Drought Tolerance in Mung Bean is Associated with the Genotypic Divergence, Regulation of Proline, Photosynthetic Pigment and Water Relation

Drought is one of the critical conditions for the growth and productivity of many crops including mung bean(Vigna radiata L.Wilczek).Screening of genotypes for variations is one of the suitable strategies for evaluating crop adaptability and global food security.In this context,the study investigated the physiological and biochemical responses of four drought tolerant(BARI Mung-8,BMX-08010-2,BMX-010015,BMX-08009-7),and four drought sensitive(BARI Mung-1,BARI Mung-3,BU Mung-4,BMX-05001)mung bean genotypes under wellwatered(WW)and water deficit(WD)conditions.The WW treatment maintained sufficient soil moisture(22%±0.5%,i.e.,30%deficit of available water)by regularly supplying water.Whereas,the WD treatment was maintained throughout the growing period,and water was applied when the wilting symptom appeared.The drought tolerant(DT)genotypes BARI Mung-8,BMX-08010-2,BMX-010015,BMX-08009-7 showed a high level of proline accumulation(2.52–5.99 mg g^(−1) FW),photosynthetic pigment(total chlorophyll 2.96–3.27 mg g^(−1) FW at flowering stage,and 1.62–2.38 mg g^(−1) FW at pod developing stage),plant water relation attributes including relative water content(RWC)(82%–84%),water retention capacity(WRC)(12–14)as well as lower water saturation deficit(WSD)(19%–23%),and water uptake capacity(WUC)(2.58–2.89)under WD condition,which provided consequently higher relative seed yield.These indicate that the tolerant genotypes gained better physiobiochemical attributes and adaptability in response to drought conditions.Furthermore,the genotype BMX-08010-2 showed superiority in terms of those physio-biochemical traits,susceptibility index(SSI)and stress tolerance index(STI)to other genotypes.Based on the physiological and biochemical responses,the BMX-08010-2 was found to be a suitable genotype for sustaining yield under drought stress,and subsequently,it could be recommended for crop improvement through hybridization programs.In addition,the identified traits can be used as markers to identify tolerant genotypes for drought-prone areas.

Integrated Transcriptome and Small RNA Sequencing Analyses Reveals Insights into the Molecular Mechanism of Seed Germination in Mung Bean

During the life cycle of a plant,seed germination is crucial.Upon ingestion of water,the dry seeds resumed energy metabolism and cellular repair.To dissect the complex mechanisms at the very beginning of seed germination,two approaches including transcriptome and small RNA sequencing were conducted during the water imbibition process of mung bean seeds compared with dry seed.The transcriptome sequencing analysis identified 10,108 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)between dry and imbibed mung bean seeds.KEGG enrichment analyses demonstrated numerous DEGs involved in hormone signaling pathways,carbohydrate,and energy metabolism.Out of the total DEGs,129 genes were investigated to involve in abscisic acid,gibberellin,and ethylene pathways,with 56 genes involved in glycolysis and TCA cycle.Through the analysis of small RNA sequencing among different samples,there were 284 miRNAs found in the imbibed and dried seeds of mung bean containing 213 known and 71 novel miRNAs.From comparison between the two types of seeds,51 miRNAs were differentially expressed.The integrated analyses of transcriptome and miRNAome data showed that 23 DEGs are the putative target genes of 8 miRNAs including miR156,miR171b-3p,miR166e-3p,miR169-1,etc.QRT-PCR was used to validate several DEGs and miRNAs.The data suggested that the seed imbibition process is regulated by a variety of DEGs and microRNAs.Meanwhile,we hope to gain a deeper insight into how mung bean seeds germinate in order to optimize seed growth.

Cloning and Functional Validation of Mung Bean VrPR Gene

For the purpose of functional validation,the mung bean(Vigna radiata)VrPR gene was cloned and overexpressed in Arabidopsis thaliana.Thefindings revealed that the ORF of VrPR contained 1200 bp,in which 399 amino acids were encoded.Bioinformatics analysis showed that the VrPR protein belonged to the NADB Rossmann superfamily,which was one of the non-transmembrane hydrophilic proteins.VrPR was assumed to have 44 amino acid phosphorylation sites and be contained in chloroplasts.The VrPR secondary structure comprised of random coil,αhelix,βangle,and extended chain,all of which were quite compatible with the anticipated tertiary structure.Moreover,analysis of the phylogenetic tree indicated that the soybean PR(Glyma.12G222200)and VrPR were closely related.Furthermore,chlorophyll content in leaves is markedly increased in Arabidopsis when VrPR is overexpressed.Ourfindings will serve as a reference for more functional studies on the PR genes in mung bean.

Effects of Variety and Planting Density on Mung Bean Eco-Physiology and Yield in the Southeastern US

Mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek.) is a warm-season, C3 pulse crop of the legume family that has been widely cultivated in Asian countries. As the demand for mung bean continues to increase in the United States, the ecophysiology, growth, and yield of mung bean varieties in the southeastern US need to be assessed. A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research and Education Center of Tennessee State University to investigate the effects of four varieties (OK2000, Berken, TSU-1, AAMU-1) and three planting densities (5, 10, and 15 cm spacing) on the ecophysiology and yield of mung bean. Results showed that the relative chlorophyll content, plant height, pod dry biomass, pod number, crop yield, and harvest index significantly varied among the varieties. Density only influenced transpiration, relative chlorophyll content, and plant dry biomass. OK2000 had 101.0% more pods per plant and a 42.4% higher harvest index and produced a 45.3% higher yield than other varieties, but no significant difference in yield was found among the other three varieties. This study demonstrated that the mung bean variety OK2000 with a high yield would be ideal for commercial production in the southeastern US.

Contents of D-chiro-Inositol,Vitexin,and Isovitexin in Various Varieties of Mung Bean and Its Products

Mung bean （Vigna radiata L.） is rich in bioactive compounds including D-chiro-inositol （DCI）, vitexin, and isovitexin, which have beneficial effects on patients with diabetes. To find a better source for these valuable chemicals, we have collected 110 varieties of mung bean seed samples and 8 mung bean products to determine the levels of these bioactive compounds. We also measured the DCI content in mung bean sprouts at different germination stages. Content of DCI, vitexin, and isovitexin in all mung bean varieties ranged from 0.43 to 5.79, 0.12 to 3.00, and 0.03 to 1.16 mg g-~, respectively. The varieties of C0001321, C0003522, and C0004485 have the highest DCI, vitexin, and isovitexin contents, respectively. The mung bean products in the market contained relatively lower level of these bioactive components. Contents of DCI, vitexin, and isovitexin in all mung bean products ranged from 0.119 to 0.717, 0 to 0.547, and 0 to 0.923 mg g-~, respectively. During the 112 h of germination test, DCI level steadily increased at first stage and reached the highest level at 80 h of germination （4.79 mg g-~）. These results provide useful information for the selection of suitable varieties and proper germination stages to obtain functional ingredients from mung beans.

A critical review on phytochemical profile and health promoting effects of mung bean (Vigna radiata)

The seeds and sprouts of mung bean are very common cruise in Asia.Evidence showed that bioactive compounds in mung bean have emerged as an increasing scientific interest due to their role in the prevention of degenerative diseases.All data of in vitro,in vivo and clinical studies of mung bean and its impact on human health were collected from a library database and electronic search.Botanical,phytochemical and pharmacological information was gathered and orchestrated.Remarkable studies have been demonstrated,showing the enhancement of metabolites in mung bean during the sprouting process,which possesses various health benefiting bioactive compounds.These compounds have been frequently attributed to their antioxidant,anti-diabetic,antimicrobial,anti-hyperlipidemic and antihypertensive effect,anti-inflammatory,and anticancer,anti-tumor and anti-mutagenic properties.In this critical review,we aimed to study the insight of the nutritional compositions,phytochemistry,and healthpromoting effects of mung bean and its sprouts.The various curative potential of mung bean provides successive preclinical outcomes in the field of drug discovery and this review strongly recommends that mung bean is an excellent nutritive legume,which modulates or prevents chronic degenerative diseases.

Physiological Response of Mung Bean to Polyethylene Glycol Drought Stress at Flowering Period

The study was carried out on the basis of the flowering period of mung bean (Phaseolus radiatus). The polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG6000) was used to stimulate water stress. Four mung bean varieties with different drought resistances were used as materials in this experiment, in which the physiological indexes of mung bean for the identification of drought resistance were selected, and the response analysis of seven physiological indexes to different degrees of drought stress was measured by using polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG6000) on different concentrations of 5%, 10% and 20%. The physiological mechanism was analysed on drought tolerance of mung beans. This test was to set up identification system for drought tolerance of flowering mung bean. The results showed that the relative conductivity after 6 days of 5% PEG treatment, the SOD activity after 6 days of 5% PEG treatment, the POD activity after 6 days of 10% PEG treatment and the ABA content after 6 days of 10% PEG treatment could be used as drought-tolerant identification for mung beans at flowering period. These four physiological indexes and drought-resistant index weighted grey correlation analysis results showed that the correlation order was successively SOD activity (0.8589) > ABA content (0.8290) > conductivity (0.7160) > POD activity (0.6637);and the grey correlation degree was greater than 0.6500 among the four physiological indexes.

Physiochemical, Nutritional and Technological Properties of Instant Porridge Supplemented with Mung Bean

The present study was undertaken to prepare instant porridge from some useful and available ingredients such as bulgur powder, potato, tomato, carrot, mung bean (unsoaked, soaked and germinated), then seasoned with onion, garlic, salt, black pepper, cumin and coriander to make B1, B2 and B3 formulas. Chemical, physical properties, amino acids and sensory evaluation of instant porridge formulas were determined. The data showed that B2 formula which contained soaked mung bean had the highest calories value, total essential amino acids, biological value and water absorption index (WAI) compared to the other formulas, also it is recorded the highest degree of lightness L* values (82.39 and 56.65), least redness a* values (0.98 and 1.45) and intermediate in yellowness b* values (25.91 and 24.45) before and after rehydrated, respectively. Regarding to sensory evaluation, there was a significant increase in color, taste and overall acceptability in B2 compared to the other formulas. Based on these results, revealed that the soaked mung bean was a good source of essential amino acid and calories to enhance nutritional and technological quality of the resultant porridge.

Effects of Different Proportions of Spent Pleurotus ostreatus Substrate on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Mung Beans

[Objectives] This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different proportions of spent Pleurotus ostreatus substrate on the germination and seedling growth of mung beans. [Methods] The cellulose-degrading bacteria HB8 and HF1 were mixed with a commercially available microbial composting agent, respectively, for the composting of spent P. ostreatus substrate. Mung beans were cultivated with different proportions of spent mushroom substrate compost and soil. The seed germination rate, plant height, fresh weight and chlorophyll content of mung bean were used as indicators to investigate the effects of the organic fertilizer from spent P. ostreatus substrate on the growth of mung bean seedlings. [Results] The addition of cellulose-degrading bacteria can significantly improve the composting effect of the spent mushroom substrate. After 8 d of cultivation of mung beans with different ratios of the mushroom substrate organic fertilizer, 50% of the organic fertilizer can make the plant height, fresh weight and leaf chlorophyll content of mung bean seedlings reach the highest value and was suitable for mung bean breeding and cultivation. [Conclusions] This study provides scientific basis and technical indicators for the rapid and harmless treatment of spent mushroom substrate and its application in crop cultivation and nursery.

Nondestructive classification of mung bean seeds by single kernel near-infrared spectroscopy

Near-infrared spectroscopy(NIRS)in the range 900-1700 nm was performed to develop a clas-sifying model for dead seeds of mung bean using single kernel measurements.The use of the combination of transmission-absorption spectra and refection-absorption spectra was deter-mined to yield a better classification performance(87.88%)than the use of only transmission-absorption spectra(81.31%).The effect of the orientation of the mung bean with respect to the light source on its absorbance was investigated.The results showed that hilum-down orientation exhibited the highest absorbance compared to the hilum-up and hilum-parallel-to-ground orientations.We subsequently examined the spectral information related to the seed orientation by developing a classifying model for seed orientation.The wavelengths associated with classi-fication based on seed orientation were obt ained.Finally,we determined that the re-developed classifying model excluding the wavelengths related to the seed orientation afforded better ac-curacy(89.39%)than that using the entire wavelength range(87.88%).

Application of Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy to the Evaluation of D-chiro-Inositol,Vitexin,and Isovitexin Contents in Mung Bean

Mung bean （Vigna radiata L.） is rich in D-chiro-inositol （DCI）, vitexin, and isovitexin, which has beneficial effects on antidiabetic and inhibits the formation of advanced glycation end-products. In this study, near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy （NIRS） was used to predict the contents of DCI, vitexin, and isovitexin in mung bean. The spectra data were linearized with those determined by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The models for predicting the DCI, vitexin, and isovitexin contents in mung bean were developed using partial least-squares （PLS） algorithm. Cross-validation procedures indicated good correlations between HPLC data and NIRS predictions （R2=0.90 for DCI, R2=0.81 for vitexin, and R2=0.90 for isovitexin）. The predictive contents of DCI, vitexin, and isovitexin ranged from 2.082 to 3.084%, 1.277 to 1.307%, and 0.5998 to 0.6286%, respectively. The results showed that NIRS, a well-established and widely applied technique, could be applied to rapid detection of DCI, vitexin, and isovitexin contents in mung bean.

Basal Application of Zinc to Improve Mung Bean Yield and Zinc-Grains-Biofortfication

Worldwide,the dietary deficiency of zinc(Zn)is prevailing in almost all arid and semi-arid regions.Zinc deficiency is not only the major constraint of lower yield,but also dietary Zn deficiency in cereals grains may cause increasing malnutrition and chronic health problems in human.Exogenous application of Zn through basal soil nutrition might be a useful option to recover Zn deficiency in mung bean.Therefore,field study was conducted to optimize the optimum level and method of Zn nutrition to enhance crop yield and Zn biofortification of mung bean through basal application.Zinc was applied at 0,5,10 and 15 kg/ha as basal application and side dressing,and in combination(50%basal application+50%side dressing).The results highlighted that Zn nutrition prominently improved the mung bean yield as compared with control(no Zn applied).The maximum grains yield and Zn concentration in grains were obtained where Zn was applied at 15 kg/ha as basal application as compared with all other combinations.Better improvement in grain yield was due to significant increase in more number of pods and grain size owing to well-developed root system,improved leaf area index and high chlorophyll contents in mung beans leaves.Amongst all applied Zn nutrition’s the basal application of Zn(15 kg/ha)was a viable option to get higher yield and Zn biofortification of mung bean.

Quality enhancement and microbial reduction of mung bean(Vigna radiata)sprouts by non-thermal plasma pretreatment of seeds

Mung bean(Vigna radiata)sprouts are widely consumed worldwide due to their high nutritional value.However,the low yield and microbial contamination of mung bean sprouts seriously reduces their economic value.This study investigates the effects of non-thermal plasma on the quality and microbial reduction of mung bean sprouts by pretreatment of seeds in water for different times(0,1,3 and 6 min).The quality results showed that short-time plasma treatment(1 and 3 min)promoted seed germination and seedling growth,whereas long-time plasma treatment(6 min)had inhibitory effects.Plasma also had a similar dose effects on the total flavonoid and phenolic contents of mung bean sprouts.The microbiological results showed that plasma treatment achieved a reduction of native microorganisms ranging from 0.54 to 7.09 log for fungi and 0.29 to 6.80 log for bacteria at 96 h incubation.Meanwhile,plasma treatment could also efficiently inactivate artificially inoculated Salmonella typhimurium(1.83–6.22 log)and yeast(0.53–3.19 log)on mung bean seeds.The results of seed coat permeability tests and scanning electron microscopy showed that plasma could damage the seed coat structure,consequently increasing the electrical conductivity of mung bean seeds.The physicochemical analysis of plasma-treated water showed that plasma generated various long-and short-lived active species[nitric oxide radicals(NO·),hydroxyl radicals(·OH),singlet oxygen(1O2),hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2)),nitrate(NO_(3)^(-)),and nitrite(NO_(2)^(-))]in water,thus the oxidizability,acidity and conductivity of plasma-treated water were all increased in a treatment timedependent manner.The result for mimicked chemical mixtures confirmed the synergistic effect of activity of H_(2)O_(2),NO_(3)^(-)and NO_(2)^(-)on bacterial inactivation and plant growth promotion.Taken together,these results imply that plasma pretreatment of mung bean seeds in water with moderate oxidizability and acidity is an effective method to improve the yield of mung bean sprouts and reduce microbial contamination.

Extraction Technology of Flavonoids from Mung Bean Hull and Antioxidant Activity

[Objectives]The research aimed to study extraction technology of flavonoids from mung bean hull and determine their antioxidant activity.[Methods]Mung bean hull was taken as raw material,and extraction technology was freeze thaw assisted ultrasound,and ethanol aqueous solution was taken as solvent.Solid-liquid ratio,ethanol volume fraction,ultrasonic power and time were taken as variables to carry out single-factor experiments,to determine scavenging abilities of flavonoids from mung bean hull to DPPH radical and hydroxyl radical.[Results]The optimal extraction process of flavonoids was as below:1∶15 of solid-liquid ratio,70%of ethanol volume fraction,120 W of ultrasonic power and 80's of ultrasonic time.At this time,extraction rate of flavonoids was 4.07 mg/g.Scavenging activities of flavonoids from mung bean hull to DPPH radical and hydroxyl radical were 57.64%and 42.19%,respectively.[Conclusions]Freeze thaw assisted ultrasound was suitable for extracting flavonoids from mung bean hull.

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE COMPLEX OF MUNG BEAN TRYPSIN INHIBITOR LYSINE ACTIVE FRAGMENT WITH BOVINE TRYPSIN AT 1.8 A RESOLUTION

The structure of the complex of mung bean trypsin inhibitor lysine active fragment with bovine trypsin has been determined at a resolution of 1.8 A by A-ray crystallographic analysis and the complex model refined by restrained least-squares minimization with the data between 10 and 1.8 resolution.The current conventional R factor is 17.3%,and the model con- tains 1648 protein atoms,219 inhibitor atoms and 126 water molecules.The most prominent feature of the inhibitor fragment is that it does not contain any alpha-helices.Most of the chain fold in an irregular fashion.The seven residues of the binding segment of the inhibitor lysine active frag- ment are in specific contact with bovine trypsin.The binding interaction and geometry around the reactive site are similar to that observed in other studies of trypsin-inhibitor complexes.

低氧联合酸胁迫红小豆/绿豆萌发富集GABA及富含GABA芽豆复配米饭的工艺优化

为了研究低氧联合酸胁迫对红小豆和绿豆GABA富集的作用,采用单因素对萌发时间、萌发温度、低氧时间和L-谷氨酸浓度进行考察,在确定高GABA芽豆的胁迫条件基础上,将富含GABA红小豆、绿豆与大米进行复配,利用D-混料设计优化芽豆米饭配方工艺。结果显示,低氧联合酸胁迫对红小豆、绿豆富集GABA有积极促进作用,在萌发时间48 h、萌发温度40℃、低氧时间15 h和L-谷氨酸浓度2.5 mg/mL条件下,萌发红小豆中GABA高达158.32±3.24 mg/100 g。绿豆胁迫条件为萌发时间24 h、萌发温度35℃、低氧时间15 h和L-谷氨酸浓度2.5 mg/mL时,其中GABA含量最高为141.57±4.35 mg/100 g。在此基础上,通过D-混料设计优化确定了复配芽豆米饭的最佳配方为:大米76%、萌发绿豆11%、萌发红小豆13%,此条件下,芽豆米饭GABA含量为23.73±1.03 mg/100 g,感官评分均值为88.76±2.47,制得的芽豆米饭口感、色泽、香味均在可接受范围内,且积累了GABA活性成分,提升了芽豆米饭的营养及功能特性,为进一步开发杂粮复配米饭提供理论参考。

绿豆糜/亲水胶体复合物流变学性质及在三维打印吞咽障碍食品中的应用研究

该文以绿豆糜为食物基质,系统研究了黄原胶、阿拉伯胶、κ-卡拉胶、高酯果胶、魔芋葡甘聚糖5种亲水胶体(添加量为绿豆干重的1%)对绿豆糜流变学性质、3D打印性及吞咽性的影响规律。结果表明,添加亲水胶体可有效提升产品的流动应力、剪切稀释性、触变性(除魔芋葡甘聚糖)、蠕变恢复性和凝胶强度,并且减少流动水含量。纯绿豆糜及添加高酯果胶、κ-卡拉胶和阿拉伯胶的绿豆糜打印效果不佳。添加黄原胶和魔芋葡甘聚糖的绿豆糜打印精确度高。吞咽障碍测试结果表明,除纯绿豆糜外,添加亲水胶体的绿豆糜均达到吞咽障碍食品5级-细馅型标准。该研究对深入理解物料流变学特性与3D打印之间的内在关联、丰富吞咽障碍食品的研发手段具有重要价值。

绿豆蛋白α-淀粉酶抑制肽的制备与鉴定

采用胃-胰蛋白酶水解绿豆蛋白及其分级蛋白,以水解物α-淀粉酶活性抑制率为主要指标,结合水解度、氨基酸组成及分子质量分析其抑制效果差异及原因。结果表明,绿豆蛋白肽对α-淀粉酶活性抑制率最高,为16.51%;与绿豆分级蛋白相比,绿豆蛋白的疏水氨基酸含量和水解度最高,分别为32.68%和6.28%,水解物的肽分子质量最小,均小于20kDa,因此选用绿豆蛋白制备α-淀粉酶抑制肽。然后分离鉴定绿豆蛋白肽,新发现了17条有潜在α-淀粉酶抑制效果的肽。本研究表明绿豆蛋白较其分级蛋白具有更强的α-淀粉酶抑制效果,能够用于降血糖的功能性食品或药物中。

烯效唑处理下绿豆农艺性状稳定性及性状间相互关系分析

为加强绿豆育种性状选择,以绿丰2号、绿丰5号和JLPX02绿豆为试验材料,选用3个浓度的烯效唑进行浸种,采用大田试验,测定供试绿豆的14个农艺性状,应用方差分析、相关性分析和主成分分析方法进行性状的综合评价,研究烯效唑处理下绿豆农艺性状表现的稳定性及各农艺性状间的相互关系。结果表明,分枝数、根重、根瘤数、单株荚数、单株鲜重和单株粒重6个性状在3个品种(系)中均发生大幅度变异,稳定性弱;主茎节数、株高、荚长、单荚粒数、百粒重5个农艺性状的变异系数均较小,稳定性强;百粒重与荚长呈极显著相关,相关系数最大为0.906;产量与分枝、单荚粒数、单株粒重呈显著相关。主成分分析中,第1主成分中,百粒重、荚长、单株荚数为主要反映荚因子指标;第2主成分中,单株鲜重、单株粒重、分枝为主要反映植株因子指标;第3主成分中,根重、侧根数、根瘤数为主要反映根系因子指标;第4主成分中,单荚粒数、产量为主要反映产量因子指标。综上说明,绿豆的分枝、单株荚数、单株粒重、产量、单株鲜重可作为高产材料选择的主要参考性状,百粒重、荚长、主茎节数、单荚粒数可作为高稳定性性状为材料选择提供参考。

基于连续14年国家绿豆品种区域试验的中国绿豆品种产量和性状变化

利用GGE双标图、变异系数法、相关性分析、多元回归和聚类分析等方法,分析了2003—2016年共14 a国家绿豆品种区域试验中来自内蒙古自治区、黑龙江省、吉林省、辽宁省、山西省等12个绿豆主产省(市、自治区)的29个育种单位提供的130个参试品种的生育天数、株高、主茎节数、主茎分枝数、荚长、单株荚数、荚粒数、千粒重以及产量在春播组和夏播组的变异,并比较了性状间的相关性以及不同育种单位选育的绿豆品种的性状差异。结果表明:2003—2016年春播组和夏播组绿豆产量分别增加14.0%和25.4%,年均增幅分别为1.0%和1.8%;主茎分支数分别减少12.0%和15.9%;其他性状变化不明显。春播组绿豆主要农艺性状的变异系数为5.14%~17.01%,均值为11.33%;遗传多样性指数为1.91~2.08,平均为1.99。夏播组绿豆主要农艺性状的变异系数为5.96%~19.99%,均值为12.52%;遗传多样性指数为1.98~2.17,平均为2.07。相关性和偏相关性分析表明,春播组中产量与荚长、单株荚数和荚粒数显著正相关,与其他性状的相关性不明显;夏播组中产量与单株荚数和荚粒数显著正相关,与株高、主茎分支数和荚长显著负相关。多元回归分析表明,春播组绿豆生育天数、株高、主茎分支数、荚长和单株荚数共同决定产量60.9%的变异;夏播组绿豆株高、主茎分枝数、单株荚数、荚粒数和千粒重共同决定产量87.7%的变异。依托品种选育区域的聚类分析表明,65个春播组品种被分为4类,在北京市、河北省、山西省、河南省、山东省、吉林省和陕西省综合表现较好;65个夏播组品种被分为6类,在河南省、河北省和山东省综合表现较好。2003—2016年,国家每轮区试的绿豆品种产量稳步提升,表明我国绿豆育种水平有了一定提升;但品种遗传基础狭窄,育种方法多样化程度较低,缺少突破性品种。