Integrating Virtual Reality and Energy Analysis with BIM to Optimize Window-to-Wall Ratio and Building’s Orientation for Age-in-Place Design at the Conceptual Stage

This study unfolds an innovative approach aiming to address the critical role of building design in global energy consumption, focusing on optimizing the Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR), since buildings account for approximately 30% of total energy consumed worldwide. The greatest contributors to energy expenditure in buildings are internal artificial lighting and heating and cooling systems. The WWR, determined by the proportion of the building’s glazed area to its wall area, is a significant factor influencing energy efficiency and minimizing energy load. This study introduces the development of a semi-automated computer model designed to offer a real-time, interactive simulation environment, fostering improving communication and engagement between designers and owners. The said model serves to optimize both the WWR and building orientation to align with occupants’ needs and expectations, subsequently reducing annual energy consumption and enhancing the overall building energy performance. The integrated model incorporates Building Information Modeling (BIM), Virtual Reality (VR), and Energy Analysis tools deployed at the conceptual design stage, allowing for the amalgamation of owners’ inputs in the design process and facilitating the creation of more realistic and effective design strategies.

Photovoltaic energy balance estimation based on the building integration level

The photovoltaic module building integration level affects the module temperature and,consequently,its output power.In this work,a methodology has been proposed to estimate the influence of the level of architectural photovoltaic integration on the photovoltaic energy balance with natural ventilation or with forced cooling systems.The developed methodology is applied for five photovoltaic module technologies(m⁃Si,p⁃Si,a⁃Si,CdTe,and CIGS)on four characteristic locations(Athens,Davos,Stockholm,and Würzburg).To this end,a photovoltaic module thermal radiation parameter,PVj,is introduced in the characterization of the PV module technology,rendering the correlations suitable for building⁃integrated photovoltaic(BIPV)applications,with natural ventilation or with forced cooling systems.The results show that PVj has a significant influence on the energy balances,according to the architectural photovoltaic integration and climatic conditions.Keywords:Photovoltaic cooling;BIPV;Photovoltaic;Ventilation;Photovoltaic integration level in building【OA】(2)Graph⁃Based methodology for Multi⁃Scale generation of energy analysis models from IFC,by Asier Mediavilla,Peru Elguezabal,Natalia Lasarte,Article 112795 Abstract:Process digitalisation and automation is unstoppable in all industries,including construction.However,its widespread adoption,even for non⁃experts,demands easy⁃to⁃use tools that reduce technical requirements.BIM to BEM(Building Energy Models)workflows are a clear example,where ad⁃hoc prepared models are needed.This paper describes a methodology,based on graph techniques,to automate it by highly reducing the input BIM requirements found in similar approaches,being applicable to almost any IFC.This is especially relevant in retrofitting,where reality capture tools(e.g.,3D laser scanning,object recognition in drawings)are prone to create geometry clashes and other inconsistencies,posing higher challenges for automation.Another innovation presented is its multi⁃scale nature,efficiently addressing the surroundings impact in the energy model.The application to selected test cases has been successful and further tests are ongoing,considering a higher variety of BIM models in relation to tools and techniques used and model sizes.

Automated Smart Utilization of Background Lights and Daylight for Green Building Efficient and Economic Indoor Lighting Intensity Control

The ways which are used today in order to light houses, offices, and most of the indoor areas are inefficient as a lot of energy is consumed unnecessarily during the day time. Mainly this problem because the interior lighting design consider the worst case when the light service is at night, which is not always valid. Also in most cases the lighting system design relies on people to control the lights switching on and off. This problem is also one of the design concerns in Green Building. In this paper, a solution to this problem and a method for people’s comfort who use the indoor facilities in industrial buildings is presented. In the proposed smart lighting system, lights switch on automatically when there is somebody in the room or in the occupied space and switch off when there is no occupancy. In addition to this known technique, adjustment of the brightness level of the lights will be possible via the personal computer or any other smart device. In this method, for the illumination level in the area, where is needed to be controlled for better energy saving, the light automatically is measured by the sensor and considering the amount of background lights coming from outside, automatically the brightness of lights is controlled to reach the preset level that determined for that room. By the means of this method, it is possible to provide better user comfort, avoid human forcedness to switch the light on and off, and hence effective energy saving. Arduino controller is used to build the controller and to demonstrate the results. Economic analysis was done to calculate the percentage of the energy saving that can be obtained by implementing the proposed smart lighting controller. As an outcome of the economic analysis, energy saving norm for an office with a standard size was calculated.

Evaluation of a Novel Approach for Automated Inventive Conceptual Design of Building Structures

This research is dedicated to assessment of a method that was earlier proposed and developed in order to increase the degree of automation and software involvement into conceptual decision making during design of structural elements of buildings. Such instruments of the theory of inventive problem solving as contradiction and function analysis and trimming formed the basis of the proposed approach that was realized in a modern building information modeling software. The common logic of the approach is also provided in the article. Qualitative research methods and particularly collecting, analyzing and interpreting data were applied in this research. Firstly, a literature review of indexed journal articles in the field of the study was performed and some trends for possible development of the topic were identified. Secondly, a survey of potential users of the methodology was conducted and analyzed. The questionnaire results showed that the suggested method and its technical realization gained attraction among respondents, however, some of them are rather cautious regarding application of the approach potentials in their practice. The paper ends with evaluation results discussion, conclusion and proposals for further research.

Scalable Distributed Sensor Fault Diagnosis for Smart Buildings

The enormous energy use of the building sector and the requirements for indoor living quality that aim to improve occupants' productivity and health, prioritize Smart Buildings as an emerging technology. The Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning(HVAC) system is considered one of the most critical and essential parts in buildings since it consumes the largest amount of energy and is responsible for humans comfort. Due to the intermittent operation of HVAC systems, faults are more likely to occur, possibly increasing eventually building's energy consumption and/or downgrading indoor living quality. The complexity and large scale nature of HVAC systems complicate the diagnosis of faults in a centralized framework. This paper presents a distributed intelligent fault diagnosis algorithm for detecting and isolating multiple sensor faults in large-scale HVAC systems.Modeling the HVAC system as a network of interconnected subsystems allows the design of a set of distributed sensor fault diagnosis agents capable of isolating multiple sensor faults by applying a combinatorial decision logic and diagnostic reasoning. The performance of the proposed method is investigated with respect to robustness, fault detectability and scalability. Simulations are used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in the presence of multiple sensor faults applied to a 83-zone HVAC system and to evaluate the sensitivity of the method with respect to sensor noise variance.

Commercial Technologies for Advanced Light Control in Smart Building Energy Management Systems: A Comparative Study

This work investigates the economic, social, and environmental impact of adopting different smart lighting architectures for home automation in two geographical and regulatory regions: Algiers, Algeria, and Stuttgart, Germany. Lighting consumes a considerable amount of energy, and devices for smart lighting solutions are among the most purchased smart home devices. As commercialized solutions come with variant features, we empirically evaluate through this study the impact of each one of the energy-related features and provide insights on those that have higher energy saving contribution. The study started by investigating the state-of-the-art of commercialized ICT-based light control solutions, which allowed the extraction of the energy-related features. Based on the outcomes of this study, we generated simulation scenarios and selected evaluations metrics to evaluate the impact of dimming, daylight harvesting, scheduling, and motion detection. The simulation study has been conducted using EnergyPlussimulation tool, which?enables fine-grained realistic evaluation. The results show that adopting smart lighting technologies have a payback period of few years and that the use of these technologies has positive economic and societal impacts, as well as on the environment by considerably reducing gas emissions. However, this positive contribution is highly sensitive to the geographical location, energy prices, and the occupancy profile.

Assessment of Minimizing the Environmental Functions Conflict in Buildings

Some building components are responsible for achieving more than one environmental function, these functions are usually of different requirements that can never be done by the same actions, and they are usually connected to changeable internal and external environment characteristics that vary among them. Minimizing the conflict of achieving the different environmental functions is an important challenge for all designers. Achieving a continuous thermal and optical comfort in an internal building space using the same window is an example of this challenge, as they have different requirements that may be sometimes contrary. It should be notable that there are a lot of recent technologies that may be used to find solutions for such a conflict. The Environmental Assessment Methods of Buildings appeared to set the principles of the optimum relation between buildings and their environment, they also could be used to encourage designers to reach the best environmental relations, and award them by main or additional assessment points. The research paper proposes to use the Environmental Assessment Methods of Buildings to assess the building ability of minimizing its environmental functions achievement conflict. This proposal depends on determining the inconsistency assessment items that depend on common building components to be achieved, and then determining the time periods that these items are achieved together within, to indicate the time periods without conflicting. Thus, the paper aims to raise the building environmental value in the assessment when the designer succeeds to minimize the expected conflict of the building environmental functions.

Integrating Universal Design Standards and Building Information Modeling at the Conceptual Design Stage of Buildings

A projection of the Canadian population shows that in 2024 one in five Canadians will be over 65 years old. This shift forces designers to consider the entire lifetime of occupants during the design of new buildings. Universal Design (UD), which is a design that accommodates all people to the greatest extent possible and aging in place design that is deeply rooted in the principles of UD, aim to house people irrespective of their age, ability, and chronic health conditions. Building Information Modeling (BIM) significantly helps advance the development of the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry in a more collaborative and automated way. Integrating BIM and UD allows designers to incorporate UD standards easily and efficiently at the conceptual design stage of buildings by using the functionalities and capabilities of BIM tools. Therefore, this study presents the development of an automated computer model to facilitate the adoption of UD standards and processes. The novelty highlighted in this model resides in the creation of an automated method that employs a newly created plug-in and databases to assist designers to incorporate UD standards at the conceptual stage in a timely and cost-effective manner. Furthermore, the study introduces the methodology consisting of collecting, categorizing, and storing data from various universal design and accessible design guidelines in the developed databases and developing new plug-ins in BIM tool to link the developed databases in order to automate the process of retrieving necessary information and components to help designers and owners select optimal design alternatives based on their predefined criteria.

On building automation system security

Building Automation Systems(BASs)are seeing increased usage in modern society due to the plethora of benefits they provide such as automation for climate control,HVAC systems,entry systems,and lighting controls.Many BASs in use are outdated and suffer from numerous vulnerabilities that stem from the design of the underlying BAS protocol.In this paper,we provide a comprehensive,up-to-date survey on BASs and attacks against seven BAS protocols including BACnet,EnOcean,KNX,LonWorks,Modbus,ZigBee,and Z-Wave.Holistic studies of secure BAS protocols are also presented,covering BACnet Secure Connect,KNX Data Secure,KNX/IP Secure,ModBus/TCP Security,EnOcean High Security and Z-Wave Plus.LonWorks and ZigBee do not have security extensions.We point out how these security protocols improve the security of the BAS and what issues remain.A case study is provided which describes a real-world BAS and showcases its vulnerabilities as well as recommendations for improving the security of it.We seek to raise awareness to those in academia and industry as well as highlight open problems within BAS security.

Optimization Building Management

This paper demonstrates how achieving optimal integration between design and energy resources management can be particularly attractive in terms of energy consumption saving （cooling and heating） and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. The building automation system is based on innovative middleware framework which simplifies the modeling of a software for intelligent management of buildings and allows a multistandard and multiprotocol integration of sensors and actuators. The project has the target of underlining the economical opportunities and perspectives concerning the smart system adoption. Estimating the effects of home automation is essential to help its implementation, especially now that energy cost represents a consistent part of the house/building consumptions and will increase in the next few years. The results of the framework application in a residential building proves the validity of the proposed solution.

智能建筑狭义BAS系统中的电气设备施工要点

在智能建筑狭义自动化系统中,为了解电气设备的相关施工要点,对其进行具体分析。根据电气设备选择的注意事项,为电气设备的选择提供参考,在熟练掌握建筑电气图纸后,再科学合理地制订电气安装计划。完成电气设备的准备工作后,才能进行电气设备的安装工作。参考安装过程的注意事项,具体分析配电箱安装技术、管路敷设技术等技术的施工要点,以此来促进电气设备更加高效、安全地运行,强化对设备安装的重视程度,让电气设备施工技术能够得到不断优化。

Auditing and design evaluation of building automation and control systems based on eu.bac system audit-Danish case study

Improving the energy performance of buildings will prove vital for countries worldwide to reduce their energy consumption and emissions.A key player in reaching this goal is building automation and control,as having well-designed and operated building automation and control systems(BACS)provide large capabilities in optimizing the energy performance of different systems.In this regard,building owners and planners must be able to assess and evaluate the current status of their BACS and identify potential improvements.While there has been a large block of work done in Denmark along with regulations aiming to audit the overall building performance and individual systems characteristics,very little has been done in the field of auditing the building automation and control system and evaluating its structure and operation patterns.This lack of systematic BACS auditing and evaluation in Danish buildings is addressed in this work with the first implementation and evaluation of the eu.bac System methodology in a university office building.The building was found to comply with the lowest automation and control class E.Two BACS retrofit packages were proposed and evaluated,and energy savings up to 28.5%are reported.The preliminary assessment results reported demonstrate the potential of building automation and control retrofit measures in a combined holistic improvement package alongside building envelope upgrade.In addition,the impact of the eu.bac System improvements and labeling on the building’s classification based on the recent Danish building regulation BR18 is evaluated.The study discusses the feasibility of eu.bac System tool implementation in Danish buildings and suggests improvements.It also correlates and compares the eu.bac System audit to the upcoming European SRI instrument.In light of the huge efforts to digitalize the Danish energy sector,ensuring proper design and operation of BACS is of great importance.Thus,a systematic and methodical BACS auditing and evaluation methodology will be a crucial part of buildings’initial and retro-commissioning platforms.

基于智能控制理论的BAS系统模型

对建筑设备自动化系统(BAS:BuildingAutomationSystem)的客观描述和定量分析一直是智能建筑工程建设和教学中的难点和重点,建立计算机仿真系统是解决问题的有效方法之一。在分析BAS特征的基础上,提出了基于智能控制理论的BAS模型,对BAS计算机仿真系统的基本结构进行了初步探索。实验模型硬件由NIPXIDAQ平台组成(8185控制器,64路模拟输出/输入通道,96路数字输出/输入通道),采用LabVIEW图形化软件建立系统模型,对BAS系统进行仿真。数据分析表明,在分辨率16bit,采样率100ksample/s条件下,仿真结果与实际系统数据一致,该研究结果将首先应用于BAS系统现场检测。

智能建筑BAS设计应注意的若干问题

分析了智能建筑BAS设计与施工中出现的诸多问题。根据实践经验与新的国家标准与规范,对BAS设计深度若干实践与理论问题进行了深入的探讨。以空调系统为例,分析了现代建筑系统的节能新技术,以达到最佳运行效果。

基于LonWorks技术的BAS集成与实施

针对建筑设备自动化系统(BAS)中存在的系统集成难题,结合某工程的技术改造,构建了基于LonWorks总线的BAS控制网络结构．文中分析了该系统通信的实时性,探讨了相关技术难点,特别是各子系统之间的通信问题．工程实践表明基于LonWorks的现场总线技术在建筑智能化系统中有极好的应用前景．

从BAS走向BEMS

楼宇自动化系统BAS（Building Automation System）是智能建筑的主要构成部分,自从20世纪80年代诞生以来,BAS一直被认为是现代建筑中通过自动控制来提高服务质量和管理效率、节约运行成本的重要装备。到90年代,随着建筑物规模的增大,建筑设备系统的复杂性日益提高,为进一步增强建筑物的综合管理能力,出现了建筑管理系统BMS（Building Management System）。BMS是在BAS的基础上,增加了建筑物运行信息集成与综合管理功能,与工业自动化一起。

End-to-end data-driven modeling framework for automated and trustworthy short-term building energy load forecasting

Conventional automated machine learning(AutoML)technologies fall short in preprocessing low-quality raw data and adapting to varying indoor and outdoor environments,leading to accuracy reduction in forecasting short-term building energy loads.Moreover,their predictions are not transparent because of their black box nature.Hence,the building field currently lacks an AutoML framework capable of data quality enhancement,environment self-adaptation,and model interpretation.To address this research gap,an improved AutoML-based end-to-end data-driven modeling framework is proposed.Bayesian optimization is applied by this framework to find an optimal data preprocessing process for quality improvement of raw data.It bridges the gap where conventional AutoML technologies cannot automatically handle missing data and outliers.A sliding window-based model retraining strategy is utilized to achieve environment self-adaptation,contributing to the accuracy enhancement of AutoML technologies.Moreover,a local interpretable model-agnostic explanations-based approach is developed to interpret predictions made by the improved framework.It overcomes the poor interpretability of conventional AutoML technologies.The performance of the improved framework in forecasting one-hour ahead cooling loads is evaluated using two-year operational data from a real building.It is discovered that the accuracy of the improved framework increases by 4.24%–8.79%compared with four conventional frameworks for buildings with not only high-quality but also low-quality operational data.Furthermore,it is demonstrated that the developed model interpretation approach can effectively explain the predictions of the improved framework.The improved framework offers a novel perspective on creating accurate and reliable AutoML frameworks tailored to building energy load prediction tasks and other similar tasks.

直接数字控制器在BAS中的应用

直接数字控制器(DDC)是楼宇自动化系统(BAS)的基本控制单元。正确应用DDC是楼宇自动化系统设计的关键所在。它关系到整个系统能否正常运行。结合实际经验,对DDC的应用进行了探讨。详细介绍了DDC的实际应用情况,对DDC的配置、安装、测试等方面进行了具体阐述。

基于BAS数据挖掘的空调运行节能优化

运用数据挖掘技术中的聚类分析方法对楼宇自控系统(BAS)存储的设备运行数据进行分析。结合南京某档案馆实例,采用数据分析软件SPSS对暖通空调(HVAC)的运行数据进行了聚类分析,得出年采样周期时间段内设备运行的聚类结果,并根据实际的能耗数据,提出了合理的优化策略,以指导物业人员调整设备运行时间,降低了建筑能耗。