A study was performed to evaluate the epidemiological aspects of buffalo mastitis in the District Chitwan, Nepal for characterizing the California mastitis test （CMT）, somatic cell count （SCC）, electrical conducti...A study was performed to evaluate the epidemiological aspects of buffalo mastitis in the District Chitwan, Nepal for characterizing the California mastitis test （CMT）, somatic cell count （SCC）, electrical conductivity （EC） values and bacteriological analysis for defining buffalo milk. The CMT was performed by mixing equal volume of milk and 3% sodium lauryl sulphate. The SCC was determined by staining milk film with New Man’s Lampert Stain and EC values were measured by manual digital mastitis detector and expressed as mS/cm. Bacteriological analysis was done on the basis of Gram’s stain, morphological findings, colony characteristics and biochemical tests. The maximum number （16%） of clinical cases of mastitis was observed in the month of July and lowest in the month of April （1.6%）. When the temperature and humidity increased, it indicates that there is need for better care of lactating buffaloes during this month. On a quarter basis, 16% of the foremilk samples in buffaloes were diagnosed as having subclinical mastitis and 11% were diagnosed as having clinical mastitis. The results of CMT scores and SCC showed the evidence that subclinical and clinical mastitic milk was having CMT positive scores （＋1~＋3） with ≥ 200 × 103 cells/mL. The mean pH of clinically normal buffalo milk was 6.75 （range 6.39 to 7.08） and subclinical mastitic and clinical mastitic milk was 6.85 （range 6.37 to 7.10） and 6.88 （range 6.41 to 7.20）, respectively. Analysis of EC value in the milk revealed the presence of mastitis in buffaloes and the cut-off values was 3.7 mS/cm. The coagulase negative Staphylococcus （CNS）, such as S. albus and S. epidermidis were the predominant organisms associated with subclinical mastitis, and CNS and coliforms in clinical mastitis. This information suggests that environmental mastitis was prevalent in buffaloes of Chitwan District. In this study, 9.5% of the quarters were having bacterial count （BC） more than 250 cfu/mL. The proposed criteria for normal milk are absence of clinical signs, CMT negative, SCC 〈 200 × 10^3 cells/mL, EC 〈 3.7 mS/cm and 〈 250 cfu/mL bacteria. The parameters for defining subclinically mastitic milk are absence of clinical signs, CMT positive, SCC ≥ 200 × 10^3 cells/mL, EC 〉 3.7 mS/cm and 〉 250 cfu/mL bacteria. Similarly, clinical mastitic milk was defined as milk having presence of clinical signs, CMT positive, SCC ≥ 200 × 10^3 cells /mL, EC 〉 3.7 mS/cm and BC 〉 250 cfu/mL.展开更多
The ill effects of green revolution include residues of extensively used chemical pesticides in various environmental components. The present study was designed to analyze the levels of organochlorine pesticide residu...The ill effects of green revolution include residues of extensively used chemical pesticides in various environmental components. The present study was designed to analyze the levels of organochlorine pesticide residues along with chemical composition in buffalo milk samples collected from different localities of Delhi. Milk monitoring can yield information about the kinds and quantities of pesticides in the environment as well as in our daily diet. In this study, the residue of three different organochlorine pesticides, namely Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and Endosulfan have been reported. Residues of Lindane exceeded the Maximum Residual Limit values in 50% of the samples is a cause of serious concern. The p,p’-DDT was detected in 70% of the samples with p,p’-DDE (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene) in 80% of the milk samples of different parts of Delhi state. DDD (Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane) another metabolite of p,p’-DDT was detected in 65% of the milk samples. The analysis indicates that DDT is the major contaminants in different parts of Delhi state. α and β endosulfan were detected in 35% and 40% of the samples analyzed. The statistical correlation shows no significant correlation between chemical compositions of the samples. The presence of multiple chemicals in virtually all samples of buffalo milk raises new questions about the possible toxicological impacts of chemical mixtures on an infant’s developing nervous and immune systems and reproductive organs.展开更多
Sugar beet tops including leaves and crown harvested and chopped into 3-6 cm, mixed with sugar cane pulp and sugar cane molasses （about 5% of the total mass） to provide a mixture contained 30-35 percent dry mater. A...Sugar beet tops including leaves and crown harvested and chopped into 3-6 cm, mixed with sugar cane pulp and sugar cane molasses （about 5% of the total mass） to provide a mixture contained 30-35 percent dry mater. After two months of ensiling, the silage was evaluated and used in the ration of lactating buffaloes. A Latin square experiment in a changeover design, with three periods of time, each with 20 days for adaptation and 10 days for recording data, was conducted in which 15 multiparous lactating buffloes were used in three similar groups, each with five animals. The prepared silage was included in the diet of lactating buffaloes where a control diet （A） was compared with treatment diets contained 25% （B） and 50% （C） silage （DM basis） respectively. Milk yield was recorded, sampled and analysed for fat, protein, solid not-fat and total solids-content. The maximum daily rough milk yield per animal was obtained on diet C while minimum on diet A （P 〈 0.05）. Similar trends were observed for 4% fat corrected milk, and 3.5% fat corrected milk that were significantly different between the treatments （P 〈 0.05）. The percentage of crude fat and daily fat yield per animal were significantly （P 〈 0.05） higher in treatment C comparing to A and B. An increasingly trend of milk and fat yield was observed when the animals received silage contained diets but statistically it was significant only for the diets contained 50% silage. In addition, the fat percentage was significantly （P 〈 0.05） increased when the buffaloes received diet containing 50% silage. The highest （P 〈 0.05） amount of protein and total solid yield obtained, when the animals received high （50%） silage diet.展开更多
A total of 5852 records concerning daily milk yield, content of protein and fat, and somatic cell count was recorded in two farms (organic and conventional). Somatic cell count was log10- transformed before analysis b...A total of 5852 records concerning daily milk yield, content of protein and fat, and somatic cell count was recorded in two farms (organic and conventional). Somatic cell count was log10- transformed before analysis because was not normally distributed. The mixed model methodology was used according to a repeated-measures scheme, as the restricted maximum likelihood method to estimate lactation curves at different season of calving and at different calving order. Calving order affected milk yield only in the first three calving order with the lowest production levels in the first six months of the year for both farm;no effect could be observed on fat and protein contents. The organic farm shows the minor milk production (7.77 vs8.10 kg/day/head organic and traditional respectively), but good qualitative characteristics of milk, and minor content of Somatic Cell Count. The milk production is major, in traditional farm, in summer respect the winter (10.4 vs6.34 kgof milk/day/ head). In biological farm no difference between seasons were observed. Peak milk yield occurs, for both farms, at around the 6th - 7th wk of lactation.展开更多
The trial was conducted on thirty buffalo cows subdivided in three groups. In the immediate pre-calving, 2.5 ml of Echinacea purpurea were orally administered to the first group (A) and, after calving, Nux vomica, Che...The trial was conducted on thirty buffalo cows subdivided in three groups. In the immediate pre-calving, 2.5 ml of Echinacea purpurea were orally administered to the first group (A) and, after calving, Nux vomica, Chelidonium and Lycopodium were administered at 7 days intervals. The second group (B) was only subjected to the post-calving treatment, while the third group (C) represented the control group. Immediately after calving two groups of calves were formed. The first group received 5 granules of Pyrogenium in the first days of life and then for 10 days the 0.5 ml of E. purpurea. The second group did not receive any remedy. Before the calving, in conventional farm twenty buffalo cows (D group) were vaccinated. Remedies administration did not affect milk protein content, milk lipid contents and the achievement of the lactation peak. Blood samples showed that total protein, albumin and globulin levels were lower in group A, compared to groups B and C. Cholesterol and urea were lower in the treated groups than in the control. We therefore conclude that the use of homeopathic remedies are a chance to improve animal welfare and their productive characteristics.展开更多
建立了液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱(Liquid chromatography tandem four stage mass spectrometry,HPLC-MS/MS)检测信阳水牛乳中唾液酸(Sialic acid,SA)含量的分析方法。采用电喷雾离子源,在负离子采集模式下,利用多重反应监测(MRM)唾液酸...建立了液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱(Liquid chromatography tandem four stage mass spectrometry,HPLC-MS/MS)检测信阳水牛乳中唾液酸(Sialic acid,SA)含量的分析方法。采用电喷雾离子源,在负离子采集模式下,利用多重反应监测(MRM)唾液酸离子对:m/z=308/87,170,定量离子对:m/z=308/87。结果表明,唾液酸含量为0.05~0.50μg/g范围内,线性关系良好(R~2=0.999 9),平均回收率为95.1%, RSD为2.6%,检出限、定量限分别为0.05,0.2μg/g,该方法操作简单,有较好准确性和重现性、高灵敏度,可广泛应用于牛乳中唾液酸(SA)的分析检测,为信阳水牛乳及乳制品的开发探索提供更多可能性。展开更多
文摘A study was performed to evaluate the epidemiological aspects of buffalo mastitis in the District Chitwan, Nepal for characterizing the California mastitis test （CMT）, somatic cell count （SCC）, electrical conductivity （EC） values and bacteriological analysis for defining buffalo milk. The CMT was performed by mixing equal volume of milk and 3% sodium lauryl sulphate. The SCC was determined by staining milk film with New Man’s Lampert Stain and EC values were measured by manual digital mastitis detector and expressed as mS/cm. Bacteriological analysis was done on the basis of Gram’s stain, morphological findings, colony characteristics and biochemical tests. The maximum number （16%） of clinical cases of mastitis was observed in the month of July and lowest in the month of April （1.6%）. When the temperature and humidity increased, it indicates that there is need for better care of lactating buffaloes during this month. On a quarter basis, 16% of the foremilk samples in buffaloes were diagnosed as having subclinical mastitis and 11% were diagnosed as having clinical mastitis. The results of CMT scores and SCC showed the evidence that subclinical and clinical mastitic milk was having CMT positive scores （＋1~＋3） with ≥ 200 × 103 cells/mL. The mean pH of clinically normal buffalo milk was 6.75 （range 6.39 to 7.08） and subclinical mastitic and clinical mastitic milk was 6.85 （range 6.37 to 7.10） and 6.88 （range 6.41 to 7.20）, respectively. Analysis of EC value in the milk revealed the presence of mastitis in buffaloes and the cut-off values was 3.7 mS/cm. The coagulase negative Staphylococcus （CNS）, such as S. albus and S. epidermidis were the predominant organisms associated with subclinical mastitis, and CNS and coliforms in clinical mastitis. This information suggests that environmental mastitis was prevalent in buffaloes of Chitwan District. In this study, 9.5% of the quarters were having bacterial count （BC） more than 250 cfu/mL. The proposed criteria for normal milk are absence of clinical signs, CMT negative, SCC 〈 200 × 10^3 cells/mL, EC 〈 3.7 mS/cm and 〈 250 cfu/mL bacteria. The parameters for defining subclinically mastitic milk are absence of clinical signs, CMT positive, SCC ≥ 200 × 10^3 cells/mL, EC 〉 3.7 mS/cm and 〉 250 cfu/mL bacteria. Similarly, clinical mastitic milk was defined as milk having presence of clinical signs, CMT positive, SCC ≥ 200 × 10^3 cells /mL, EC 〉 3.7 mS/cm and BC 〉 250 cfu/mL.
文摘The ill effects of green revolution include residues of extensively used chemical pesticides in various environmental components. The present study was designed to analyze the levels of organochlorine pesticide residues along with chemical composition in buffalo milk samples collected from different localities of Delhi. Milk monitoring can yield information about the kinds and quantities of pesticides in the environment as well as in our daily diet. In this study, the residue of three different organochlorine pesticides, namely Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and Endosulfan have been reported. Residues of Lindane exceeded the Maximum Residual Limit values in 50% of the samples is a cause of serious concern. The p,p’-DDT was detected in 70% of the samples with p,p’-DDE (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene) in 80% of the milk samples of different parts of Delhi state. DDD (Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane) another metabolite of p,p’-DDT was detected in 65% of the milk samples. The analysis indicates that DDT is the major contaminants in different parts of Delhi state. α and β endosulfan were detected in 35% and 40% of the samples analyzed. The statistical correlation shows no significant correlation between chemical compositions of the samples. The presence of multiple chemicals in virtually all samples of buffalo milk raises new questions about the possible toxicological impacts of chemical mixtures on an infant’s developing nervous and immune systems and reproductive organs.
文摘Sugar beet tops including leaves and crown harvested and chopped into 3-6 cm, mixed with sugar cane pulp and sugar cane molasses （about 5% of the total mass） to provide a mixture contained 30-35 percent dry mater. After two months of ensiling, the silage was evaluated and used in the ration of lactating buffaloes. A Latin square experiment in a changeover design, with three periods of time, each with 20 days for adaptation and 10 days for recording data, was conducted in which 15 multiparous lactating buffloes were used in three similar groups, each with five animals. The prepared silage was included in the diet of lactating buffaloes where a control diet （A） was compared with treatment diets contained 25% （B） and 50% （C） silage （DM basis） respectively. Milk yield was recorded, sampled and analysed for fat, protein, solid not-fat and total solids-content. The maximum daily rough milk yield per animal was obtained on diet C while minimum on diet A （P 〈 0.05）. Similar trends were observed for 4% fat corrected milk, and 3.5% fat corrected milk that were significantly different between the treatments （P 〈 0.05）. The percentage of crude fat and daily fat yield per animal were significantly （P 〈 0.05） higher in treatment C comparing to A and B. An increasingly trend of milk and fat yield was observed when the animals received silage contained diets but statistically it was significant only for the diets contained 50% silage. In addition, the fat percentage was significantly （P 〈 0.05） increased when the buffaloes received diet containing 50% silage. The highest （P 〈 0.05） amount of protein and total solid yield obtained, when the animals received high （50%） silage diet.
文摘A total of 5852 records concerning daily milk yield, content of protein and fat, and somatic cell count was recorded in two farms (organic and conventional). Somatic cell count was log10- transformed before analysis because was not normally distributed. The mixed model methodology was used according to a repeated-measures scheme, as the restricted maximum likelihood method to estimate lactation curves at different season of calving and at different calving order. Calving order affected milk yield only in the first three calving order with the lowest production levels in the first six months of the year for both farm;no effect could be observed on fat and protein contents. The organic farm shows the minor milk production (7.77 vs8.10 kg/day/head organic and traditional respectively), but good qualitative characteristics of milk, and minor content of Somatic Cell Count. The milk production is major, in traditional farm, in summer respect the winter (10.4 vs6.34 kgof milk/day/ head). In biological farm no difference between seasons were observed. Peak milk yield occurs, for both farms, at around the 6th - 7th wk of lactation.
文摘The trial was conducted on thirty buffalo cows subdivided in three groups. In the immediate pre-calving, 2.5 ml of Echinacea purpurea were orally administered to the first group (A) and, after calving, Nux vomica, Chelidonium and Lycopodium were administered at 7 days intervals. The second group (B) was only subjected to the post-calving treatment, while the third group (C) represented the control group. Immediately after calving two groups of calves were formed. The first group received 5 granules of Pyrogenium in the first days of life and then for 10 days the 0.5 ml of E. purpurea. The second group did not receive any remedy. Before the calving, in conventional farm twenty buffalo cows (D group) were vaccinated. Remedies administration did not affect milk protein content, milk lipid contents and the achievement of the lactation peak. Blood samples showed that total protein, albumin and globulin levels were lower in group A, compared to groups B and C. Cholesterol and urea were lower in the treated groups than in the control. We therefore conclude that the use of homeopathic remedies are a chance to improve animal welfare and their productive characteristics.
文摘建立了液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱(Liquid chromatography tandem four stage mass spectrometry,HPLC-MS/MS)检测信阳水牛乳中唾液酸(Sialic acid,SA)含量的分析方法。采用电喷雾离子源,在负离子采集模式下,利用多重反应监测(MRM)唾液酸离子对:m/z=308/87,170,定量离子对:m/z=308/87。结果表明,唾液酸含量为0.05~0.50μg/g范围内,线性关系良好(R~2=0.999 9),平均回收率为95.1%, RSD为2.6%,检出限、定量限分别为0.05,0.2μg/g,该方法操作简单,有较好准确性和重现性、高灵敏度,可广泛应用于牛乳中唾液酸(SA)的分析检测,为信阳水牛乳及乳制品的开发探索提供更多可能性。
