Experimental and numerical study of buckling-restrained braces configured with out-of-plane eccentricity under cyclic loading

This study focuses on variations in the hysteretic behavior of buckling-restrained braces(BRBs)configured with or without out-of-plane eccentricity under cyclic loading.Quasi-static experiments and numerical simulations were carried out on concentrically and eccentrically loaded BRB specimens to investigate the mechanical properties,energy dissipation performance,stress distribution,and high-order deformation pattern.The experimental and numerical results showed that compared to the concentrically loaded BRBs,the stiffness,yield force,cumulated plastic ductility(CPD)coefficient,equivalent viscous damping coefficient and energy dissipation decreased,and the yield displacement and compression strength adjustment factor increased for the eccentrically loaded BRBs.With the existence of the out-of-plane eccentricity,the initial yield position changes from the yield segment to the junction between the yield segment and transition segment under a tensile load,while the initial high-order buckling pattern changes from a first-order C-shape to a secondorder S-shape under a compressive load.

Ductility demands on buckling-restrained braced frames under earthquake loading

Accurate estimates of ductility demands on buckling-restrained braced frames(BRBFs)are crucial to performance-based design of BRBFs.An analytical study on the seismic behavior of BRBFs has been conducted at the ATLSS Center,Lehigh University to prepare for an upcoming experimental program.The analysis program DRAIN-2DX was used to model a one-bay,four-story prototype BRBF including material and geometric nonlinearities.The buckling- restrained brace(BRB)model incorporates both isotropic and kinematic hardening.Nonlinear static pushover and time- history analyses were performed on the prototype BRBF.Performance objectives for the BRBs were defined and used to evaluate the time-history analysis results.Particular emphasis was placed on global ductility demands and ductility demands on the BRBs.These demands were compared with anticipated ductility capacities.The analysis results,along with results from similar previous studies,are used to evaluate the BRBF design provisions that have been recommended for codification in the United States.The results show that BRB maximum ductility demands can be as high as 20 to 25.These demands significantly exceed those anticipated by the BRBF recommended provisions.Results from the static pushover and time- history analyses are used to demonstrate why the ductility demands exceed those anticipated by the recommended provisions. The BRB qualification testing protocol contained in the BRBF recommended provisions is shown to be inadequate because it requires only a maximum ductility demand of at most 7.5.Modifications to the testing protocol are recommended.

Application of buckling-restrained braces in the seismic control of suspension bridges

Buckling-restrained braces(BRBs)are widely used to improve the seismic performance of buildings.This paper aims to introduce BRBs to suspension bridges and assess the seismic performance of bridges with BRBs.Taking the Dadu River Bridge as a case study,an FEA model of the bridge is established,and different seismic measures(BRBs between the deck and the tower,BRBs at the middle of the span to replace the inclined suspenders to connect the deck and the main cables,fluid viscous dampers(FVDs)between the deck and the tower,the combination of BRBs to replace the inclined suspenders as well as FVDs between the deck and the tower)are applied to the suspension bridge.The influence of the parameters of BRBs on the seismic response of the suspension bridge is studied,and the performance of the bridge with BRBs is compared with that of the bridge with FVDs.The results indicate that the use of BRBs in place of the inclined suspenders is beneficial to reduce the displacement of the deck and limit the shear force and bending moment of the tower.The seismic performance of the suspension bridge with BRBs and FVDs is better than that of the bridge with BRBs or FVDs.Therefore,the application of BRBs is a feasible method to improve the seismic performance of the suspension bridge.

Assessment of buckling-restrained braced frame reliability using an experimental limit-state model and stochastic dynamic analysis

Buckling-restrained braces （BRBs） have recently become popular in the United States for use as primary members of seismic lateral-force-resisting systems. A BRB is a steel brace that does not buckle in compression but instead yields in both tension and compression. Although design guidelines for BRB applications have been developed, systematic procedures for assessing performance and quantifying reliability are still needed. This paper presents an analytical framework for assessing buckling-restrained braced frame （BRBF） reliability when subjected to seismic loads. This framework efficiently quantifies the risk of BRB failure due to low-cycle fatigue fracture of the BRB core. The procedure includes a series of components that： （1） quantify BRB demand in terms of BRB core deformation histories generated through stochastic dynamic analyses; （2） quantify the limit-state of a BRB in terms of its remaining cumulative plastic ductility capacity based on an experimental database; and （3） evaluate the probability of BRB failure, given the quantified demand and capacity, through structural reliability analyses. Parametric studies were conducted to investigate the effects of the seismic load, and characteristics of the BRB and BRBF on the probability of brace failure. In addition, fragility curves （i.e., conditional probabilities of brace failure given ground shaking intensity parameters） were created by the proposed framework. While the framework presented in this paper is applied to the assessment of BRBFs, the modular nature of the framework components allows for application to other structural components and systems.

Stability Performance of Buckling-Restrained Brace with Brace Joints

The stability and ductility of four buckling-restrained braces (BRBs) with brace joints were studied. The load-carrying element of BRB was fabricated with steel (Chinese Q235), and a layer of colloidal silica sheet (0.5 mm in thickness) or four layers of plastic film (0.2 mm in thickness) were used as unbonding materials to provide space to prevent the buckling of inner core in higher modes and facilitate its lateral expansion in case of compression. Based on the equation of BRBs with brace joints of different restrained stiffnesses, the buckling load is calculated considering the initial geometric imperfections and residual stress, and the theoretical values agree well with the experiment results. It is concluded that the buckling load and ductility of BRBs are influenced greatly by the restrained stiffness of brace joints. If the restrained stiffness is deficient, the unstrained segment of BRBs with less stiffness will buckle firstly. As a result, the ultimate load of BRBs decreases, and the maximum compression load is reduced to about 65% of the maximum tension load; the stiffness also degenerates, and there is a long decreasing stage on the back-bone curve in compression phase; the ductility decreases, i.e., the ultimate tension ductility and ultimate compression ductility are approximately 15 and 1.3 respectively, and the cumulative plastic ductility is only approximately 200. If the restrained stiffness of joint is large enough, the stability will be improved as follows: the yielding strength and ultimate strength of BRBs are nearly the same, and there is an obvious strain intensification in both tension and compression phases; the ductility of brace also increases obviously, i.e., the ultimate tension ductility and ultimate compression ductility are both approximately 14, and the cumulative plastic ductility reaches 782.

Development and subassemblage cyclic testing of hybrid buckling-restrained steel braces

Buckling-restrained braced frames(BRBFs) are vulnerable to relatively higher post-earthquake residual drifts under high intensity ground shakings. This is primarily due to the low axial elastic and post-elastic stiffness of bucklingrestrained braces(BRBs) satisfying the design force demand requirements. In the present study, a hybrid buckling restrained bracing system consisting of a short yielding core length BRB component and a conventional buckling-type brace component connected in series has been developed with an aim to increase the axial stiffness of braces. This study is focused on the experimental investigation of six hybrid bucking restrained braces(HBRBs) to investigate their overall behavior, loadresisting capacity, strength-adjustment factors and energy dissipation potential. The main parameters varied are the crosssectional area, the yielding length of core elements as well as the detailing of buckling-restraining system of short yielding core length BRBs. Test results showed that the HBRBs with yielding core length in the range of 30% of work-point to workpoint lengths withstood an axial strain of 6% without any instability and can deliver stable and balanced hysteretic response and excellent energy dissipation under reversed cyclic loading conditions.

Experimental study of the pinned double rectangular tube assembled buckling-restrained brace

In this study, seven pinned double-rectangular tube assembled buckling-restrained brace （DRT-ABRB） specimens were experimentally charaeterised by means of an axial cyclic test. The core member of the specimens was a single flat-plate. Two rectangular tubes were assembled using high strength bolts to form an external restraining member. Each rectangular tube was composed of an external steel channel and a cover plate. A gap or thin rubber filler was set between the core and the external restraining member to form an unbonded layer. The influence of several design parameters on the failure mode and energy dissipation capacity of the ABRB was investigated, including the height of the core wing plate, thickness of the external cover plate, and height of the external channel flange. This experimental study demonstrated that a local pressure-bearing failure at the end of the external member arises when the external cover plate is too thin or if the end construction detail is unreasonable. When the end rotations of the DRT-ABRB were restricted, the hysteretic performance was shown to be superior to that of a pure pinned DRT-ABRB. Finally, all the tested DRT-ABRBs exhibited excellent energy dissipation performance which amply satisfied existing regulation requirements.

Deterministic and probabilistic analysis of great-depth braced excavations:A 32 m excavation case study in Paris

The Fort d’Issy-Vanves-Clamart(FIVC)braced excavation in France is analyzed to provide insights into the geotechnical serviceability assessment of excavations at great depth within deterministic and probabilistic frameworks.The FIVC excavation is excavated at 32 m below the ground surface in Parisian sedimentary basin and a plane-strain finite element analysis is implemented to examine the wall deflections and ground surface settlements.A stochastic finite element method based on the polynomial chaos Kriging metamodel(MSFEM)is then proposed for the probabilistic analyses.Comparisons with field measurements and former studies are carried out.Several academic cases are then conducted to investigate the great-depth excavation stability regarding the maximum horizontal wall deflection and maximum ground surface settlement.The results indicate that the proposed MSFEM is effective for probabilistic analyses and can provide useful insights for the excavation design and construction.A sensitivity analysis for seven considered random parameters is then implemented.The soil friction angle at the excavation bottom layer is the most significant one for design.The soil-wall interaction effects on the excavation stability are also given.

Internal brace与带线锚钉通过改良Broström术治疗慢性踝关节不稳的疗效对比

目的比较internal brace(IB)与带线锚钉通过改良Broström术治疗慢性踝关节不稳的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2019年5月至2022年2月在桂林市人民医院本院关节骨科行手术治疗的42例慢性踝关节外侧不稳患者资料,根据距腓前韧带修补所用材料的不同将患者分为IB组(19例)和带线锚钉组(23例)。比较两组患者一般资料、手术时间、并发症发生率、术后完全负重行走时间、术后恢复跑步的时间、美国足踝外科协会(American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society,AOFAS)踝-后足功能评分、视觉模拟评分法(visual analog scale,VAS)评分。结果所有患者术后均获得随访,随访时间12~18个月,平均(13.8±5.3)个月。两组患者基线资料差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组各有1例术口拆线后再出现渗液,换药后愈合;两组各有2例术口区域感觉障碍,除IB组有1例术后半年仍未完全恢复外,其余3例术后2~3个月恢复;IB组患者术后6周随访时AOFAS评分优于带线锚钉组,差异有统计学意义(t=2.239,P=0.025),但术后6周时VAS评分比较差异无统计学意义(t=0.308,P=0.760);末次随访时AOFAS评分和VAS评分比较,两组之间差异无统计学意义(t=0.045,P=0.965;t=0.203,P=0.840);IB组术后完全负重行走时间、术后恢复跑步的时间显著早于带线锚钉组,差异有统计学意义(t=26.566,P<0.01;t=4.838,P<0.01)。结论IB与带线锚钉通过改良Broström术开放治疗慢性踝关节不稳的临床疗效满意,且使用IB在早期康复和重返运动方面优于带线锚钉。

一类brace中的thin边

证明若一个brace含有一个四圈C_(4),且该四圈中包含两个相邻的三度点,则该brace至少有一条thin边在该C_(4)中.

Internal-Brace联合改良的Brostrom术治疗慢性踝关节外侧不稳的疗效

目的评价Internal-Brace联合改良的Brostrom术治疗慢性踝关节外侧不稳的疗效。方法回顾性分析陆军第八十一集团军医院骨科2019-01至2021-12收治的29例慢性踝关节外侧不稳患者,全部行Internal-Brace联合改良的Brostrom术,采用美国足踝外科协会(AOFAS)踝-后足评分系统,前抽屉试验,Karlsson-Peterson评分系统进行手术效果评价,采用视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评价手术前、后踝部疼痛。结果所有患者均获得随访,其中28例末次随访时均能完成3 km跑等训练任务,基本恢复伤前训练水平,1例术后3 d出现切口感染,感染率3.4%;28例AOFAS评分由手术前(34.7±7.4)分提高到末次随访时的(86.6±3.3)分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),所有患者术后前抽屉试验阴性,Karlsson-Peterson评分由术前(62.4±9.5)分提高到末次随访时的(92.6±4.5)分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),VAS评分由术前(7.1±0.7)分降低到末次随访时的(2.3±0.8)分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论Internal-Brace联合改良的Brostrom术治疗慢性踝关节外侧不稳效果显著,能明显改善患者踝关节功能。

钢支撑-钢筋混凝土掉层框架结构抗震性能试验研究

为改善坡地钢筋混凝土(RC)掉层框架结构抗侧刚度分布的不均匀性,设计了一栋在上接地层设置钢支撑的RC掉层框架结构,按1/4比例提取其顺坡向中榀框架下部5层子结构为试验对象,开展钢支撑-RC掉层框架拟静力试验,观测试件的破坏过程,并对比RC掉层框架试验所得试件的破坏形态,分析试件滞回性能、延性和刚度退化等抗震性能指标。结果表明:试件的最终破坏是以第4层柱底混凝土压溃,梁端混凝土剥落、底部钢筋断裂,顶层柱顶混凝土剥落为标志。与RC掉层框架试验结果相比,钢支撑-RC掉层框架试件上接地柱的破坏明显减轻,柱端破坏分布也更为均匀,避免了掉层框架结构“半层破坏模式”的出现,改善了结构的耗能和抗地震倒塌能力。但试件上接地层相邻上一层的变形和破坏程度较大,应对该楼层的柱端进行适当的抗震加强;设置钢支撑后,试件的滞回曲线较为饱满,并具有良好的延性(正、负向加载的位移延性系数分别可达5.13、5.69),正负向加载的刚度退化曲线也趋于对称。

耐张型悬索支撑输电结构风振非线性有限元分析

耐张型悬索支撑输电结构是一类适用于山地地形的新型输电结构,其主要受风荷载控制。为此,该研究发展了该输电结构风振非线性有限元分析模型并开展了结构风振响应分析。考虑结构的几何非线性,通过单元应变能与位移的关系推导了支撑悬索和输电线的三维杆单元切线刚度矩阵;给出了支撑悬索和输电线的单元质量矩阵、阻尼矩阵以及由风荷载等效而得的单元节点荷载向量;基于非线性有限元理论,建立了耐张型悬索支撑输电结构风振非线性动力方程,并采用了结合Newton-Raphson迭代法的Newmark-β法求解非线性动力方程;通过所建立的动力学分析模型对两跨耐张型悬索支撑输电结构进行了风致非线性振动分析。算例分析结果表明:①提出的模型具有较好的计算精度和较高的计算效率;②悬索支撑导线部分的低阶固有频率比悬索支撑地线部分的低阶固有频率更低;③该输电结构的输电线位移响应受风荷载影响较大;④输电线侧向位移和支撑悬索张力受风速和风向角影响均较显著。

新型GFRP-钢屈曲约束支撑设计与受力性能分析

为发展轻质、耐腐蚀的屈曲约束支撑,以玻璃纤维(GFRP)拉挤型材和缠绕工艺构造支撑约束构件,H型钢为内芯,提出一种新型GFRP-钢屈曲约束支撑.通过理论分析与数值模拟,探究了支撑内芯的屈曲模态发展规律;结合GFRP的各向异性和层合板结构特性,建立了GFRP约束构件的设计参数计算公式;分析了支撑间厚比、翼缘和腹板宽厚比及纤维角度对GFRP约束构件与内芯相互作用特征的影响规律,并给出了合理取值;通过算例分析,验证了该设计方法的可靠性.结果表明:H型钢内芯依次发生翼缘局部屈曲、绕弱轴整体屈曲、腹板局部屈曲和绕强轴整体屈曲,且整体屈曲模态较低,而局部屈曲模态较高;间厚比和宽厚比均会影响内芯的屈曲模态发展,进而改变约束构件的受力状态,间厚比宜为0.125 0~0.50,宽厚比宜小于6.29;GFRP约束构件主应力方向接近45°,为充分发挥纤维纵向承载能力,纤维宜按45°相互垂直交叉布置.

钢框架-偏心支撑结构消能梁暗置侧向支撑设计

在钢框架-偏心支撑结构中,针对钢结构住宅等建筑中不能接受常规消能梁侧向支撑的情况,设计了一种在消能梁段端部的楼板内设置型钢连接件及暗梁组成的暗置侧向支撑。有限元模拟分析表明,在规范规定的消能梁段下翼缘侧向水平荷载的作用下,该消能梁暗置侧向支撑能显著减小消能梁的扭转变形和侧向弯曲变形;在考虑消能梁上局部楼板失效的情况下,暗置侧向支撑也能提供消能梁合适的扭转约束刚度。通过某工程的原位静荷载试验,验证了该暗置支撑对消能梁发挥的预期侧向支撑作用。

附加消能子结构在抗震加固工程中的应用

介绍了消能子结构的研究现状,文中以某小学教学楼抗震加固工程为例,阐述了采用附加消能子结构配合屈曲约束支撑进行抗震加固的设计过程,采用阵型分解反应谱法和时程分析法分析并对比了加固前后结构的抗震性能变化,基于现有研究成果,进行了消能子结构的加固设计和罕遇地震作用下的承载力复核。结果表明:采用附加消能子结构对结构进行抗震加固,在提高建筑抗震性能的同时,可以不影响建筑内部功能。加固后,结构整体刚度增加,自振周期变短,层间剪力增大,整体变形变小,结构的整体受力状态和变形模式得到改善,房屋整体抗震性能提升。罕遇地震作用下,结构整体塑性程度较低,损伤屈服机制更加合理,可以实现“大震不倒”的设防目标。消能子结构为连接消能器和主体结构的关键构件,应重点进行设计,采用柱的N-M曲线进行承载力复核比较便捷。文中设计思路可为类似工程提供借鉴和参考。

柱脚不均匀沉降对单斜撑钢井架的影响与治理研究

长期的荷载作用可能导致矿井井架变形和不均匀沉降,甚至可能引起结构整体倾覆。针对童亭煤矿钢结构单斜撑井架的沉降和受力特点,采用ANSYS有限元软件构建了单斜撑井架结构模型,研究了斜撑基础不均匀沉降对井架结构内力的影响规律,并对井架内力受不均匀沉降影响机理进行分析。结果表明:①立架与斜撑间的沉降差值会引起立架C柱底和顶部横梁的应力呈线性增加,对斜撑影响较小;X方向沉降率达到2.04‰时,立架最大应力出现于C柱底,约为148 MPa,低于钢材设计强度的限值。②两斜撑基础间的不均匀沉降对单斜撑井架的不利影响更大,断绳工况下的Y方向沉降率为0.88‰时即发生应力超限破坏,略低于《矿山井架设计标准》中对单斜撑式钢井架斜撑基础间最大1‰的沉降差值限制。③不均匀沉降导致井架内力重分布,井架最大应力值和位移值均随沉降值增大而增大,其中立架C柱和斜撑上下天轮梁为最危险部位。针对井架沉降现状,提出了重点部位的加固和顶升方案,加固后井架内力和变形均大幅降低,静力性能提升30%。

集中荷载作用下弹性支撑矩形钢管混凝土翼缘工字形梁稳定性能研究

为研究弹性支撑刚度对矩形钢管混凝土翼缘工字形梁稳定性能的影响,开展了集中荷载作用下3根带有不同弹性支撑刚度的矩形钢管混凝土翼缘工字形梁的稳定性能试验,研究试验梁的位移及应变的变化规律,获得梁的失稳形式和稳定承载力。试验结果表明,整个加载破坏过程分为三个阶段,即弹性阶段、弹塑性阶段和破坏阶段,3根试验梁均发生整体弯扭屈曲失稳。随着弹性支撑刚度增加,梁稳定承载力增大,验证了设置弹性支撑可有效地提高该梁的稳定承载力。在试验基础上,利用ANSYS有限元软件对该梁进行非线性屈曲分析,将获得的稳定承载力与试验结果进行对比,误差均小于5%,从而验证有限元分析方法的正确性。最后,研究了混凝土强度、上翼缘含钢率和腹板高厚比等参数对该类梁稳定性能的影响规律。研究表明,增大上翼缘钢管含钢率和减小腹板高厚比均可明显提高该类梁的稳定承载力,而增强混凝土强度对梁的稳定承载力提高较小。

近场脉冲型地震作用下附加支撑双柱式摇摆桥墩的抗震性能研究

为了解决摇摆桥墩承载力和耗能能力不足的问题,该文提出一种附加人字形支撑的双柱式摇摆桥墩结构,支撑为纯耗能支撑或自复位耗能支撑,支撑通过连接装置安装在双柱式摇摆桥墩的盖梁和承台之间。为了研究新型附加人字形支撑双柱式摇摆桥墩的抗震性能,对其进行拟静力分析,将双柱式现浇桥墩和双柱式纯摇摆桥墩作为对比模型,研究附加纯耗能支撑和自复位耗能支撑双柱式摇摆桥墩的滞回性能;分别对这四种桥墩结构进行动力时程分析,探究这四种桥墩在近场对称脉冲、近场非对称脉冲和远场无脉冲地震动作用下的动力响应。研究结果表明:附加支撑的双柱式摇摆桥墩中的墩柱仍具有摇摆机制,可有效避免墩身出现塑性铰发生严重的损伤破坏,同时附加的支撑可以显著提高桥墩的承载能力和耗能能力,有效降低桥墩结构的位移响应,特别是自复位耗能支撑还可额外为桥墩提供自恢复力,有效提高结构的抗震性能。

单边螺栓连接中心支撑钢框架抗震性能分析

目的为研究支撑-半刚接钢框架结构体系的抗震性能,方法设计了一榀由嵌套式单边螺栓与T型钢构成的半刚性梁柱节点的中心支撑钢框架,并进行了拟静力试验与有限元数值模拟,通过观测整个试验现象,分析了其滞回、承载力、刚度退化、耗能等抗震指标。结果结果表明:试件破坏过程明显经历了弹性段、塑性段、破坏段三个阶段,试件破坏模式主要为支撑受压失稳破坏,塑性变形主要累积在支撑体系上,整体呈现延性破坏特征;支撑断裂后,梁柱及T型钢节点无明显塑性变形,钢框架仍具有较高的安全储备,符合“强节点、弱构件”设计原则,表明了结构具有两道抗震防线;结论支撑与半刚接钢框架协同工作使得试件具有较高的抗侧刚度抵抗水平变形,且承载力较高、滞回性能稳定、耗能能力优良;单边螺栓在试验过程中的受力性能较普通高强螺栓并无较大差别,未出现严重的预紧力松弛现象,并能高效的保持螺栓预紧力。通过有限元数值模拟分析可知,减小支撑长细比,虽能有效提高结构的抗震性能,但长细比较小会导致支撑刚度增大,加速其余构件的损坏。故应以考虑结构的延性为前提,降低支撑的长细比,才能有效提高结构的抗震性能。