China＇s Military Build-up and India＇s Response

Since the 1990s, the rise of China has become realized. China has shown dramatic economic, and expanded its political influences at both regional and international levels. More importantly, it has accelerated its military build-up since the 1990s, and widened a gap between military capabilities of China and those of neighboring countries. In response to China＇s strengthening military power and capability, India, one of the most potential competitors for regional hegemony, is at a crossroads. How has India perceived China＇s remarkable military build-up？ And, based on India＇s perception, how has it responded？ This article argues that, relying on the logic of neorealism, India has seen China＇s military build-up as a significant threat to its national interest and security. After exploring India＇s strategies in response to China＇s strengthening military power, empirical analysis reveals that, facing a threat from China＇s growing military power, India＇s response could be characterized as internal and external balancing against China.

The effect of different initial densities of nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) on the build-up of Pasteuria penetrans population

Pasteuria penetrans will build-up faster where there is a high initial nematode density and can suppress root-knot nematode populations in the roots of tomato plants. The effect of different initial densities of nematode (Meloidogyne javanica)(150, 750, 1500, 3000) and P. penetrans infected females (F1, F3) densities (F0=control and AC=absolute control without nematode or P. penetrans inoculum) on the build-up of Pasteuria population was investigated over four crop cycles. Two major points of interest were highlighted. First, that within a confined soil volume, densities of P. penetrans can increase >100 times within 2 or 3 crop cycles. Second, from a relatively small amount of spore inoculum, infection of the host is very high. There were more infected females in the higher P. penetrans doses. The root growth data confirms the greater number of females in the controls particularly at the higher inoculum densities in the third and fourth crops. P. penetrans generally caused the fresh root weights to be higher than those in the control. P. penetrans has shown greater reduction of egg masses per plant at most densities.The effects of different initial densities of M. javanica and P. penetrans on the development of the pest and parasite populations were monitored. And no attempt was made to return the P. penetrans spores to the pots after each crop so the build-up in actual numbers of infected females and spores under natural conditions may be underestimated.

On the Build-Up Factor from the Multi-Group Neutron Diffusion Equation with Cylindrical Symmetry

We consider the time dependent neutron diffusion equation for one energy group in cylinder coordinates, assuming translational symmetry along the cylinder axis. This problem for a specific energy group is solved analytically applying the Hankel transform in the radial coordinate r. Our special interest rests in the build-up factor for a time dependent linear neutron source aligned with the cylinder axis, which in the limit of zero decay constant reproduces also the static case. The new approach to solve the diffusion equation by integral transform technique is presented and results for several parameter sets and truncation in the solution for the flux and build-up factor are shown and found to be compatible to those of literature [1,2].

A Closed-Form Formulation for the Build-Up Factor and Absorbed Energy for Photons and Electrons in the Compton Energy Range in Cartesian Geometry

In this work, we report on a closed-form formulation for the build-up factor and absorbed energy, in one and two di- mensional Cartesian geometry for photons and electrons, in the Compton energy range. For the one-dimensional case we use the LTSN method, assuming the Klein-Nishina scattering kernel for the determination of the angular radiation intensity for photons. We apply the two-dimensional LTSN nodal solution for the averaged angular radiation evaluation for the two-dimensional case, using the Klein-Nishina kernel for photons and the Compton kernel for electrons. From the angular radiation intensity we construct a closed-form solution for the build-up factor and evaluate the absorbed energy. We present numerical simulations and comparisons against results from the literature.

30元打造诺基亚FBUS数据线

将手机与电脑连接起来，可以让手机的使用更加方便，也能够实现很多附加功能。但是很多手机销售时并没有附带数据线，特别是对于一些价们较低的手机来说，随机销售的附件都少得可怜，更别说零售价值上百元的数据线了。笔者使用了一段时间的诺基亚（NOKIA）5510，由于“榨干”了它的潜能，因此决定将其与电脑连接，看看它还有什么能耐。不过5510的数据线并没有随机销售，因此笔者决定在有限的投资内得到最大的回报——自制数据线。

STRENGTHEN THE BUILD-UP OF CONTINGENTS IN THE LIGHT OF FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

After 45 years’ of unremitting efforts since the founding of the CAS,contingents of carders, S&T researchers and auxiliary workers in the Academy, which have developed not only in quantity but also in quality,have made important contributions both to the country’s S&T development and to national economic construction. Since the beginning of the reform and opening, the Academy has adopted, through continued exploration and reform,a set of measures to build up the three contingents in the light of new state of S&T reform in the country.

Structural build-up model for three-dimensional concrete printing based on kinetics theory

The thixotropic structural build-up is crucial in extrusion-based three-dimensional(3D)concrete printing.This paper uses a theoretical model to predict the evolution of static and dynamic yield stress for printed concrete.The model employs a structural kinetics framework to create a time-independent constitutive link between shear stress and shear rate.The model considers flocculation,deflocculation,and chemical hydration to anticipate structural buildability.The reversible and irreversible contributions that occur throughout the build-up,breakdown,and hydration are defined based on the proposed structural parameters.Additionally,detailed parametric studies are conducted to evaluate the impact of model parameters.It is revealed that the proposed model is in good agreement with the experimental results,and it effectively characterizes the structural build-up of 3D printable concrete.

RCC与不同FR-4基板积层结构的Tg考察

文章采用常规RC(C涂树脂铜箔)与不同型号、不同厚度的FR-4基板一次积层制作了不同组成的积层板结构,并对不同型号、不同厚度的基板及其与RCC积层前后的Tg测试分析,结果表明具有不同Tg水平的基板与该RCC积层之后的总Tg几乎不受RCC的Tg影响,仍然为芯板的Tg。

Effect of activator on rheological properties of alkali-activated slag-fly ash pastes

The time-dependent rheological behaviors of alkali-activated cement(AAC)are expected to be precisely controlled,in order to meet the requirements of modern engineering practices.In this paper,the effects of activator,including the Na_(2)O concentration and SiO_(2)/Na_(2)O(S/N)molar ratio,on the rheological behavior of alkali-activated slag fly ash pastes were investigated.The small amplitude oscillatory shear(SAOS)and shear test were used to evaluate the structural build-up and flowability of pastes.Besides,zeta potential measurement,calorimetric test and thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)were carried out to reveal the physico-chemical mechanisms behind the rheological evolution of fresh pastes.It was found that high Na_(2)O concentration and low S/N molar ratio improved the flowability and structural build-up rate of paste.Moreover,the structural build-up of alkali-activated slag-fly ash pastes consists of two stages,which is controlled by the dissolution of solid reactants and formation of C-(A)-S-H gels,respectively.

Clinical and Dosimetric Implications of Air Gaps between Bolus and Skin Surface during Radiation Therapy

Purpose: The main objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of air gaps of 0 - 5.0 cm between bolus and skin for 1.0 cm Superflab bolus on surface dose (DSurf) and depth of maximum dose (dmax) in solid water and Rando? phantoms. Methods: In this work, the effects of bolus to surface distance on DSurf and variation in dmax were analyzed in a solid water phantom and in an anthropomorphic Rando? phantom for different field sizes, using Gafchromic? EBT films and farmer chamber. Results: For field sizes of 5 × 5 cm2 the DSurf is significantly affected by increasing air gaps greater than 5 mm. For field sizes larger than 10 × 10 cm2, DSurf is nearly the same for air gaps of 0 - 5.0 cm. For small fields and 6 MV photon beam, dmax increases with increasing air gap, while for 10 MV beam and smaller field sizes (i.e. 5 × 5 and 10 × 10 cm2) the dmax first decreases and then increases with the air gaps. For both 3DCRT and IMRT plans on Rando?, DSurf reduction is more prominent with increasing air gaps. Conclusion: For field sizes larger than 10 × 10 cm2 DSurf is largely unaffected by air gaps. However, smaller air gap results in shallower dmax for both 6 MV and 10 MV photon beams at all fields sizes. Special consideration should be taken to reduce air gaps between bolus and skin for field sizes smaller than 10 × 10 cm2 or when surface contour variations are greater or when the bolus covers small area and at the border of the field.

Influence of aluminum content on machinability of AS series cast magnesium alloys

The influence of Al content on machinability of AS series cast Mg alloys was studied. The assessment of machinability of Mg alloys was performed by measuring the cutting forces and surface roughness. The microstructure and the tensile properties were also studied. The results reveal that cutting forces are increased with the increase of the Al content. Surface roughness and mechanical properties are the highest for AS91 Mg alloy. It is assumed that the main mechanism, which has an influence on the mechanical properties, is the presence of intermetallic phases(Mg2Si and Mg17Al12). Cutting forces increase with the increase of the cutting speed in machining of all Mg alloys. These measured data are in accordance with the mechanical properties of the machined alloys.

Watt-level,green-pumped optical parametric oscillator based on periodically poled potassium titanyl phosphate with high extraction efficiency

We report a compact,efficient optical parametric oscillator(OPO)based on a periodically poled potassium titanyl phosphate(PPKTP)crystal pumped by a 532 nm laser,which generated 1.51 W of average power at the signal wavelength of 709 nm with the pulse duration of~1.0 ns.The extraction efficiency was up to 59%.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first report on Watt-level green-pumped PPKTP-based singly resonant oscillator OPO(SRO-OPO).The precise build-up time of OPO was determined to be 1.6 ns benefitting from the characteristic of twin-peak pulse profile of pump beam.The spectrum width of the idler was also measured to be 4.2 nm with the central wavelength of 2134 nm at 0.2 nm spectral resolution of optical spectrum analyzer.In addition,the beam quality of M^(2)<1.9 of generated signal exhibits a good consistency with M^(2)<1.5 for the pump source.

Comparative Study on the Surface Dose of Some Bolus Materials

In order to investigate the possibility of using different materials as bolus in radiotherapy, five samples denoted by S2 - S6 were prepared and analyzed by comparison with one available commercial bolus denoted by S1. Sample S1 was a thermoplastic material from Qfix;S2 was a moldable silicon rubber (RTV-530 from Prochima);S3 and S4 were obtained by adding micrometric particles of Al and Cu respectively (at the same mass concentration of 5.5%);S5 was another moldable silicon rubber (GSP400 from Prochima) and S6 was a mixture of GSP400 and micrometric particles of Cu (at the mass concentration of 5.5%). The measurements of normalized transmitted dose as a function of sample thickness were performed for all samples (S1 - S6) at two values of electron beam energy (6 and 9 MeV) produced by a linear accelerator VARIAN 2100SC. The results showed that the maximum of the normalized transmitted dose of manufactured samples (S2 - S6) is registered at smaller sample thicknesses than for the analyzed commercial bolus (sample S1). The smallest sample thickness corresponding to normalized maximum point dose is obtained for sample S2 (RTV-530). Measurements performed for electron beam energy of 6 and 9 MeV have proven the possibility of using the manufactured samples as bolus in radiotherapy.

Heating pulse tests under constant volume on Boom clay

Boom clay formation is a potential natural host rock for geological disposal of high-level nuclear waste in Belgium.Heating pulse tests with controlled power supply（maximum temperature was limited to 85℃） and controlled hydraulic boundary conditions were performed under nearly constant volume conditions to study the impact of thermal loading on the clay formation.Selected test results of intact borehole samples retrieved in horizontal direction are presented and discussed.The study focuses on the time evolution of temperature and pore water pressure changes along heating and cooling paths,i.e.pore pressure build-up during quasi-undrained heating and later dissipation at constant temperature.

Global Warming Control to Mitigate Climate Change

Paper describes a proposed development of empirical model of global warming fit on the collective determinants in all countries. Aim is to enable establishment and comparison of the collective effects of global determinants on global warming in the prescription of the regulations most fit for the collective deployment in each of the determinant countries to enable mitigation of the greenhouse gases build-up caused global warming.

Teaching and Learning Genuine English through News Reading and Listening

News reading has become an indispensable part in the curriculum of graduate and undergraduate students and English majors in particular. Owing to its distinctive features, journalistic English brings diversity, initiative, motivation and passion for students learning it. The authors in this paper will tentatively probe into the effectiveness of learning English through news reading and listening.

Microfacies and palaeoenvironments of lateCisuralian and Guadalupian(Early to MiddlePermian)alatoconchid-bearing limestone inLoei fold belt,Indochina Terrane

This study presents the first record of Early Permian alatoconchid bivalves from Thailand,theErawan section,in the north of Loei fold belt with prolific fusulines in association with gastropods,and brachiopods.Fusuline taxa are dominated by Pseudofusulina sp.with Darvasites sp.,Staffella cf.labanalensis,Staffella sp.,Nankinella sp.,Neofusulinella sp.,Schubertella sp.,Pamirina darvasica,Pseudoendothyra sp.and others,indicating an Artinskian age.Fusuline wackestone with common,well-preserved smaller foraminifers,Pseudovermiporella sp.and ostracods indicates a restricted lagoon environment with low to moderate water circulation.These fossils,along with well-preserved,articulated alatoconchids in life-position,suggest the autochthonous nature of the deposits in an intertidal environment.In the central part of the fold belt,the Pak Chong section exhibits intervals of alatoconchid biostromes andcoquinites.Carbonate build-ups of the alatoconchid biostromes with gregarious bivalves,in life-positionembedded in a micritic wackestone matrix,suggest their preferred life habit and environment.The bivalvecoquinites containing packed bivalve shells and fragments,however,indicate a high-energy event.This rockfabric along with common fusuline storm sheets suggests occasional storm events in a restricted,with moderate water circulation to open lagoon environment.Fusulines are predominated by staffellids and othersincluding Staffella sphaerica,Staffella sp.,Sphaerulina croatica,Pisolina subsphaerica,Nankinella sp.,Neoschwagerina simplex,Presumatrina sp.,Afghanella sp.and others,indicating a Wordian(Middle Permian)age.In the southern portion of the fold belt along the Thai-Cambodian border,the Khao Taa Ngog sectioncontains limestone with alatoconchid shells with massive rugose corals which formed local carbonate build-upsin high-energy open platform environments.Poorly-sorted bioclasts with common fusuline tests,shell fragments and coated grains suggest an open marine,lagoon,back reef environment.The occurrence of a fusulineassemblage including Neoschwagerina sp.,Yabeina sp.,Lepidolina sp.,Codonofusiella sp.,Verbeekina verbeeki and Chusenella sp.indicates the Capitanian(late Middle Permian)age.

Understanding nutrient build-up on urban road surfaces

This article discusses the outcomes of a research project on nutrients build-up on urban road surfaces. Nutrient build-up was investigated on road sites belonging to residential, industrial and commercial land use. Collected build-up samples were separated into five particle size ranges and were tested for total nitrogen （TN）, total phosphorus （TP） and sub species of nutrients, namely, NO2^-, NO3^-, TKN and PO4^3-. Multivariate analytical techniques were used to analyse the data and to develop detailed understanding on build- up. Data analysis revealed that the solids loads on urban road surfaces are highly influenced by factors such as land use, antecedent dry period and traffic volume. However, the nutrient build-up process was found to be independent of the type of land use. It was solely dependent on the particle size of solids build-up. Most of the nutrients were associated with the particle size range 〈150 μm. Therefore, the removal of particles below 150 μm from road surfaces is of importance for the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from road surface solids build-up. It is also important to consider the difference in the composition of nitrogen and phosphorus build-up in the context of designing effective stormwater quality mitigation strategies.

Role of adsorption behavior on metal build-up in urban road dust

Metal pollution of stormwater runoff can cause potential toxic impacts on the receiving water environment and human health. Effective pollution mitigation requires accurate stormwater quality modeling. Even though a significant knowledge base exists on the factors influencing metal build-up on urban roads, very limited studies have investigated how metal–particulate interaction influences metal build-up. This study quantitatively assessed the influence of particulate characteristics, together with vehicular traffic and land use, on the build-up of Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni and Cd on urban roads. The study outcomes revealed that the variability in metal build-up is highly influenced by the variability associated with metal adsorption to particulates. The percentage contribution from particulate properties influencing metal adsorption in the case of < 150 μm size road dust particles was found to be higher(Zn 44%, Cu 52%, Cr 16%, Ni 27% and Cd 45%) when compared to traffic and land use characteristics(Zn 21%, Cu 13%, Cr and Ni <10% and Cd 34%). Similar adsorption behavior was noted for metals associated with > 150 μm size road dust particles. Among different particulate properties influencing metal adsorption, effective cation exchange capacity showed a strong positive relationship with the build-up of Cd compared to other metals,highlighting the potential role of Cd in stormwater quality as a readily available metal. The build-up of metals such as Cr and Ni are highly influenced by metal oxides of Al, Fe and Mn and clay forming minerals, indicating that Cr and Ni are relatively stable in nature.

Evaluation for the paleodose in thermoluminescence dating of porcelain

Sources, components and calibration of paleodose were studied for proper evalua- tion of the paleodose of porcelain in thermoluminescence (TL) dating. In the TL dating of porcelain using the pre-dose technique, the β dose from the internal natural radiation in the body of porcelain is the first, the environmental dose the second, and the α dose negligible. Sample thickness of 0.2―0.5 mm was used in the paleodose calibration. For a porcelain sample of such thickness, the distribu- tion of β dose inside the sample was nonlinear when the sample (aluminium re- places porcelain in this experiment) was irradiated by a laboratory 90Sr-90Y β source. Therefore, the β dose used was only an average value. A distribution curve of β dose and the calculation of average β dose in the sample were obtained, according to the build-up and attenuation effects of β dose in the sample. The results showed that a sample thickness of 200 μm resulted in an average dose increment of about 4% compared to the surface whereas for a sample with a thickness of 400 μm, the average dose reduced by the same percentage, and that for a sample of 300 μm in thickness the average dose is equal to surface dose approximately. The average β dose in samples with various thickness can be obtained by the provided equations.