Two methods of irrigation,drip,and sprinkler were studied to determine the response of the Javits green roof to irrigation.The control study was dry unirrigated plots.Drip irrigation consisted of irrigation tubes runn...Two methods of irrigation,drip,and sprinkler were studied to determine the response of the Javits green roof to irrigation.The control study was dry unirrigated plots.Drip irrigation consisted of irrigation tubes running through the green roof that would water the soil throughout and sprinkler irrigation used a sprinkler system to irrigate the green roof from above.In all cases,the irrigated roofs had increased the soil moisture,reduced temperatures of both the upper and lower surfaces,reduced growing medium temperatures and reduced air temperatures above the green roof relative to the unirrigated roof.The buffered temperature fluctuations were also studied via air conditioner energy consumption.There was a 28%reduction in air conditioner energy consumption and a 33%reduction in overall energy consumption between dry and irrigated plots.Values of thermal resistance or S were determined for accuracy and for this study,there was little change which is ideal.A series of infra-red and thermal probe measurements were used to determine temperatures in the air and sedum.It was determined that the sprinkler irrigation did a better job than the drip irrigation in keeping cooler temperatures within the green roof.A Mann-Whitney U test was performed to verify the variation in moisture temperatures buffering energy consumption.By getting a p-value<0.05,it indicates that the model is accurate for prediction and medium temperatures were statistically different.展开更多
Essential oils of pure lavender and lavender blends have been employed as potential anxiolytic aromas in aromatherapy, but a direct comparison of their effectiveness is lacking. The current study investigated the effe...Essential oils of pure lavender and lavender blends have been employed as potential anxiolytic aromas in aromatherapy, but a direct comparison of their effectiveness is lacking. The current study investigated the effects of aroma on induced anxiety in non-clinical adults, comparing pure lavender, a commercially available blend and a no aroma control. An experimental, quantitative, mixed factorial design with an opportunity sample of 60 participants was employed. Participants were randomly allocated to three equal groups, one tested in a room infused with lavender aroma, the second with the doTerra Peace<sup>®</sup> blend, and the third free from any aroma. Participants’ state anxiety scores were measured before and after a novel video-based anxiety induction procedure. Data analysis revealed that the anxiety induction was successful and that both aromas delivered small to medium-sized buffering effects compared to no aroma. The findings add to a small body of research in an area where the practice is global yet has limited scientific evaluation. Future studies utilising brain imaging and blood serum analysis to investigate the anxiolytic mechanism of aromas would be beneficial to further our understanding.展开更多
Juice drinks are an important commercialization alternative for lychee, a tropical and subtropical fruit. Although the lychee juice content is important when assessing the quality of a drink, there are no published me...Juice drinks are an important commercialization alternative for lychee, a tropical and subtropical fruit. Although the lychee juice content is important when assessing the quality of a drink, there are no published methods to determine it, particularly simple ones for the routine inspection of juice drinks. Lychee juice drinks contain ingredients with buffering capacity including proteins and ions such as phosphate, citrate, lactate, carbonate, acetate and propionate. The relationship between their buffering capacity and lychee juice content was studied. Citric acid was added to pure lychee dilutions in distilled water containing 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20% and 10% lychee juice. The pH of the dilutions was measured to obtain a linear model for the molar H+ concentration as a function of the added citric acid (g/L) amount LC = (BC-494.2)/12,031, where LC was the lychee juice content and BC was defined as the juice buffering coefficient.展开更多
Compared with wheeled or tracked robots,legged robots exhibit advantages on agile locomotion and higher survival chance for deadly impacts. A buffering strategy is proposed for quadruped robots with non-extreme initia...Compared with wheeled or tracked robots,legged robots exhibit advantages on agile locomotion and higher survival chance for deadly impacts. A buffering strategy is proposed for quadruped robots with non-extreme initial attitudes from the end of air-righting to the steady standing on the ground.This approach consists of landing phase,buffering phase and recovering phase. The variable stiffness control,proportional-derivative( PD) force control and foot trajectory planning are applied to the joints of quadruped robots until the end of the recovering phase. The PD parameters are tuned according to the desired performance of each phase. The above approach is verified on a virtual platform.展开更多
The latest view suggests the inactive core,surface pulverization,and poly sulfide shuttling effect of metal sulfides are responsible for their low capacity and poor cycling performance in sodium-ion batteries(SIBs).Wh...The latest view suggests the inactive core,surface pulverization,and poly sulfide shuttling effect of metal sulfides are responsible for their low capacity and poor cycling performance in sodium-ion batteries(SIBs).Whereas overcoming the above problems based on conventional nanoengineering is not efficient enough.In this work,erythrocyte-like CuS microspheres with an elastic buffering layer of ultrathin poly aniline(PANI) were synthesized through one-step selfassembly growth,followed by in situ polymerization of aniline.When CuS@PANI is used as anode electrode in SIBs,it delivers high capacity,ultrahigh rate capability(500 mAh gat 0.1 A g,and 214.5 mAh gat 40 A g),and superior cycling life of over 7500 cycles at 20 A g.A series of in/ex situ characterization techniques were applied to investigate the structural evolution and sodium-ion storage mechanism.The PANI swollen with electrolyte can stabilize solid electrolyte interface layer,benefit the ion transport/charge transfer at the PANI/electrolyte interface,and restrain the size growth of Cu particles in confined space.Moreover,finite element analyses and density functional simulations confirm that the PANI film effectively buffers the volume expansion,suppresses the surface pulverization,and traps the poly sulfide.展开更多
Soil samples from several forest areas in China were analyzed by X-ray powder diffractometry after mineral separation and enrichment. The density gradient separation method with sequential extraction by acetone-methyl...Soil samples from several forest areas in China were analyzed by X-ray powder diffractometry after mineral separation and enrichment. The density gradient separation method with sequential extraction by acetone-methylene iodide mixtures was applied for the separation of fine sand fraction of soil samples. The clay fraction (【 2μm) was separated from silt fraction of soil samples prior to examination. Mineral components in some fine sand and clay samples were compared, and their weathering potentiality and buffering capacity against acidic precipitation were discussed.展开更多
This paper presents a computer model to investigate the buffering function of aluminum being in equilibrium with mineral kaolinite in acidic natural water. Factors affecting the theoretical pH values are discussed. Th...This paper presents a computer model to investigate the buffering function of aluminum being in equilibrium with mineral kaolinite in acidic natural water. Factors affecting the theoretical pH values are discussed. The model is verified by analyzing practical water samples.展开更多
Among the many strategies to fabricate the silicon/carbon composite,yolk/double-shells structure can be regarded as an effective strategy to overcome the intrinsic defects of Si-based anode materials for Li-ion batter...Among the many strategies to fabricate the silicon/carbon composite,yolk/double-shells structure can be regarded as an effective strategy to overcome the intrinsic defects of Si-based anode materials for Li-ion batteries(LIBs).Hereon,a facile and inexpensive technology to prepare silicon/carbon composite with yolk/double-shells structure is proposed,in which the double buffering carbon shells are fabricated.The silicon/carbon nanoparticles with core-shell structure are encapsulated by SiO_(2)and external carbon layer,and it shows the yolk/double-shells structure via etching the SiO_(2)sacrificial layer.The multiply shells structure not only significantly improves the electrical conductivity of composite,but also effectively prevents the exposure of Si particles from the electrolyte composition.Meanwhile,the yolk/double-shells structure can provide enough space to accommodate the volume change of the electrode during charge/discharge process and avoid the pulverization of Si particles.Moreover,the as-prepared YDS-Si/C shows excellent performance as anode of LIBs,the reversible capacity is as high as 1066 mA h g^(-1) at the current density of 0.5 A g^(-1) after 200 cycles.At the same time,the YDS-Si/C has high capacity retention and good cyclic stability.Therefore,the unique architecture design of yolk/double-shells for Si/C composite provides an instructive exploration for the development of next generation anode materials of LIBs with high electrochemical performances and structural stability.展开更多
This paper analyses the performance of the ATM switch fabric with Combined-Input/ Output Buffering(C-IOB) under two different service principles for the cells at the head of line (HOL) positions of input buffers: Firs...This paper analyses the performance of the ATM switch fabric with Combined-Input/ Output Buffering(C-IOB) under two different service principles for the cells at the head of line (HOL) positions of input buffers: First Come First Service (FCFS)/Random Service(RS) for the set of HOL cells addressed to a given output port with different/same "age" (the waiting time at the HOL position) and Pure Random Service(PRS) for all HOL cells addressed to a given output port regardless of their "ages" while the Queue Loss (QL) transfer scheme is adopted for interaction between input and output buffers in the ATM switch fabric. The results obtained show that the C-IOB ATM switch fabric with PRS service policy and the QL transfer scheme is better than other buffering ATM switch fabrics.展开更多
An organic macromolecule, poly(1-vinylimidazole), with an appropriate polymerization degree was proposed and mixed with water to form a novel aqueous absorbent for SO_2 capture. This aqueous solution absorbent has the...An organic macromolecule, poly(1-vinylimidazole), with an appropriate polymerization degree was proposed and mixed with water to form a novel aqueous absorbent for SO_2 capture. This aqueous solution absorbent has the advantages of simple preparation, good physicochemical properties, environment-friendliness, high ability in deep removal of SO_2, and excellent reusability. Moreover, pH-responsive behavior, pH buffering absorption mechanism, and their synergistic effect on absorption performance were revealed. The solubilities of SO_2 in the absorbent were measured in detail, and the results demonstrated excellent absorption capacity and recyclability. Then, mathematic models that describe SO_2 absorption equilibrium were established, and the corresponding parameters were estimated. More importantly, on the basis of model and experimental data, the absorption and desorption could maintain high efficiency within a wide operating region. In summary, this work provided a low-cost, efficient, and unique absorbent for SO_2 capture and verified its technical feasibility in industrial application.展开更多
Ionic liquids (ILs) with buffering and chelating abilities were designed and synthesized on the basis of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) for the development of buffered enzymatic IL systems and for enzymatic re...Ionic liquids (ILs) with buffering and chelating abilities were designed and synthesized on the basis of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) for the development of buffered enzymatic IL systems and for enzymatic reaction in heavy metal containing aqueous system. Transesterification activity of Candida antarctica lipase B dissolved in the hydroxyl-functionalized IL was buffer dependent. High activity and outstanding stability was obtained with the buffered enzymatic IL systems for the transesterification. In heavy metal containing aqueous system, EDTA IL buffers as Hg2+ chelators protected horseradish peroxidase (HRP) against Hg2+-induced denaturation and precipitation. Higher pH favored the protection, while at lower pH the protection diminished. We can conclude that the new ILs possess both buffering and chelating abilities.展开更多
Soil acidification is a major threat to agricultural sustainability in tropical and subtropical regions.Biodegradable and environmentally friendly materials,such as calcium lignosulfonate(CaLS),calcium poly(aspartic a...Soil acidification is a major threat to agricultural sustainability in tropical and subtropical regions.Biodegradable and environmentally friendly materials,such as calcium lignosulfonate(CaLS),calcium poly(aspartic acid)(PASP-Ca),and calcium polyγ-glutamic acid(γ-PGA-Ca),are known to effectively ameliorate soil acidity.However,their effectiveness in inhibiting soil acidification has not been studied.This study aimed to evaluate the effect of CaLS,PASP-Ca,andγ-PGA-Ca on the resistance of soil toward acidification as directly and indirectly(i.e.,via nitrification)caused by the application of HNO_(3)and urea,respectively.For comparison,Ca(OH)_(2)and lignin were used as the inorganic and organic controls,respectively.Among the materials,γ-PGA-Ca drove the substantial improvements in the pH buffering capacity(pHBC)of the soil and exhibited the greatest potential in inhibiting HNO_(3)-induced soil acidification via protonation of carboxyl,complexing with Al~(3+),and cation exchange processes.Under acidification induced by urea,CaLS was the optimal one in inhibiting acidification and increasing exchangeable acidity during incubation.Furthermore,the sharp reduction in the population sizes of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB)and ammonia-oxidizing archaea(AOA)confirmed the inhibition of nitrification via CaLS application.Therefore,compared to improving soil pHBC,CaLS may play a more important role in suppressing indirect acidification.Overall,γ-PGA-Ca was superior to PASP-Ca and CaLS in enhancing the soil pHBC and the its resistance to acidification induced by HNO_(3) addition,whereas CaLS was the best at suppressing urea-driven soil acidification by inhibiting nitrification.In conclusion,these results provide a reference for inhibiting soil re-acidification in intensive agricultural systems.展开更多
Rock sheds are widely used to prevent rockfall disasters along roads in mountainous areas.To improve the capacity of rock sheds for resisting rockfall impact,a sand and expandable polyethylene(EPE)composite cushion wa...Rock sheds are widely used to prevent rockfall disasters along roads in mountainous areas.To improve the capacity of rock sheds for resisting rockfall impact,a sand and expandable polyethylene(EPE)composite cushion was proposed.A series of model experiments of rockfall impact on rock sheds were conducted,and the buried depth of the EPE foam board in the sand layer was considered.The impact load and dynamic response of the rock shed were investigated.The results show that the maximum impact load and dynamic response of the rock shed roof are all significantly less than those of the sand cushion.Moreover,as the distance between the EPE foam board and rock shed roof decreases,the maximum rockfall impact force and impact pressure gradually decrease,and the maximum displacement,acceleration and strain of the rock shed first decrease and then change little.In addition,the vibration acceleration and vertical displacement of the rock shed roof decrease from the centre to the edge and decrease faster along the longitudinal direction than that along the transverse direction.In conclusion,the buffering effect of the sand-EPE composite cushion is better than that of the pure sand cushion,and the EPE foam board at a depth of 1/3 the thickness of the sand layer is appropriate.展开更多
To address the low conductivity and easy agglomeration of transition metal sulfide nanoparticles,FeCoS_(4) nanoparticles embedded in S-doped hollow carbon(FeCoS_(4)@S-HC)composites were successfully fabricated through...To address the low conductivity and easy agglomeration of transition metal sulfide nanoparticles,FeCoS_(4) nanoparticles embedded in S-doped hollow carbon(FeCoS_(4)@S-HC)composites were successfully fabricated through a combination of hydrothermal processes and sulfidation treatment.The unique bowlshaped FeCoS_(4)/S-HC composites exhibit excellent structural stability with a high specific surface area of 303.7 m^(2)·g^(-1) and a pore volume of 0.93 cm^(3)·g^(-1).When applied as anode material for lithium-ion batteries,the FeCoS_(4)@S-HC anode exhibits efficient lithium storage with high reversible specific capacity(970.2 mA·h·g^(-1) at 100 mA·g^(-1))and enhanced cycling stability(574 mA·h·g^(-1) at 0.2 A·g^(-1) after 350 cycles,a capacity retention of 84%).The excellent lithium storage is attributed to the fact that the bimetallic FeCoS_(4) nanoparticles with abundant active sites can accelerate the electrochemical reaction kinetics,and the bowl-shaped S-HC structure can provide a stable mechanical structure to suppress volume expansion.展开更多
Modern High-Performance Computing(HPC)systems are adding extra layers to the memory and storage hierarchy,named deep memory and storage hierarchy(DMSH),to increase I/O performance.New hardware technologies,such as NVM...Modern High-Performance Computing(HPC)systems are adding extra layers to the memory and storage hierarchy,named deep memory and storage hierarchy(DMSH),to increase I/O performance.New hardware technologies,such as NVMe and SSD,have been introduced in burst buffer installations to reduce the pressure for external storage and boost the burstiness of modern I/O systems.The DMSH has demonstrated its strength and potential in practice.However,each layer of DMSH is an independent heterogeneous system and data movement among more layers is significantly more complex even without considering heterogeneity.How to efficiently utilize the DMSH is a subject of research facing the HPC community.Further,accessing data with a high-throughput and low-latency is more imperative than ever.Data prefetching is a well-known technique for hiding read latency by requesting data before it is needed to move it from a high-latency medium(e.g.,disk)to a low-latency one(e.g.,main memory).However,existing solutions do not consider the new deep memory and storage hierarchy and also suffer from under-utilization of prefetching resources and unnecessary evictions.Additionally,existing approaches implement a client-pull model where understanding the application's I/O behavior drives prefetching decisions.Moving towards exascale,where machines run multiple applications concurrently by accessing files in a workflow,a more data-centric approach resolves challenges such as cache pollution and redundancy.In this paper,we present the design and implementation of Hermes:a new,heterogeneous-aware,multi-tiered,dynamic,and distributed I/O buffering system.Hermes enables,manages,supervises,and,in some sense,extends I/O buffering to fully integrate into the DMSH.We introduce three novel data placement policies to efficiently utilize all layers and we present three novel techniques to perform memory,metadata,and communication management in hierarchical buffering systems.Additionally,we demonstrate the benefits of a truly hierarchical data prefetcher that adopts a server-push approach to data prefetching.Our evaluation shows that,in addition to automatic data movement through the hierarchy,Hermes can significantly accelerate I/O and outperforms by more than 2x state-of-the-art buffering platforms.Lastly,results show 10%-35%performance gains over existing prefetchers and over 50%when compared to systems with no prefetching.展开更多
When humans jump down from a high position,there is a risk of serious injury to the lower limbs.However,cats can jump down from the same heights without any injury because of their excellent ability to attenuate impac...When humans jump down from a high position,there is a risk of serious injury to the lower limbs.However,cats can jump down from the same heights without any injury because of their excellent ability to attenuate impact forces.The present study aims to investigate the macro/micro biomechanical features of paw pads and limb bones of cats,and the coordination control of joints during landing,providing insights into how cats protect themselves from landing injury.Accordingly,histological analysis,radiological analysis,finite element method,and mechanical testing were performed to investigate the mechanical properties,microstructure,and biomechanical response of the pads and limb bones.In addition,using a motion capture system,the kinematic/kinetic data during landing were analysed based on inverse dynamics.The results show that the pads and limb bones are major contributors to non-impact-injuries,and cats actively couple their joints to adjust the parameters of movement to dissipate the higher impact.Therefore,the paw pads,limb bones,and coordinated joints complement each other and constitute a multi-level buffering mechanism,providing the cat with the sophisticated shock absorption system.This biomechanical analysis can accordingly provide biological inspiration for new approaches to prevent human lower limb injuries.展开更多
Improving the cooperative scheduling efficiency of equipment is the key for automated container terminals to copewith the development trend of large-scale ships. In order to improve the solution efficiency of the exis...Improving the cooperative scheduling efficiency of equipment is the key for automated container terminals to copewith the development trend of large-scale ships. In order to improve the solution efficiency of the existing spacetimenetwork (STN) model for the cooperative scheduling problem of yard cranes (YCs) and automated guidedvehicles (AGVs) and extend its application scenarios, two improved STN models are proposed. The flow balanceconstraints in the original model are decomposed, and the trajectory constraints of YCs and AGVs are added toacquire the model STN_A. The coupling constraint in STN_A is updated, and buffer constraints are added toSTN_A so that themodel STN_B is built.As the size of the problem increases, the solution speed of CPLEX becomesthe bottleneck. So a heuristic method containing three groups of heuristic rules is designed to obtain a near-optimalsolution quickly. Experimental results showthat the computation time of STN_A is shortened by 49.47% on averageand the gap is reduced by 1.69% on average compared with the original model. The gap between the solution ofthe heuristic rules and the solution of CPLEX is less than 3.50%, and the solution time of the heuristic rules is onaverage 99.85% less than the solution time of CPLEX. Compared with STN_A, the computation time for solvingSTN_B increases by 58.93% on average.展开更多
文摘Two methods of irrigation,drip,and sprinkler were studied to determine the response of the Javits green roof to irrigation.The control study was dry unirrigated plots.Drip irrigation consisted of irrigation tubes running through the green roof that would water the soil throughout and sprinkler irrigation used a sprinkler system to irrigate the green roof from above.In all cases,the irrigated roofs had increased the soil moisture,reduced temperatures of both the upper and lower surfaces,reduced growing medium temperatures and reduced air temperatures above the green roof relative to the unirrigated roof.The buffered temperature fluctuations were also studied via air conditioner energy consumption.There was a 28%reduction in air conditioner energy consumption and a 33%reduction in overall energy consumption between dry and irrigated plots.Values of thermal resistance or S were determined for accuracy and for this study,there was little change which is ideal.A series of infra-red and thermal probe measurements were used to determine temperatures in the air and sedum.It was determined that the sprinkler irrigation did a better job than the drip irrigation in keeping cooler temperatures within the green roof.A Mann-Whitney U test was performed to verify the variation in moisture temperatures buffering energy consumption.By getting a p-value<0.05,it indicates that the model is accurate for prediction and medium temperatures were statistically different.
文摘Essential oils of pure lavender and lavender blends have been employed as potential anxiolytic aromas in aromatherapy, but a direct comparison of their effectiveness is lacking. The current study investigated the effects of aroma on induced anxiety in non-clinical adults, comparing pure lavender, a commercially available blend and a no aroma control. An experimental, quantitative, mixed factorial design with an opportunity sample of 60 participants was employed. Participants were randomly allocated to three equal groups, one tested in a room infused with lavender aroma, the second with the doTerra Peace<sup>®</sup> blend, and the third free from any aroma. Participants’ state anxiety scores were measured before and after a novel video-based anxiety induction procedure. Data analysis revealed that the anxiety induction was successful and that both aromas delivered small to medium-sized buffering effects compared to no aroma. The findings add to a small body of research in an area where the practice is global yet has limited scientific evaluation. Future studies utilising brain imaging and blood serum analysis to investigate the anxiolytic mechanism of aromas would be beneficial to further our understanding.
文摘Juice drinks are an important commercialization alternative for lychee, a tropical and subtropical fruit. Although the lychee juice content is important when assessing the quality of a drink, there are no published methods to determine it, particularly simple ones for the routine inspection of juice drinks. Lychee juice drinks contain ingredients with buffering capacity including proteins and ions such as phosphate, citrate, lactate, carbonate, acetate and propionate. The relationship between their buffering capacity and lychee juice content was studied. Citric acid was added to pure lychee dilutions in distilled water containing 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20% and 10% lychee juice. The pH of the dilutions was measured to obtain a linear model for the molar H+ concentration as a function of the added citric acid (g/L) amount LC = (BC-494.2)/12,031, where LC was the lychee juice content and BC was defined as the juice buffering coefficient.
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(No.2015AA042201)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61233014,61305130)+1 种基金the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.ZR2013FQ003,ZR2013EEM027)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2013M541912)
文摘Compared with wheeled or tracked robots,legged robots exhibit advantages on agile locomotion and higher survival chance for deadly impacts. A buffering strategy is proposed for quadruped robots with non-extreme initial attitudes from the end of air-righting to the steady standing on the ground.This approach consists of landing phase,buffering phase and recovering phase. The variable stiffness control,proportional-derivative( PD) force control and foot trajectory planning are applied to the joints of quadruped robots until the end of the recovering phase. The PD parameters are tuned according to the desired performance of each phase. The above approach is verified on a virtual platform.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC.U1904190,51925207,U1910210,52161145101 and 51872277)the Natural Science Foundation for Excellent Young Scholars of Henan Province(Grant No.212300410091)+5 种基金Program for Science and Technology Innovation Talents in Universities of Henan Province(Grant No.22HASTIT005)Key Program of Henan Province for Science and Technology(222102240029)the“Transformational Technologies for Clean Energy and Demonstration”Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDA21000000)the National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory(KY2060000173)the Joint Fund of the Yulin University and the Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy(Grant.YLU-DNL Fund 2021002)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(WK2060140026).
文摘The latest view suggests the inactive core,surface pulverization,and poly sulfide shuttling effect of metal sulfides are responsible for their low capacity and poor cycling performance in sodium-ion batteries(SIBs).Whereas overcoming the above problems based on conventional nanoengineering is not efficient enough.In this work,erythrocyte-like CuS microspheres with an elastic buffering layer of ultrathin poly aniline(PANI) were synthesized through one-step selfassembly growth,followed by in situ polymerization of aniline.When CuS@PANI is used as anode electrode in SIBs,it delivers high capacity,ultrahigh rate capability(500 mAh gat 0.1 A g,and 214.5 mAh gat 40 A g),and superior cycling life of over 7500 cycles at 20 A g.A series of in/ex situ characterization techniques were applied to investigate the structural evolution and sodium-ion storage mechanism.The PANI swollen with electrolyte can stabilize solid electrolyte interface layer,benefit the ion transport/charge transfer at the PANI/electrolyte interface,and restrain the size growth of Cu particles in confined space.Moreover,finite element analyses and density functional simulations confirm that the PANI film effectively buffers the volume expansion,suppresses the surface pulverization,and traps the poly sulfide.
文摘Soil samples from several forest areas in China were analyzed by X-ray powder diffractometry after mineral separation and enrichment. The density gradient separation method with sequential extraction by acetone-methylene iodide mixtures was applied for the separation of fine sand fraction of soil samples. The clay fraction (【 2μm) was separated from silt fraction of soil samples prior to examination. Mineral components in some fine sand and clay samples were compared, and their weathering potentiality and buffering capacity against acidic precipitation were discussed.
文摘This paper presents a computer model to investigate the buffering function of aluminum being in equilibrium with mineral kaolinite in acidic natural water. Factors affecting the theoretical pH values are discussed. The model is verified by analyzing practical water samples.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21703191)Key Project of Strategic New Industry of Hunan Province(No.2016GK4005 and No.2016GK4030)Research Innovation Project for Graduate students of Hunan Province(No.CX2017B302)。
文摘Among the many strategies to fabricate the silicon/carbon composite,yolk/double-shells structure can be regarded as an effective strategy to overcome the intrinsic defects of Si-based anode materials for Li-ion batteries(LIBs).Hereon,a facile and inexpensive technology to prepare silicon/carbon composite with yolk/double-shells structure is proposed,in which the double buffering carbon shells are fabricated.The silicon/carbon nanoparticles with core-shell structure are encapsulated by SiO_(2)and external carbon layer,and it shows the yolk/double-shells structure via etching the SiO_(2)sacrificial layer.The multiply shells structure not only significantly improves the electrical conductivity of composite,but also effectively prevents the exposure of Si particles from the electrolyte composition.Meanwhile,the yolk/double-shells structure can provide enough space to accommodate the volume change of the electrode during charge/discharge process and avoid the pulverization of Si particles.Moreover,the as-prepared YDS-Si/C shows excellent performance as anode of LIBs,the reversible capacity is as high as 1066 mA h g^(-1) at the current density of 0.5 A g^(-1) after 200 cycles.At the same time,the YDS-Si/C has high capacity retention and good cyclic stability.Therefore,the unique architecture design of yolk/double-shells for Si/C composite provides an instructive exploration for the development of next generation anode materials of LIBs with high electrochemical performances and structural stability.
文摘This paper analyses the performance of the ATM switch fabric with Combined-Input/ Output Buffering(C-IOB) under two different service principles for the cells at the head of line (HOL) positions of input buffers: First Come First Service (FCFS)/Random Service(RS) for the set of HOL cells addressed to a given output port with different/same "age" (the waiting time at the HOL position) and Pure Random Service(PRS) for all HOL cells addressed to a given output port regardless of their "ages" while the Queue Loss (QL) transfer scheme is adopted for interaction between input and output buffers in the ATM switch fabric. The results obtained show that the C-IOB ATM switch fabric with PRS service policy and the QL transfer scheme is better than other buffering ATM switch fabrics.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2016YFC0400406)
文摘An organic macromolecule, poly(1-vinylimidazole), with an appropriate polymerization degree was proposed and mixed with water to form a novel aqueous absorbent for SO_2 capture. This aqueous solution absorbent has the advantages of simple preparation, good physicochemical properties, environment-friendliness, high ability in deep removal of SO_2, and excellent reusability. Moreover, pH-responsive behavior, pH buffering absorption mechanism, and their synergistic effect on absorption performance were revealed. The solubilities of SO_2 in the absorbent were measured in detail, and the results demonstrated excellent absorption capacity and recyclability. Then, mathematic models that describe SO_2 absorption equilibrium were established, and the corresponding parameters were estimated. More importantly, on the basis of model and experimental data, the absorption and desorption could maintain high efficiency within a wide operating region. In summary, this work provided a low-cost, efficient, and unique absorbent for SO_2 capture and verified its technical feasibility in industrial application.
文摘Ionic liquids (ILs) with buffering and chelating abilities were designed and synthesized on the basis of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) for the development of buffered enzymatic IL systems and for enzymatic reaction in heavy metal containing aqueous system. Transesterification activity of Candida antarctica lipase B dissolved in the hydroxyl-functionalized IL was buffer dependent. High activity and outstanding stability was obtained with the buffered enzymatic IL systems for the transesterification. In heavy metal containing aqueous system, EDTA IL buffers as Hg2+ chelators protected horseradish peroxidase (HRP) against Hg2+-induced denaturation and precipitation. Higher pH favored the protection, while at lower pH the protection diminished. We can conclude that the new ILs possess both buffering and chelating abilities.
基金supported by the Major project of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China(No.NK2022180401)the major project of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China(No.NK2022180404)。
文摘Soil acidification is a major threat to agricultural sustainability in tropical and subtropical regions.Biodegradable and environmentally friendly materials,such as calcium lignosulfonate(CaLS),calcium poly(aspartic acid)(PASP-Ca),and calcium polyγ-glutamic acid(γ-PGA-Ca),are known to effectively ameliorate soil acidity.However,their effectiveness in inhibiting soil acidification has not been studied.This study aimed to evaluate the effect of CaLS,PASP-Ca,andγ-PGA-Ca on the resistance of soil toward acidification as directly and indirectly(i.e.,via nitrification)caused by the application of HNO_(3)and urea,respectively.For comparison,Ca(OH)_(2)and lignin were used as the inorganic and organic controls,respectively.Among the materials,γ-PGA-Ca drove the substantial improvements in the pH buffering capacity(pHBC)of the soil and exhibited the greatest potential in inhibiting HNO_(3)-induced soil acidification via protonation of carboxyl,complexing with Al~(3+),and cation exchange processes.Under acidification induced by urea,CaLS was the optimal one in inhibiting acidification and increasing exchangeable acidity during incubation.Furthermore,the sharp reduction in the population sizes of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB)and ammonia-oxidizing archaea(AOA)confirmed the inhibition of nitrification via CaLS application.Therefore,compared to improving soil pHBC,CaLS may play a more important role in suppressing indirect acidification.Overall,γ-PGA-Ca was superior to PASP-Ca and CaLS in enhancing the soil pHBC and the its resistance to acidification induced by HNO_(3) addition,whereas CaLS was the best at suppressing urea-driven soil acidification by inhibiting nitrification.In conclusion,these results provide a reference for inhibiting soil re-acidification in intensive agricultural systems.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(No.2022NSFSC1127)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2682023CX075).
文摘Rock sheds are widely used to prevent rockfall disasters along roads in mountainous areas.To improve the capacity of rock sheds for resisting rockfall impact,a sand and expandable polyethylene(EPE)composite cushion was proposed.A series of model experiments of rockfall impact on rock sheds were conducted,and the buried depth of the EPE foam board in the sand layer was considered.The impact load and dynamic response of the rock shed were investigated.The results show that the maximum impact load and dynamic response of the rock shed roof are all significantly less than those of the sand cushion.Moreover,as the distance between the EPE foam board and rock shed roof decreases,the maximum rockfall impact force and impact pressure gradually decrease,and the maximum displacement,acceleration and strain of the rock shed first decrease and then change little.In addition,the vibration acceleration and vertical displacement of the rock shed roof decrease from the centre to the edge and decrease faster along the longitudinal direction than that along the transverse direction.In conclusion,the buffering effect of the sand-EPE composite cushion is better than that of the pure sand cushion,and the EPE foam board at a depth of 1/3 the thickness of the sand layer is appropriate.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22379056,52102260)the Project funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M711545)the Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality Project(Breakthrough for Industry Prospect and Key Technologies)of Zhenjiang City(CG2023003)。
文摘To address the low conductivity and easy agglomeration of transition metal sulfide nanoparticles,FeCoS_(4) nanoparticles embedded in S-doped hollow carbon(FeCoS_(4)@S-HC)composites were successfully fabricated through a combination of hydrothermal processes and sulfidation treatment.The unique bowlshaped FeCoS_(4)/S-HC composites exhibit excellent structural stability with a high specific surface area of 303.7 m^(2)·g^(-1) and a pore volume of 0.93 cm^(3)·g^(-1).When applied as anode material for lithium-ion batteries,the FeCoS_(4)@S-HC anode exhibits efficient lithium storage with high reversible specific capacity(970.2 mA·h·g^(-1) at 100 mA·g^(-1))and enhanced cycling stability(574 mA·h·g^(-1) at 0.2 A·g^(-1) after 350 cycles,a capacity retention of 84%).The excellent lithium storage is attributed to the fact that the bimetallic FeCoS_(4) nanoparticles with abundant active sites can accelerate the electrochemical reaction kinetics,and the bowl-shaped S-HC structure can provide a stable mechanical structure to suppress volume expansion.
基金This work is funded by the National Science Foundation of USA under Grants Nos.OCI-1835764 and CSR-1814872。
文摘Modern High-Performance Computing(HPC)systems are adding extra layers to the memory and storage hierarchy,named deep memory and storage hierarchy(DMSH),to increase I/O performance.New hardware technologies,such as NVMe and SSD,have been introduced in burst buffer installations to reduce the pressure for external storage and boost the burstiness of modern I/O systems.The DMSH has demonstrated its strength and potential in practice.However,each layer of DMSH is an independent heterogeneous system and data movement among more layers is significantly more complex even without considering heterogeneity.How to efficiently utilize the DMSH is a subject of research facing the HPC community.Further,accessing data with a high-throughput and low-latency is more imperative than ever.Data prefetching is a well-known technique for hiding read latency by requesting data before it is needed to move it from a high-latency medium(e.g.,disk)to a low-latency one(e.g.,main memory).However,existing solutions do not consider the new deep memory and storage hierarchy and also suffer from under-utilization of prefetching resources and unnecessary evictions.Additionally,existing approaches implement a client-pull model where understanding the application's I/O behavior drives prefetching decisions.Moving towards exascale,where machines run multiple applications concurrently by accessing files in a workflow,a more data-centric approach resolves challenges such as cache pollution and redundancy.In this paper,we present the design and implementation of Hermes:a new,heterogeneous-aware,multi-tiered,dynamic,and distributed I/O buffering system.Hermes enables,manages,supervises,and,in some sense,extends I/O buffering to fully integrate into the DMSH.We introduce three novel data placement policies to efficiently utilize all layers and we present three novel techniques to perform memory,metadata,and communication management in hierarchical buffering systems.Additionally,we demonstrate the benefits of a truly hierarchical data prefetcher that adopts a server-push approach to data prefetching.Our evaluation shows that,in addition to automatic data movement through the hierarchy,Hermes can significantly accelerate I/O and outperforms by more than 2x state-of-the-art buffering platforms.Lastly,results show 10%-35%performance gains over existing prefetchers and over 50%when compared to systems with no prefetching.
基金The work is financially supported by the Defense Industrial Technology Development Program under the Grant JCKY2018601B106 and JCKY2017205B032.
文摘When humans jump down from a high position,there is a risk of serious injury to the lower limbs.However,cats can jump down from the same heights without any injury because of their excellent ability to attenuate impact forces.The present study aims to investigate the macro/micro biomechanical features of paw pads and limb bones of cats,and the coordination control of joints during landing,providing insights into how cats protect themselves from landing injury.Accordingly,histological analysis,radiological analysis,finite element method,and mechanical testing were performed to investigate the mechanical properties,microstructure,and biomechanical response of the pads and limb bones.In addition,using a motion capture system,the kinematic/kinetic data during landing were analysed based on inverse dynamics.The results show that the pads and limb bones are major contributors to non-impact-injuries,and cats actively couple their joints to adjust the parameters of movement to dissipate the higher impact.Therefore,the paw pads,limb bones,and coordinated joints complement each other and constitute a multi-level buffering mechanism,providing the cat with the sophisticated shock absorption system.This biomechanical analysis can accordingly provide biological inspiration for new approaches to prevent human lower limb injuries.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(62073212).
文摘Improving the cooperative scheduling efficiency of equipment is the key for automated container terminals to copewith the development trend of large-scale ships. In order to improve the solution efficiency of the existing spacetimenetwork (STN) model for the cooperative scheduling problem of yard cranes (YCs) and automated guidedvehicles (AGVs) and extend its application scenarios, two improved STN models are proposed. The flow balanceconstraints in the original model are decomposed, and the trajectory constraints of YCs and AGVs are added toacquire the model STN_A. The coupling constraint in STN_A is updated, and buffer constraints are added toSTN_A so that themodel STN_B is built.As the size of the problem increases, the solution speed of CPLEX becomesthe bottleneck. So a heuristic method containing three groups of heuristic rules is designed to obtain a near-optimalsolution quickly. Experimental results showthat the computation time of STN_A is shortened by 49.47% on averageand the gap is reduced by 1.69% on average compared with the original model. The gap between the solution ofthe heuristic rules and the solution of CPLEX is less than 3.50%, and the solution time of the heuristic rules is onaverage 99.85% less than the solution time of CPLEX. Compared with STN_A, the computation time for solvingSTN_B increases by 58.93% on average.