Review of Fault-tolerant Control for Motor Inverter Failure with Operational Quality Considered

In recent years,motor drive systems have garnered increasing attention due to their high efficiency and superior control performance.This is especially apparent in aerospace,marine propulsion,and electric vehicles,where high performance,efficiency,and reliability are crucial.The ability of the drive system to maintain long-term fault-tolerant control(FTC)operation after a failure is essential.The likelihood of inverter failures surpasses that of other components in the drive system,highlighting its critical importance.Long-term FTC operation ensures the system retains its fundamental functions until safe repairs or replacements can be made.The focus of developing a FTC strategy has shifted from basic FTC operations to enhancing the post-fault quality to accommodate the realities of prolonged operation post-failure.This paper primarily investigates FTC strategies for inverter failures in various motor drive systems over the past decade.These strategies are categorized into three types based on post-fault operational quality:rescue,remedy,and reestablishment.The paper discusses each typical control strategy and its research focus,the strengths and weaknesses of various algorithms,and recent advancements in FTC.Finally,this review summarizes effective FTC techniques for inverter failures in motor drive systems and suggests directions for future research.

Review of Three-phase Soft Switching Inverters and Challenges for Motor Drives

For electric vehicles (EVs),it is necessary to improve endurance mileage by improving the efficiency.There exists a trend towards increasing the system voltage and switching frequency,contributing to improve charging speed and power density.However,this trend poses significant challenges for high-voltage and high-frequency motor controllers,which are plagued by increased switching losses and pronounced switching oscillations as consequences of hard switching.The deployment of soft switching technology presents a viable solution to mitigate these issues.This paper reviews the applications of soft switching technologies for three-phase inverters and classifies them based on distinct characteristics.For each type of inverter,the advantages and disadvantages are evaluated.Then,the paper introduces the research progress and control methods of soft switching inverters (SSIs).Moreover,it presents a comparative analysis among the conventional hard switching inverters (HSIs),an active clamping resonant DC link inverter (ACRDCLI) and an auxiliary resonant commuted pole inverter (ARCPI).Finally,the problems and prospects of soft switching technology applied to motor controllers for EVs are put forward.

Adaptive Predefined-Time Backstepping Control for Grid Connected Photovoltaic Inverter

The system performance of grid-connected photovoltaic(PV)has a serious impact on the grid stability.To improve the control performance and shorten the convergence time,a predefined-time controller based on backstepping technology and dynamic surface control is formulated for the inverter in the grid-connected photovoltaic.The time-varying tuning functions are introduced into state-tracking errors to realize the predefined-time control effect.To address the“computational explosion problem”in the design process of backstepping control,dynamic surface control is adopted to avoid the analytical calculations of virtual control.The disturbances of the PV system are estimated and compensated by adaptive laws.The control parameters are chosen and the global stability of the closed-loop is ensured by Lyapunov conditions.Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed controller and ensure the predefined time control in the photovoltaic inverter.

A novel cascaded H-bridge photovoltaic inverter with flexible arc suppression function

This paper presents a novel approach that simultaneously enables photovoltaic(PV)inversion and flexible arc suppression during single-phase grounding faults.Inverters compensate for ground currents through an arc-elimination function,while outputting a PV direct current(DC)power supply.This method effectively reduces the residual grounding current.To reduce the dependence of the arc-suppression performance on accurate compensation current-injection models,an adaptive fuzzy neural network imitating a sliding mode controller was designed.An online adaptive adjustment law for network parameters was developed,based on the Lyapunov stability theorem,to improve the robustness of the inverter to fault and connection locations.Furthermore,a new arc-suppression control exit strategy is proposed to allow a zerosequence voltage amplitude to quickly and smoothly track a target value by controlling the nonlinear decrease in current and reducing the regulation time.Simulation results showed that the proposed method can effectively achieve fast arc suppression and reduce the fault impact current in single-phase grounding faults.Compared to other methods,the proposed method can generate a lower residual grounding current and maintain good arc-suppression performance under different transition resistances and fault locations.

An Algorithm for Short-Circuit Current Interval in Distribution Networks with Inverter Type Distributed Generation Based on Affine Arithmetic

During faults in a distribution network,the output power of a distributed generation(DG)may be uncertain.Moreover,the output currents of distributed power sources are also affected by the output power,resulting in uncertainties in the calculation of the short-circuit current at the time of a fault.Additionally,the impacts of such uncertainties around short-circuit currents will increase with the increase of distributed power sources.Thus,it is very important to develop a method for calculating the short-circuit current while considering the uncertainties in a distribution network.In this study,an affine arithmetic algorithm for calculating short-circuit current intervals in distribution networks with distributed power sources while considering power fluctuations is presented.The proposed algorithm includes two stages.In the first stage,normal operations are considered to establish a conservative interval affine optimization model of injection currents in distributed power sources.Constrained by the fluctuation range of distributed generation power at the moment of fault occurrence,the model can then be used to solve for the fluctuation range of injected current amplitudes in distributed power sources.The second stage is implemented after a malfunction occurs.In this stage,an affine optimization model is first established.This model is developed to characterizes the short-circuit current interval of a transmission line,and is constrained by the fluctuation range of the injected current amplitude of DG during normal operations.Finally,the range of the short-circuit current amplitudes of distribution network lines after a short-circuit fault occurs is predicted.The algorithm proposed in this article obtains an interval range containing accurate results through interval operation.Compared with traditional point value calculation methods,interval calculation methods can provide more reliable analysis and calculation results.The range of short-circuit current amplitude obtained by this algorithm is slightly larger than those obtained using the Monte Carlo algorithm and the Latin hypercube sampling algorithm.Therefore,the proposed algorithm has good suitability and does not require iterative calculations,resulting in a significant improvement in computational speed compared to the Monte Carlo algorithm and the Latin hypercube sampling algorithm.Furthermore,the proposed algorithm can provide more reliable analysis and calculation results,improving the safety and stability of power systems.

Estimating the Input Power of a Power Plant Using the Efficiency of the Inverter

The study focuses on estimating the input power of a power plant from available data, using the theoretical inverter efficiency as the key parameter. The paper addresses the problem of missing data in power generation systems and proposes an approach based on the efficiency formula widely documented in the literature. In the absence of input data, this method makes it possible to estimate the plant’s input power using data extracted from the site, in particular that provided by the Ministry of the Environment. The importance of this study lies in the need to accurately determine the input power in order to assess the overall performance of the energy system.

Coordinated Capacitor Voltage Balancing Method for Cascaded H-bridge Inverter with Supercapacitor and DC-DC Stage

Cascaded H-bridge inverter(CHBI) with supercapacitors(SCs) and dc-dc stage shows significant promise for medium to high voltage energy storage applications. This paper investigates the voltage balance of capacitors within the CHBI, including both the dc-link capacitors and SCs. Balance control over the dc-link capacitor voltages is realized by the dcdc stage in each submodule(SM), while a hybrid modulation strategy(HMS) is implemented in the H-bridge to balance the SC voltages among the SMs. Meanwhile, the dc-link voltage fluctuations are analyzed under the HMS. A virtual voltage variable is introduced to coordinate the balancing of dc-link capacitor voltages and SC voltages. Compared to the balancing method that solely considers the SC voltages, the presented method reduces the dc-link voltage fluctuations without affecting the voltage balance of SCs. Finally, both simulation and experimental results verify the effectiveness of the presented method.

Model Predictive Control for Cascaded H-Bridge PV Inverter with Capacitor Voltage Balance

We designed an improved direct-current capacitor voltage balancing control model predictive control(MPC)for single-phase cascaded H-bridge multilevel photovoltaic(PV)inverters.Compared with conventional voltage balanc-ing control methods,the method proposed could make the PV strings of each submodule operate at their maximum power point by independent capacitor voltage control.Besides,the predicted and reference value of the grid-connected current was obtained according to the maximum power output of the maximum power point tracking.A cost function was con-structed to achieve the high-precision grid-connected control of the CHB inverter.Finally,the effectiveness of the proposed control method was verified through a semi-physical simulation platform with three submodules.

带感性负载的Buck-Boost变换器的非线性行为分析及优化控制

Buck-Boost变换器在某些参数发生变化时会呈现出丰富的非线性行为,这些行为将严重影响系统的稳定性,使得系统输出的电能质量劣化。文章基于实际变换器的负载特性,深入研究了感性阻抗负载下Buck-Boost变换器的非线性行为产生机理,提出了一种对数延迟反馈控制方法。该方法选取系统的输出延迟值与自身的值作差形成反馈信号;将该信号通过比例环节、求和环节和对数环节形成控制信号,以负反馈的形式施加于系统;最后基于稳定判据确定最优控制参数并对系统实施控制。为验证该方法的有效性,进行了大量的仿真实验,结果表明该方法能很好地抑制系统的非线性行为,扩展其稳定边界,改善系统输出的电能质量。

宽增益高效率级联式四开关Buck-Boost LLC变换器

为了解决变频控制的桥臂共用型四开关Buck-BoostLLC级联变换器磁性元件设计和优化困难的问题,提出一种二次侧为特殊全桥整流结构的级联式四开关Buck-Boost LLC变换器。通过控制二次侧开关管的交叠导通时间以拓宽变换器的电压增益。该变换器可根据不同的输入电压范围工作在交叠模式和整流模式;在不改变变换器参数的条件下将增益显著提高,能够适应更宽范围的输入电压,同时保持了变换器较高的工作效率。在两种工作模式的基础上,采用移相控制使变换器所有开关管实现零电压导通(ZVS),二极管实现零电流关断(ZCS)。结合状态平面轨迹分析法,对定频控制的级联式四开关Buck-Boost LLC变换器进行模态分析,并推导两种工作模式下的输入-输出表达式和开关管的软开关实现条件。最后,通过研制一台70~280 V输入、240 W/28 V输出的实验样机,验证了理论分析的正确性。

基于Buck-Boost电路与相对极差策略的锂电池组分层均衡技术研究

针对串联锂电池组均衡过程中出现的均衡速度慢、能量转移效率低等问题,提出一种基于Buck-Boost电路的分层均衡拓扑结构,以各单体电池的荷电状态(SOC)作为均衡变量,采用相对极差法的均衡控制策略以实现各层均衡单元的同步均衡。首先阐述了改进后均衡拓扑的整体结构以及分层分组的方法、最小均衡单元的均衡原理以及均衡过程中相关参数的计算过程;之后根据所设计的分层拓扑结构设计了与其相适应的均衡控制策略;最后在Matlab/Simulink中分别搭建了不同拓扑下的仿真模型并进行了均衡仿真验证。仿真结果表明,在8节电池与9节电池的不同情况下与传统单层均衡拓扑相比,文中所提出的采用相对极差控制策略的分层均衡拓扑结构在均衡速度上分别提高了86.06%和84.21%,在能量转移效率上分别提高了3.3%和4.22%,验证了所提均衡拓扑以及均衡策略的有效性。

非最小相位的单电感双输出Buck-Boost变换器的复合控制方法

单电感双输出Buck-Boost (SIDO Buck-Boost)变换器在电感电流连续模式(CCM)下工作存在交叉影响以及非最小相位特性的问题.为了解决上述问题,提出基于储能函数的扩张状态观测器(ESO)的改进非奇异快速终端滑模(NFTSM)和自抗扰控制(ADRC)相结合的控制策略.设计主路控制器,对系统的传递函数进行拟合得到ADRC范式,利用该范式对主路进行解耦控制.设计支路控制器,采用改进型ESO对储能函数进行观测,并将观测值反馈补偿到非奇异快速终端滑模控制律中,达到支路解耦的效果.为了抑制滑模控制的抖振问题,对趋近律进行改进.利用Lyapunov理论证明系统稳定性.基于硬件在环(HIL)实验平台进行实验验证.结果表明,所提控制策略与PI控制策略以及基于ESO的滑模控制策略相比,在超调量和响应时间上具有较好的效果.

基于Posicast控制的双向Buck-Boost变换器改进控制策略研究

双向Buck-Boost变换器被广泛应用于锂电池等储能系统,常采用电压电流双环控制策略,存在动态超调大且有残留振荡等缺点,影响了储能系统的正常运行。提出基于Posicast控制的改进控制策略,首先,分析了双向Buck-Boost变换器不同工作模式的数学模型,介绍了Posicast控制器的基本概念,并给出了提升Posicast控制鲁棒性的设计方法。其次,基于变换器双环控制,将Posicast控制算法引入电流控制器,以改善系统的动态性能,并给出了不同模式下各控制器的设计方法,分析了电感参数变化时的系统鲁棒性。最后,通过功率为10 kW的双向Buck-Boost变换器样机平台,用试验验证了所提控制策略的正确性。

基于开关流图法的Buck-Boost变换器小信号建模分析

阐述Buck-Boost变换器具有输出纹波低,电压可控等优点,广泛应用于新能源汽车电池发电、直流微电网。建立小信号模型有利于对电路系统主电路的控制和控制回路的设计。分析Buck-Boost变换器,利用开关流图法和信号支路的模型建立变换器的流图,从而推导出变换器的小型号模型。

双向Buck-Boost变换器的无源控制策略

为有效升级Buck-Boost变换器的动态与静态性能,基于无源控制的特性与优势,将其应用于两台以上的并联带恒功率负载Buck-Boost变换器中。结合无源控制模型及对无源控制器设计,阐述了无源控制双向Buck-Boost变换器的详细流程,明确了无源控制器的可靠性。研究结论证实了无源控制策略对低效带恒功率负载负阻特性的实际价值,有利于提升驱动系统稳定范围。

分数阶忆阻二阶电流反馈型Buck-Boost变换器动力学建模与分析

提出一种基于分数阶微积分理论的有源压控忆阻负载峰值电流型Buck-Boost变换器模型。在推导其在电感电流连续模式下电路方程的基础上,通过数值仿真分析并验证Buck-Boost变换器的复杂动力学行为。仿真实验结果表明,随着系统阶次的变化及忆性负载的加入,系统分岔点均发生后移,系统稳定工作范围大大增加;对整数阶忆阻负载变换器模型施加两时间尺度参数激励与外接激励,研究当慢变参数频率与系统固有频率产生量级差时的簇发振荡行为,随着系统激励幅值A的变化,系统会出现概周期的单-Hopf簇发振荡。

基于Buck-Boost逆变电路的低纹波可调直流稳压电源控制方法

为克服传统低纹波直流稳压电源的主电路拓扑结构存在电路结构复杂、体积大等不足,提出一种基于Buck-Boost逆变电路的新型可调直流稳压电源拓扑结构,用Buck-Boost逆变环节取代传统结构中高频逆变和变压器升压两个环节,此结构相较于传统结构,在电路结构上可以得到明显的简化。为实现该新型可调直流稳压电源输出低纹波、高稳定度直流电压的要求,针对其Buck-Boost逆变电路提出采用基于比例积分-矢量比例积分的复合控制方法,即以Buck-Boost逆变电路中电容电压和电感电流作为状态变量,并以电感电流为控制内环,电容电压为控制外环,通过对两个闭环采用比例积分-矢量比例积分复合控制方法,实现对两个状态变量的解耦控制,最后通过仿真与实验对其效果进行了验证,同时与传统低纹波直流稳压电源进行了对比分析。结果表明,文中提出的基于Buck-Boost逆变电路的新型可调直流稳压电源拓扑结构及针对该拓扑结构所提出的控制方法不仅输出直流电压纹波小、稳态精度高、动态性能好同时还具有电路结构简单且输出直流电压任意可调等特点,因而具有较好的应用价值。

Effect of temperature on heavy ion-induced single event transient on 16-nm FinFET inverter chains

The variations of single event transient(SET)pulse width of high-LET heavy ion irradiation in 16-nm-thick bulk silicon fin field-effect transistor(Fin FET)inverter chains with different driven strengths are measured at different temperatures.Three-dimensional(3D)technology computer-aided design simulations are carried out to study the SET pulse width and saturation current varying with temperature.Experimental and simulation results indicate that the increase in temperature will enhance the parasitic bipolar effect of bulk Fin FET technology,resulting in the increase of SET pulse width.On the other hand,the increase of inverter driven strength will change the layout topology,which has a complex influence on the SET temperature effects of Fin FET inverter chains.The experimental and simulation results show that the device with the strongest driven strength has the least dependence on temperature.

基于BUCK-BOOST变换器的锂电池主动均衡

本文针对传统BUCK-BOOST电路只能对相邻锂电池进行均衡的缺点,设计了双层BUCK-BOOST电路的分层式均衡拓扑。该拓扑可以减少均衡过程中能量传递的路径,减少能量损耗,加快均衡速度。均衡策略采用基于电池荷电状态(SOC)作为均衡变量,组内组间同时均衡的策略进行相应的均衡操作。在Matlab/Simulink仿真结果证明,本文所设计的均衡拓扑和均衡策略有效提高了均衡效率和均衡速度。

Improved Control in Single Phase Inverter Grid-Tied PV System Using Modified PQ Theory

Grid-connected reactive-load compensation and harmonic control are becoming a central topic as photovoltaic(PV)grid-connected systems diversified.This research aims to produce a high-performance inverter with a fast dynamic response for accurate reference tracking and a low total har-monic distortion(THD)even under nonlinear load applications by improving its control scheme.The proposed system is expected to operate in both stand-alone mode and grid-connected mode.In stand-alone mode,the proposed controller supplies power to critical loads,alternatively during grid-connected mode provide excess energy to the utility.A modified variable step incremental conductance(VS-InCond)algorithm is designed to extract maximum power from PV.Whereas the proposed inverter controller is achieved by using a modified PQ theory with double-band hysteresis current controller(PQ-DBHCC)to produce a reference current based on a decomposition of a single-phase load current.The nonlinear rectifier loads often create significant distortion in the output voltage of single-phase inverters,due to excessive current harmonics in the grid.Therefore,the proposed method generates a close-loop reference current for the switching scheme,hence,minimizing the inverter voltage distortion caused by the excessive grid current harmonics.The simulation findings suggest the proposed control technique can effectively yield more than 97%of power conversion efficiency while suppressing the grid current THD by less than 2%and maintaining the unity power factor at the grid side.The efficacy of the proposed controller is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink.