

通过结合基于SMOTE数据扩充方法对复杂音频数据的处理能力以及GA-SVM的准确预测能力,提出一种基于SMOTE数据扩充算法的GA-SVM模型,并将其应用于甲状腺疾病的诊断中。实验结果表明,本文方法在甲状腺疾病分类诊断方面表现出良好的性能。相较于其他方法,本文方法在诊断效果方面表现更佳,在甲状腺疾病的分类诊断中具有更高的适用性。

我国马流感病毒分子生物学诊断方法及基因工程疫苗的研究进展

马流感(Equine influenza,EI)是由马流感病毒(Equine influenza virus,EIV)引起马属动物的一种高度传染性疾病,给全球马属动物产业造成重大经济损失。本文论述了我国马流感病毒分子生物学诊断方法,包括常规PCR方法、荧光PCR方法、环介导等温扩增技术等,并就其基因工程疫苗研究进行了着重阐述,以期为该病的诊断和防控提供参考。

临床路径教学法在实验诊断学课程应用中的教学质量分析

目的将临床路径教学法引入实验诊断学教学,通过学生及教师反馈对其教学质量进行分析。方法2021年8月—2022年2月,课题组选取武汉大学第一临床学院2019级临床医学生150名,教师18名,通过制作调查问卷,分析学生与教师的满意度情况及学生期末考试成绩。结果通过问卷发现,引入临床路径教学法后,100%的被调查者掌握了学习方法和实验室指标的合理选择及应用,98.6%的调查者掌握了教学大纲中的重难点内容,88.7%的调查者掌握了检验项目原理及临床意义。在教学方式评价方面,100%的调查者更倾向于临床路径式教学法及实验课教学。在授课满意度上,80.0%以上的调研者对课程中10节课程均表示满意。在期末考试方面,考试成绩优秀(总分在80分以上)的学生占了总人数的62.0%,不合格率仅为0.7%。结论临床路径教学法可以满足实验诊断学教学要求,得到师生肯定,有利于提高实验诊断学的教学质量。

中医专业影像诊断学教学大纲修订的初步探索

随着医学影像学的迅速发展,其在临床应用中的地位越来越重要。为了适应中医现代化的发展需求及当前医学教育趋势,中医影像诊断学教学大纲的修订十分必要且重要。首都医科大学附属北京中医医院放射科对影像诊断学教学大纲进行全面细致的梳理及修订,总结了一些经验及方法。首先明确中医学五年制专业学生为培养对象,针对其特点,对教学大纲的修订既要守正,也要创新;其次保证教学内容全面覆盖,并适当增加影像学的新进展,跟上时代发展的步伐;然后充分突出学生的主体地位,融合翻转课堂、问题及病例驱动等多种教学方法,以岗位胜任力为导向,培养学生知识、能力及素质全面发展,塑造中医新型人才;最后,引入形成性评价,全面且详细地评估教学效果。