Influence of Incomplete Soil Plugs on Bearing Capacities of Bucket Foundations in Clay

Due to the uneven seabed and heaving of soil during pumping,incomplete soil plugs may occur during the installation of bucket foundations,and the impacts on the bearing capacities of bucket foundations need to be evaluated.In this paper,the contact ratio(the ratio of the top diameter of the soil plug to the diameter of the bucket)and the soil plug ratio(the ratio of the soil heave height to the skirt height)are defined to describe the shape and size of the incomplete soil plug.Then,finite element models are established to investigate the bearing capacities of bucket foundations with incomplete soil plugs and the influences of the contact ratios,and the soil plug ratios on the bearing capacities are analyzed.The results show that the vertical bearing capacity of bucket foundations in homogeneous soil continuously improves with the increase of the contact ratio.However,in normally consolidated soil,the vertical bearing capacity barely changes when the contact ratio is smaller than 0.75,while the bearing capacity suddenly increases when the contact ratio increases to 1 due to the change of failure mode.The contact ratio hardly affects the horizontal bearing capacity of bucket foundations.Moreover,the moment bearing capacity improves with the increase of the contact ratio for small aspect ratios,but hardly varies with increasing contact ratio for aspect ratios larger than 0.5.Consequently,the reduction coefficient method is proposed based on this analysis to calculate the bearing capacities of bucket foundations considering the influence of incomplete soil plugs.The comparison results show that the proposed reduction coefficient method can be used to evaluate the influences of incomplete soil plug on the bearing capacities of bucket foundations.

Bearing Capacity and Technical Advantages of Composite Bucket Foundation of Offshore Wind Turbines

Based on mechanical characteristics such as large vertical load, large horizontal load, large bending moment and complex geological conditions, a large scale composite bucket foundation （CBF） is put forward. Both the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation are employed to study the bearing capacity of CBF and the relationship between loads and ground deformation. Furthermore, monopile, high-rise pile cap, tripod and CBF designs are compared to analyze the bearing capacity and ground deformation, with a 3-MW wind generator as an example. The resuits indicate that CBF can effectively bear horizontal load and large bending moment resulting from upper structures and environmental load.

Lateral Bearing Capacity of Multi-Bucket Foundation in Soft Ground

The bucket foundation is a new type of foundation for offshore application to intermediate-depth waters. It has advantages over conventional ones. However, there is no consensus in the analysis and design of this type of foundation. In this paper, the lateral bearing capacity and the failure mechanism of multi-bucket foundations are studied with different connection stiffness and bucket spacing by use of a three-dimensional finite element method. Based on the numerical analysis results, a limit analysis method of plasticity for evaluating the lateral bearing capacity of large-spacing multi- bucket foundation with rigid connection in soft ground is proposed. This method provides a simple procedure that gives results comparable to those from the finite element analyses.

Upper Bound Solution of the Resisting Moment Bearing Capacity of A Composite Bucket Shallow Foundation of An Offshore Wind Turbine in Sand

Bearing the large moment that is generated by the wind load that acts on the upper structure of offshore wind turbines is an important feature of their foundations that is different from other offshore structures.A composite bucket shallow foundation(CBSF)has been proposed by Tianjin University to address the soft geological conditions in the offshore regions of China for wind turbines.The CBSF is a new type of foundation and is effective against large moments.The soil deformation test of a CBSF and the numerical simulation study under the same working conditions are carried out to determine the failure mechanism of a CBSF under moment loading.The resisting soil compression rateηm is defined as a new empirical parameter that indicates the ability of the soil inside the bucket to resist moment loading.The upper limit of the resisting moment bearing capacity of the bucket foundation is derived through the upper bound theorem of classical plasticity theory based on the failure mechanism.The calculation method is validated by tests of bucket models with different height-diameter ratios in sand under moment loading.

Negative Pressure Consolidation of Silt Inside Bucket Foundation

A series of model experiments of bucket foundations concerning suction installation and negative pressure consolidation in saturated silt were carried out in a cube steel bin at Tianjin University. The experimental results show that the silt inside the bucket has been strengthened by negative pressure, and the strengthening effect decreases with the increase of the distance from the bucket. A three-dimensional numerical model of the experiments was built by means of finite element software ABAQUS with fluid-solid coupling method. The results show that the bearing capacity of the silt inside the bucket foundation increases significantly at the former stage of negative pressure consolidation, while the increasing trend slows down over time. The rotation centers of the bucket foundation and the inner soil region tend to be closer to each other based on the consolidation. The bearing capacity of the bucket foundation is improved effectively with the increase of soil strength. The effects of negative pressure consolidation on the bearing capacity of bucket foundation were also illustrated by an actual offshore wind power project case.

砂土中冲刷条件下三筒基础水平承载特性研究

通过开展小比尺三筒基础承载力模型试验,研究冲刷条件下三筒基础水平承载特性,建立数值模型对模型试验结果进行验证与扩展,分析水平和弯矩荷载下,冲刷率e和相对筒间距S/D对极限承载力的影响,提出三筒基础极限承载力的冲刷修正系数dhe、dme的计算方法;采用固定荷载比方法,通过数值模型计算M-H加载条件下三筒基础的破坏包络线,分析冲刷率e和相对筒间距S/D对复合加载特性的影响,提出冲刷条件下三筒基础M-H破坏包络线公式。研究结果表明:冲刷条件下的三筒基础受水平和弯矩作用直至破坏的过程,经历弹性变形—塑性变形—失稳破坏3个阶段;三筒基础的水平极限承载力随冲刷率e的增大而下降,且下降速率逐渐增大,相同长径比的三筒基础的水平极限承载力随相对筒间距的减小而降低;随着冲刷率e的提高,三筒基础的M-H破坏包络线向内移动,随着相对筒间距S/D增大,归一化破坏包络线呈上凸的趋势。

上砂下黏地层中桩-筒复合基础V-H承载特性

海上风机基础不仅受自重等竖向力V作用,也因水流、波浪和风等影响而承受水平荷载H。为探讨上砂下黏地层中一种由单桩和吸力筒组成的新型海上风机桩-筒复合基础受V-H组合作用时的承载特性,自主设计完成了一系列室内桩-筒复合基础V-H组合加载模型试验,获得不同组合参数下桩-筒复合基础的荷载-位移曲线和桩身弯矩分布曲线,并绘制出V-H承载力包络线。在此基础上,采用ABAQUS建立了上砂下黏地层中桩-筒复合基础三维数值分析模型,经模型验证与参数分析,进一步讨论了砂土厚度、筒径、筒高以及加载高度等参数对桩-筒复合基础承载特性的影响曲线,并拟合出桩-筒复合基础承载力简化计算公式,分析结果表明:桩-筒复合基础能显著提高桩身水平承载力,增幅达30%~90%,且增加筒径比增加筒高更有利于提高基础水平承载力;上部砂土层较厚时,桩-筒复合基础存在一个使复合基础水平承载力达到最大的预加竖向荷载最佳值,其值随不同载荷工况在(0.4~0.7)Vult范围内变化。

上软下硬黏土中四筒基础抗倾覆承载特性研究

随着海上风电向深远海发展,四筒基础发展潜力巨大。中国大多数海域存在较厚的上覆软土层,对基础抗倾覆承载能力有着重大影响。采用有限元软件ABAQUS建立上软下硬分层黏土模型,对四筒基础在单向水平荷载和弯矩荷载作用下的承载力特性进行研究。研究结果表明:四筒基础在水平、弯矩荷载作用下主要运动模式为转动,对边加载时,转动轴靠近受压筒且随着软土层厚度增加不断靠近四筒基础平面中心,但变化幅度较小;水平和弯矩极限承载力对于不同的筒间距和长径比具有相同的变化趋势,当软土层厚度h/筒高L≤3/4时,水平和弯矩承载力随着软土层厚度的增加近似线性降低,当h/L>3/4后,承载力降低速率明显减小。

黏土中筒型基础竖向承载影响深度研究

开展筒型基础在上黏下砂成层土中模型试验,提出“砂层下探法”确定竖向荷载影响深度。分析结果发现:均质黏土中,宽浅式筒型基础竖向承载影响深度约为筒端以下0.5倍筒径,随着长径比的增加,竖向承载影响深度缓慢增加;在强度随深度线性增长的黏土中,竖向承载影响深度与土体不均匀系数呈反比。

基于极限分析下限法的筒型基础地基承载特性研究

筒型基础凭借其成本低、工期短且对地基扰动相对较小的优势,已成为中国海上风电的重要基础形式之一。由于其基础结构形式复杂,经典的地基计算方法无法准确评估其地基竖向承载力。利用有限元极限分析下限法,建立了考虑筒-土间摩擦的筒型基础地基竖向承载力的下限解求解程序,在此基础上分析了土体强度不均匀性、筒型基础长径比及筒外壁-土间摩擦对筒型基础地基竖向承载力的影响,提出了综合考虑以上因素的筒型基础地基竖向承载力计算公式。

安装扰动对筒型基础短期承载性能的影响

随着海上风电一步式安装技术的发展,筒型基础安装扰动对短期承载性能的影响有待进一步研究。为此采用Abaqus用户子程序自定义场变量的形式,模拟了筒型基础安装扰动对周边土体强度的影响;然后通过三维小变形分析方法研究了不同安装扰动范围对筒型基础短期承载性能的影响。研究结果表明,安装扰动中的侧壁扰动部分是引起筒型基础承载力降低的主要原因;基础的竖向和抗倾覆承载力受安装扰动的影响降低明显,且降幅与基础的长径比有关,而基础的水平承载力降低相对较小,且降幅与基础长径比无关;此外,安装扰动后基础的复合承载力包络线形状与未扰动工况一致,可采用相同的表达式进行描述。在此基础上,提出了考虑安装扰动影响的筒型基础承载力计算方法,可用于评估安装扰动对筒型基础短期承载性能的影响。

土工袋路基基础加固效果及影响因素试验研究

文章利用室内物理缩尺模型试验,研究不同土工袋加固层数、加固宽度以及首层埋置深度条件下的路基基础加载破坏试验,通过分析路基基础坡面裂缝率、荷载-沉降关系曲线以及路基基础内部土压力沿水平方向传递和竖直方向分布规律等,研究土工袋加固层数、加固宽度及首层埋置深度对路基基础加固效果的影响及其规律。结果表明:土工袋对基础内部土压力的分布有显著影响,且荷载越大土工袋加固效果越明显;土工袋加固层数及加固宽度越大,路基基础加固效果越好,但在保证经济成本的条件下并不是加固层数越多、加固宽度越大越好;顶层土工袋距加载板越近越有利于控制路基基础沉降,但不利于抑制裂缝的开展,因此建议实际工程中适当保留一定的首层埋置深度,以利于控制裂缝的开展。

复合加载下海上风电四筒基础地基承载力特性研究

以福建某海上风电场四筒导管架基础为研究对象,通过数值模拟方法建立四筒基础-地基整体模型,研究四筒基础在V-H(竖向-水平荷载)、V-M(竖向-弯矩荷载)、H-M(水平-弯矩荷载)和V-H-M(竖向-水平-弯矩荷载)作用下的地基失效模式。结果表明:在V-H和H-M加载模式下,四筒基础竖向极限承载力和弯矩极限承载力均随着水平力的增大而减小,且弯矩极限承载力与水平力之间呈现出线性减小的趋势;在V-M加载模式下,随着竖向荷载的不断增大,四筒基础主要运动形式从转动转换为平动;V-H-M加载模式下的承载力包络线随着竖向荷载的增大向外扩张,且竖向荷载的作用明显提高了地基水平和弯矩极限承载力。

复合加载模式下四筒导管架基础承载特性分析

针对海上风电四筒导管架基础在砂土中的复合承载特性,采用数值模拟的方法,计算5种不同荷载组合下的四筒导管架基础的极限承载力。为分析不同加载模式下筒基长径比和筒间距对基础极限承载力的影响,分别改变筒高和吸力筒圆心距离进行计算并绘制破坏包络线。结果表明,在竖向荷载作用下,基础的水平极限承载力先增大后减小;抗扭承载力随竖向荷载的增大而增大,随水平荷载的增大而减小;不同竖向荷载的作用下,水平和弯矩极限承载力基本呈线性相关。

排水方式及加载条件对三筒型基础水平承载的影响

以三筒型基础为研究对象,分析吸力筒筒高、加载角度、加载速度以及排水条件对其承载性能的影响。研究表明,在其他3种影响因素不变的情况下,随着筒裙高度的增大,三筒基础的水平承载力提高;不排水条件下,加载速度明显影响筒型基础水平承载力和筒内孔隙水压力,排水条件下加载速度对筒型基础的水平承载力影响有限;加载角度不同,筒型基础的水平承载力最大增加1倍;不排水条件较排水条件可致使水平极限承载力最大增幅达149%。因此,实际工程中,沉放三筒型基础后,宜关闭筒顶阀门,有助于筒型基础保持较好的水平承载能力。

受水流冲刷影响后的吸力桶基础水平极限承载力

以某海域海上风机吸力桶基础为研究对象,采用Abaqus有限元数值模拟软件,考虑基础在不同土层中由水流冲刷导致其周围土体缺失时吸力桶基础的水平承载力。结果表明,桶内土体的缺失对吸力桶水平承载力的影响不大,随着吸力桶基础外周围土体缺失的扩大,其水平承载力逐渐降低,影响海上风机的正常使用。

砂土中长径比对三筒基础水平承载特性的影响

The tripod foundation(TF)is a prevalent foundation configuration in contemporary engineering practices.In comparison to a single pile,TF comprised interconnected individual piles,resulting in enhanced bearing capacity and stability.A physical model test was conducted within a sandy soil foundation,systematically varying the length-to-diameter ratio of the TF.The investigation aimed to comprehend the impact of altering the height of the central bucket on the historical horizontal bearing capacity of the foundation in saturated sand.Additionally,the study scrutinized the historical consequences of soil pressure and pore water pressure surrounding the bucket throughout the loading process.The historical findings revealed a significant enhancement in the horizontal bearing capacity of the TF under undrained conditions.When subjected to a historical horizontal loading angle of 0°for a single pile,the multi-bucket foundation exhibited superior historical bearing capacity compared to a single-pile foundation experiencing a historical loading angle of 180°under pulling conditions.With each historical increment in bucket height from 150 mm to 350 mm in 100 mm intervals,the historical horizontal bearing capacity of the TF exhibited an approximately 75%increase relative to the 150 mm bucket height,indicating a proportional relationship.Importantly,the historical internal pore water pressure within the bucket foundation remained unaffected by drainage conditions during loading.Conversely,undrained conditions led to a historical elevation in pore water pressure at the lower side of the pressure bucket.Consequently,in practical engineering applications,the optimization of the historical bearing efficacy of the TF necessitated the historical closure of the valve atop the foundation to sustain internal negative pressure within the bucket.This historical measure served to augment the historical horizontal bearing capacity.Simultaneously,historical external loads,such as wind,waves,and currents,were directed towards any individual bucket within the TF for optimal historical performance.

筒间距对四筒导管架基础在砂土中承载特性的影响

导管架吸力筒基础是近年来兴起的一种新型的海上风电基础,目前对其承载特性的研究相对较少。针对四筒导管架海上风力机基础,通过建立不同筒间距的四筒导管架基础有限元模型,研究了筒间距对导管架基础在砂土中极限承载力的影响。研究发现:导管架基础的竖向承载力受筒间距变化的影响不大,而极限水平、抗弯以及抗扭承载力随筒间距的增大而呈现明显的增加趋势。

土质对三筒吸力桩导管架基础水平承载特性的影响

针对三筒吸力式导管架基础在粉砂质土、淤泥质土中的承载特性进行一系列的数值研究。选取不同厚度的粉砂质土和淤泥质土组合,利用ABAQUS有限元软件对不同土质组合下基础单向的水平承载能力、破坏特性和吸力筒的临侧土压力进行分析。研究发现:三筒吸力式导管架基础在不同土质组合下的水平承载能力呈规律性的变化,且随粉砂质土厚度的增加而增大。结构承载力在吸力筒侧壁的粉砂质土厚度为3~6 m时表现出最大的增长能力,研究结果可为实际工程中三筒导管架基础设计提供建议和参考。

筒内间隙及土塞对海上风电多筒导管架基础承载力影响研究

多筒导管架基础结构凭借其施工便捷、适用性强、经济性优良等特点,在海上风电领域得到了广泛的应用.多筒基础结构在安装过程中,受海床平整度、区域内土质差异及筒内外渗流等影响,在基础筒体中会存在筒内间隙及筒内土塞现象,进而导致筒体有效埋深的不同,最终对服役期基础承载力产生一定的影响.本文借助室内模型试验及有限元分析的方法,研究了筒内间隙及土塞所引起的有效埋深对筒型基础承载力的影响规律.研究结果表明:通过试验对有限元进行修正后,不同工况下基础水平极限承载力模型试验结果与数值模拟结果相差在8.86%以内;多筒基础水平极限承载力随着筒内间隙高度和筒内土塞高度的增加而降低;当筒内间隙高度为0.10D、0.15D及0.20D时(D为筒型基础模型直径),水平极限承载力降低幅度分别为筒内无间隙工况的9.11%、16.72%和23.80%;当筒内土塞高度为0.10D、0.15D及0.20D时,水平极限承载力降低幅度分别为筒内无土塞工况的9.32%、17.16%和24.45%;当筒内间隙(土塞)高度为0.10D’、0.15D’及0.20D’时(D’为筒型基础原型直径)且竖向荷载分别超过竖向极限承载力的34.3%(33.5%)、33.8%(33.4%)和31.7%(31.9%)时,基础原型的弯矩承载力随竖向荷载的增大而降低.