Multi-Time Scale Optimal Scheduling of a Photovoltaic Energy Storage Building System Based on Model Predictive Control

Building emission reduction is an important way to achieve China’s carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals.Aiming at the problem of low carbon economic operation of a photovoltaic energy storage building system,a multi-time scale optimal scheduling strategy based on model predictive control(MPC)is proposed under the consideration of load optimization.First,load optimization is achieved by controlling the charging time of electric vehicles as well as adjusting the air conditioning operation temperature,and the photovoltaic energy storage building system model is constructed to propose a day-ahead scheduling strategy with the lowest daily operation cost.Second,considering inter-day to intra-day source-load prediction error,an intraday rolling optimal scheduling strategy based on MPC is proposed that dynamically corrects the day-ahead dispatch results to stabilize system power fluctuations and promote photovoltaic consumption.Finally,taking an office building on a summer work day as an example,the effectiveness of the proposed scheduling strategy is verified.The results of the example show that the strategy reduces the total operating cost of the photovoltaic energy storage building system by 17.11%,improves the carbon emission reduction by 7.99%,and the photovoltaic consumption rate reaches 98.57%,improving the system’s low-carbon and economic performance.

Low Carbon Building Design Optimization Based on Intelligent Energy Management System

The construction of relevant standards for building carbon emission assessment in China has just started,and the quantitative analysis method and evaluation system are still imperfect,which hinders the development of low-carbon building design.Therefore,the use of intelligent energy management system is very necessary.The purpose of this paper is to explore the design optimization of low-carbon buildings based on intelligent energy management systems.Based on the proposed quantitative method of building carbon emission,this paper establishes the quota theoretical system of building carbon emission analysis,and develops the quota based carbon emission calculation software.Smart energy management system is a low-carbon energy-saving system based on the reference of large-scale building energy-saving system and combined with energy consumption.It provides a fast and effective calculation tool for the quantitative evaluation of carbon emission of construction projects,so as to realize the carbon emission control and optimization in the early stage of architectural design and construction.On this basis,the evaluation,analysis and calculation method of building structure based on carbon reduction target is proposed,combined with the carbon emission quota management standard proposed in this paper.Taking small high-rise residential buildings as an example,this paper compares and analyzes different building structural systems from the perspectives of structural performance,economy and carbon emission level.It provides a reference for the design and evaluation of low-carbon building structures.The smart energy management system collects user energy use parameters.It uses time period and time sequence to obtain a large amount of data for analysis and integration,which provides users with intuitive energy consumption data.Compared with the traditional architectural design method,the industrialized construction method can save 589.22 megajoules(MJ)per square meter.Based on 29270 megajoules(MJ)per ton of standard coal,the construction area of the case is about 8000 m2,and the energy saving of residential buildings is 161.04 tons of standard coal.This research is of great significance in reducing the carbon emission intensity of buildings.

基于EnergyPlus的被动式建筑能耗仿真实验

该文将Energy Plus建筑能耗仿真与实际被动式建筑现场调研、能耗监测相结合,以青岛地区某被动房为案例,开展了包括现场调研、仿真结果验证、节能潜力分析和敏感性分析等内容的实验项目。实验结果表明,该实验方法可操作性强,仿真结果与实测数据吻合度高,被动式建筑的节能效果得到有效验证。案例被动式建筑全供暖及供冷能耗指标分别为14.08 k Wh/m^(2)·a和8.37 k Wh/m^(2)·a,相比传统建筑全年节能55.26%,其中空调节能率高达56.95%;外墙、外窗保温、遮阳系统等被动措施是主要节能来源,节能占比分别为26.54%、23.58%和23.97%;灰色关联分析显示,外墙传热系数对全年能耗的敏感度最高。

Analysis and forecast of residential building energy consumption in Chongqing on carbon emissions

Carbon emissions mainly result from energy consumption. Carbon emissions inevitably will increase to some extent with economic expansion and rising energy consumption. We introduce a gray theory of quantitative analysis of the energy consumption of residential buildings in Chongqing,China,on the impact of carbon emission factors. Three impacts are analyzed,namely per capita residential housing area,domestic water consumption and the rate of air conditioner ownership per 100 urban households. The gray prediction model established using the Chongqing carbon emission-residential building energy consumption forecast model is sufficiently accurate to achieve a measure of feasibility and applicability.

Energy consumption prediction model of typical buildings in hot summer and cold winter zone of China

To overcome the shortcomings of the energyconsumption prediction models in the application during thedesign stage, a quick prediction model for energy consumptionis proposed based on the decoupling method. Taking typicalresidential and office buildings in hot summer and cold winterzones as research objects, the influence factors on buildingenergy consumption are classified into intrinsic factors andoperational factors on the basis of the heat transfer principle.Then, using the intrinsic factors as the fundamental variablesand operational factors as the modified variables, the quickprediction model for the buildings in typical cold and hot zonesis proposed based on the decoupling method and the accuracyof the proposed model is verified. The results show thatcompared to the simulation results of EnergyPlus, the relativeerror of the prediction model is less than 1.5% ; comparedwith the real operating data of the building, the relative erroris 13.14% in 2011 and 8.56% in 2012 due to the fact that thecoincidence factor becomes larger than the design value about16% in 2011 and 13% in 2012. The finding reveals that theproposed model has the advantages of rapid calculationcompared with EnergyPlus and Design Builder when predictingbuilding energy consumption in building designs. The energyconsumption prediction model is of great practical value inoptimal operation and building designs.

Enhanced Thermal Performance of Roofing Materials by Integrating Phase Change Materials to Reduce Energy Consumption in Buildings

This work focused on characterizing and improving the thermal behavior of metal sheet roofing.To decrease the heat transfer from the roof into a building,we investigated the efficiency of four types of phase change materials,with different melting points:PCMІ,PCM II,PCM III and PCM IV,when used in conjunction with a sheet metal roof.The exterior metal roofing surface temperature was held constant at 50℃,60℃,70℃and 80℃,using a thermal source(halogen lights)for 360 min to investigate and compare the thermal performance of the metal sheet roofing with and without phase change materials for each condition.The thermal behaviors of the phase change materials were analyzed by differential scanning calorimeter(DSC).The results showed the melting points of PCMІ,PCM II,PCM III and PCM IV were around 45℃,50℃,55℃and 59℃,respectively.The integration of PCM IV into the metal roofing sheet increased the thermal performance by reducing the room temperature up to 2.8%,1.4%,1.0%and 0.7%when compared with the normal metal roof sheet,at the controlled temperatures of 50℃,60℃,70℃and 80℃,respectively.The thermal absorption of the phase change materials also caused a time delay in the model room reaching a steady temperature.The integration of phase change materials with metal roofing sheets resulted in better thermal performance and conservation of electrical energy by reducing the demand for cooling.

Energy consumption,indoor environmental quality,and benchmark for office buildings in Hainan Province of China

With rapid economy growth,building energy consumption in China has been gradually increased.The energy consumption and indoor environmental quality of 51 office buildings in Hainan Province,a hot and humid area,were studied through collection of verified data in site visits and field tests.The result revealed that,electricity accounted for 99.79% of the total energy consumption,natural gas 0.17%,and diesel 0.04%.The air conditioning dominated the energy use with a share of 43.18%,equipment in the particular areas 26.90%,equipment in the office rooms 11.95%,lighting system 8.67%,general service system 7.57%,and miscellaneous items 1.73%.Statistical method including six indicators obtained the energy consumption benchmark with upper limit of 98.31 kW-h/m2 and lower limit of 55.26 kW-h/m2.According to ASHRAE standard(comfortable standard) and GB/T 18883-2002(acceptable standard),the indoor environmental quality of 51 sampled office buildings was classified into three ranks:good,normal and bad.With benchmark of building energy consumption combined with indoor environmental quality,it was found that only 3.92% of sampled buildings can be identified as the best performance buildings with low energy consumption and advanced indoor environmental quality,and the buildings classified into normal level accounted for the maximum ratio.

Energy Consumption Monitoring Analysis for Residential, Educational and Public Buildings

In the present article thermal and electrical energy consumptions for different types of buildings are analyzed. The latitude and longitude of the researched area are defined 59?00'N and 26?00'E. According to K?ppen climate classification the area is located in warm summer continental climate. The study consist 40 residential, 7 educational and 44 public buildings. Three years data for each building type among 2006-2011 was used. Several detailed energy balances are presented for apartment buildings. In addition the different ways of domestic hot water preparation are analyzed for apartment buildings. The school buildings average consumption values are represented in study. Also valuable information of measured electrical energy consumption balance for a new office building is presented. Finally there is included the energy consumption analysis of public buildings.

Discussion on the application of the concept of environmental protection and energy saving in the design of building water supply and drainage

With the current,our country social economy rapid development,people's living standard and quality of life and therefore have got improved,at the same time,it is the concept of environmental protection and energy saving is also enhanced value,many fields in our country environmental protection and energysaving concept can be seen in the application,especially the application in building water supply and drainage design more widely,to protect the environment,to maximize the use of limited resources,how to reasonable use of water resources in building water supply and drainage construction,above is current the paper mainly discusses the problems in the construction field,this paper based on environmental protection and energy-saving concept,discusses its application in the building water supply and drainage design,for your reference.

Characteristics of Changes in Energy Consumption of Rural Residential Buildings from the Perspective of Province and Recommendations

In the context of the new period,the living standards and comfort demands of rural residents are increasing,which promotes the continuous growth of the total energy consumption of rural residential buildings.In this study,it estimated the total energy consumption of rural residential buildings in 30 provinces(or cities)in China from 2004 to 2016.Through the division of climate regions of the residential buildings,this paper analyzed the characteristics of changes in the energy structure of residential buildings and the trend of energy consumption from the perspective of the province.Then based on the people s livelihood and from the perspective of development,it came up with some pertinent strategies and recommendations for energy saving and emission reduction in rural residential buildings.

Investment risk evaluation of existing building energy-saving renovation project for ESCO

The investment risk management of the existing building energy-saving renovation project for ESCO cannot be separated from the scientific risk measurement and evaluation. The investment risk assessment is the basis of investment decision and project implementation. Based on the content analysis and balance of evaluation principle of investment risk evaluation on the existing building energy-saving renovation project, we set up three levels of existing building energy-saving renovation project investment risk evaluation index system, use fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to evaluate the quantitative process, get the scientific assessment of the investment risk of existing building energy-saving renovation project, and support the investment risk response strategy and control measures of existing building energy-saving renovation project for ESCO.

Construction practice of market system for energy saving renovation of existing buildings

The energy-saving reconstruction market of existing buildings is a complex system.It includes three subsystems:service market,capital market and technology market.The service market takes the relationship between energy service companies and owners as the core to establish service associated relationships.The capital market is based on the mechanism of"investment guarantees and risk sharing"to form structures of the capital market.The technology market relies on the"industry-university-research"mode to build technology supporting platforms.Being interdependent and mutually restricted,the three subsystems form the complete system of existing buildings in energy-saving reconstruction.

The Effects of Future Climate Change on Energy Consumption in Residential Buildings in China

China is currently going through a phase of rapid mass urbanisation, and it is important to investigate how the growing built environment will cope with climate change, to see how the energy consumption of buildings in China will be affected. This is especially important for the fast-growing cities in the north, and around the east and south coasts. This paper aims to study the effects of future climate change on the energy consumption of buildings in the three main climate regions of China, namely the “Cold” region in the north, which includes Beijing;the “Hot Summer Cold Winter” region in the east, which includes cities such as Shanghai and Ningbo;and the “Hot Summer Mild Winter” region in the south, which includes Guangzhou. Using data from the climate model, HadCM3, Test Reference Years are generated for the 2020s, 2050s and 2080s, for various IPCC future scenarios. These are then used to access the energy performance of typical existing buildings, and also the effects of retrofitting them to the standard of the current building codes. It was found that although there are reductions in energy consumption for heating and cooling with retrofitting existing residential buildings to the current standard, the actual effects are very small compared with the extra energy consumption that comes as a result of future climate change. This is especially true for Guangzhou, which currently have very little heating load, so there is little benefit of the reduction in heating demand from climate change. The effects of retrofitting in Beijing are also limited, and only in Ningbo was the effect of retrofitting able to nullify the effects of climate change up to 2020s. More improvements in building standards in all three regions are required to significantly reduce the effects of future climate change, especially to beyond 2020s.

A Stable Energy Saving Adaptive Control Scheme for Building Heating and Cooling Systems

This paper presents a stable, nonlinear, adaptive control scheme for building heating and cooling systems. The proposed controller utilizes the principle of adaptive one step ahead control and aims at reducing the energy consumed for heating or cooling a building. The design steps are discussed in details and a proof of global stability is also provided. Also, the performance of the proposed controller is demonstrated on a simulated building thermal model.

Energy-saving potential analysis for teaching building with intermittent heating system in university of Tianjin

An energy consumption analysis based on the heating characteristic of a building with central heat exchanger in a university of Tianjin was done,and the feasibility of intermittent heating with variable speed pumps was discussed. By comparing various methods of energy consumption analysis,a modified Bin method based on the weather data in Tianjin was adopted. The heat consumption of the buildings under intermittent heating mode was calculated and compared with continuous heating mode,the result shows that intermittent heating can reduce energy consumption for 1 941 759 kW·h,save standard coal for 341 t,and reduce pump power consumption for 72 679 kW·h annually. Intermittent operation by means of varying the pump frequency not only leads to savings in fuel consumption and reduction in pollutant emissions,but also reduces operating costs significantly and it is an ideal energy-saving method. By analyzing the results,the recommendations of heating operation regulation and the transformation of pipe network were proposed separately to different kinds of buildings in colleges,such as laboratory building,teaching building.

Characteristics and advantages of energy performance contracting mode for energy saving transformation of existing large public building

Existing large-scale public building energy saving renovation is the inherent requirement of sustainable development, it has been proved that implementing the energy performance contracting mode in the Existing large public buildings energy-saving is an effective way both at home and abroad. EPC mode has obvious characteristics for the ESCO and the customers, it can meet the basic requirements of large public buildings energy-saving, such as the width of funding sources, program specifi cation, advanced technology, information fl ow and management level higher, etc. Under the condition of market economy, it also provides a broad platform for the ESCO implements building energy saving transformation, which is conducive to the realization of the win-win cooperation between the parties, and to promote the healthy development of the existing large public building energy saving reconstruction.

Game analysis of building energy saving behaviors between government and developers

Information asymmetry phenomenon and the differences between the main body's earning targets,which are existing in the building energy saving field,have made the game behaviors of its economic activities become inevitable.There are strategies choice between government departments and the developers,when the building energy saving work is carried out under the government control.Based on the players based assumptions,the path of player's behavior strategy choices is analyzed,expected revenue models are established and mixed Nash equilibrium is obtained in this paper.Based on the analysis results,the incentive strategy enlightenment could be concluded that it is particularly important to design the scientific incentive system for developers to develop energy-saving buildings reasonably and for the government to implement effective control;the role of informal system in encouraging developers to develop energy-saving buildings should not be ignored.

Discussion on the Intelligent Design of Ultra-Low Energy Consumption Passive Buildings

With the continuous development of science and technology and the gradual improvement of modem building technology, people pay more and more attention to the introduction of advanced technology in architectural design, such as the application of intelligent technology. With the increasingly severe environmental situation, people are increasingly demanding the environmental performance and green performance of buildings. The establishment of ultra-low energy consumption passive buildings has become one of the key construction contents of construction projects. This paper mainly analyzes the design points and architectural forms of related buildings from the perspective of intelligent control.

Smart Building Design to Improve the Energy Consumption at an Office Room

Buildings are becoming smarter as a result of a variety of advanced technologies that enable energy management, optimal space utilization, and smart surveillance for safety, among other things. Energy-efficient smart building ideas and execution are of great interest and top priority due to the building’s occupants’ misused and high-power consumption. This paper addresses the design and execution of an energy management system that includes a solar power system for generating power for the building’s needs and a PIR-based automation system for efficient power use. This project was carried out at the Military Technological College (MTC) in Muscat, in the system engineering department’s offices. This project seeks to generate power for the building’s energy needs using solar photovoltaic panels and reduce energy consumption within the office using a PIR-based automation system. The results demonstrate that after the breakeven point (the time it takes to recoup the initial investment), it can provide power to the building for another 17 years. The calculations and practical results presented in this study approve that the system is extremely helpful.