Operating Parameters of the District Heating Substation Cooperating With the Installation of Technological Air Conditioning With High Efficiency of Heat Recovery

The article analyses the problem of determining the operating parameters of the district heating substation cooperating with the air heating system in technological air conditioning systems equipped with heat exchangers with high efficiency of heat recovery.Attention was paid to the correct selection of heat exchangers for the heat output balance depending on the heat recovery protection algorithms against a drop in the temperature of the heat transfer surface below 0℃.Critical parameters were determined in Polish climatic conditions,at which the operation of the heat recovery exchanger in the air conditioning system is switched off or limited.It has been proven that the proper functioning of the district heating substation cooperating with the installation of air conditioning with high heat recovery efficiency requires the use of two heat exchangers with different characteristics,equipped with properly selected temperature control systems.The optimal model of cooperation between the technological air conditioning system and the heating substation was also indicated.

Selection of Weather Parameters for Air-Conditioning System Design for Buildings with Long Thermal Lag

Two building factors-a longer thermal lag of more than one hour for building envelops and a lag of indoor radiation to convert into cooling load-have impact on the instantaneous heat input and instantaneous cooling load.So the two factors should be taken into account when selecting the weather parameters for air-conditioning system design.This paper developed a new statistic method for the rational selection of coincident solar irradiance,dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures.The method was applied to historic weather records of 25 years in Hong Kong to generate coincident design weather data.And the results show that traditional design solar irradiance,dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures may be significantly overestimated in many conditions,and the design weather data for the three different constructions is not kept constant.

Optimal Scheduling of Residential Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning

Residential heating, ventilation and air conditioning(HVAC) provides important demand response resources for the new power system with high proportion of renewable energy. Residential HAVC scheduling strategies that adapt to realtime electricity price signals formulated by demand response program and ambient temperature can significantly reduce electricity costs while ensuring occupants' comfort. However, since the pricing process and weather conditions are affected by many factors, conventional model-based method is difficult to meet the scheduling requirements in complex environments. To solve this problem, we propose an adaptive optimal scheduling strategy for residential HVAC based on deep reinforcement learning(DRL) method. The scheduling problem can be regarded as a Markov decision process(MDP). The proposed method can adaptively learn the state transition probability to make economical decision under the tolerance violations. Specifically, the residential thermal parameters obtained by the leastsquares parameter estimation(LSPE) can provide a basis for the state transition probability of MDP. Daily simulations are verified under the electricity prices and temperature data sets, and numerous experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Alternative ventilation strategies in U.S.offices:Comprehensive assessment and sensitivity analysis of energy saving potential

Mature technologies exist to reduce the heating,ventilation,and air-conditioning(HVAC) energy associated with ventilation and use ventilation proactively to save energy.This study investigated the energy use impacts in U.S.office buildings of multiple alternative ventilation strategies that combined:economizing,demand controlled ventilation(DCV),supply air temperature reset(SR),and/or a doubled ventilation rate.We used energy simulations in a Monte Carlo analysis,sampling 17 building inputs and varying locations to match the climate zone distribution of the U.S.office stock.Results indicated the possibility for significant savings compared to a baseline that ventilated constantly at a minimum rate in both a small office type with a constant air volume(CAV) HVAC system and a medium office type with a variable air volume(VAV) system.In 95%of instances,HVAC source energy savings were 5-25%in the small-CAV office(median:11%) and 6-42%in the medium-VAV office(median:27%).In the small-CAV office,DCV typically saved the most energy,usually from heating,and heating degree days and occupant density were decisive influences.In the medium-VAV office,economizing and SR were most important,DCV usually only had minor impacts,and zone temperature setpoints,along with climate indicators,were the critical influences.Other than infiltration,envelope characteristics did not strongly influence energy impacts.The untapped primary energy savings of alternative ventilation strategies over the 74%of U.S.office floorspace reasonably represented by our modeling was estimated at 36 TWh per year,with an annual value of U.S.$ 1.25 billion.

Building cooling by night-time ventilation

Nowadays,the world is short of energy source,and larger proportion of building energy consumption is occupied by air conditioning system. It is urgent that not only importance should be attached on energy saving but also arcology energy technology based on green and sustainable thought should be advocated. Considering the ever growing energy consumption of residential buildings,intermittent ventilation is a solution to saving energy consumption and improving indoor thermal comfort. Aiming at reducing indoor air temperature by intermittent ventilation and decrease energy consumption of air conditioning system,with the help of DeST (Designer's Simulation Toolkit) this paper analyzes the characteristics of air conditioning load and year round air conditioning time in Chongqing located in hot summer and cold winter zone,obtains the amount of energy consumption saved at different ventilation rates,and recommends suitable ventilation rate in hot summer and cold winter zone.

Window Air Conditioners Transition and Restriction in Saudi Arabia

This paper will provide a proposed solution for saving energy consumption due to residential air conditioners by reducing the window air conditioners type which is the most consumed energy and has a big percent of spreading inside KSA than the split type, also it will discuss some restrictions for trading and manufacturing of air conditioner devices inside KSA besides some restrictions on market and buildings to achieve the objective of reducing the consumption of energy which become a big trend in kingdom vision 2030. The results of this suggesting solution will help the decision-makers to start its plan for execution as it has a big difference between using window type from 2022 till 2030 and if we stop its sales and replace by an efficient one of split AC type in energy consumption in addition to CO2 emission reduction and decreasing of energy cost, hence our kingdom can save petroleum raw materials and keeping the environment to become clean from pollutants so that these resources are delivered to successive generations correct and clean as we received them from those before us.

Optimization of Selecting Air Conditioning Cold/Heat Sources with Grey Relation Analysis

寒冷 / 热采购的空气调节(交流) 的选择通常关于某些方面担心并且不能揭示这些问题的整个侧面。灰关系分析(GRA ) 是处理方法与不明确的信息在一个系统分类比较序列和某个引用顺序的关联程度的一个数据。它被用于从四个主要方面评估并且选择交流寒冷 / 热的来源，它是技术，经济，可靠性，和操作和管理。选择交流寒冷 / 热的结果与 GRA 方法采购的案例研究表演能是更合理的并且可使信服。因此，它在加热为设计者提供一条新途径，通气，比较并且评估不同 ACcold/heat 的空气调节地采购原料。

Analysis and Evaluation of Thermal-cooling Loads of Office Buildings Using Carrier Software in Iran

The importance and necessity of energy saving in the world have been dis­cussed for many years,but achieving a logical and transparent solution is still one of the main challenges and problems of the world’s economy.The rapid growth of energy consumption in the last two decades has caused the security of the domestic energy supply of buildings to face serious prob­lems.In this research,first by entering parameters such as the type of mate­rials,doors and windows,and the type of soil on the floor connected to the ground,etc.in the heat and cold load calculation software(HAP Carrier)as the design calculations and then in the second step entering the specifica­tions inferred from the Iran’s national building code as a reference for ener­gy saving calculations,calculations are performed and compared as the first criterion,and finally these two outputs are compared.The actual energy consumption and determination of the building energy consumption index are determined as another criterion,as well as the degree of deviation from the actual consumption.The results showed that the theoretical method and the thermal and refrigeration load calculations of the Zanjan Gas Company building have 6%difference in cooling load but the heating load is about 34%different,which means for cooling loads,the theoretical model can be used with high accuracy but for heating loads,the national building code needs fundamental changes.

Effectiveness of PMV-Based Controls for Commercial Buildings in the USA

Using an accurate energy model,this paper simulated existing commercial buildings to compare PMV-based comfort control with conventional thermostatic control and conduct a sensitivity analysis using the Design of Experiments method with monitored energy consumption data.This analysis was applied considering the impact of building envelope characteristics including thermal insulation level of exterior walls and air leakage rate on the ability of both control options to maintain indoor thermal comfort while minimizing cooling energy consumption.The analysis findings indicated that PMV-based comfort control is viable for striking a middle ground between thermal comfort and heating energy consumption with a PPD(predicted percentage of dissatisfied)level at 8%for any combination of walls’R-value and air infiltration rate while temperature-based controls result in an unacceptable indoor thermal comfort performance especially for low R-values regardless of the air infiltration rate with PPD level reaching over 76%.Also,the results show that in a comfort-controlled space,the average radioactive temperature and occupant-related features like metabolic rate and clothing level have a far bigger effect on energy use than other parameters like relative humidity.

日本HEAS-02-2022《医院设施设计指南(空调设备篇)》介绍

日本HEAS-02《医院设施设计指南(空调设备篇)》已经持续应用了30多年,对我国医院建设影响较大。历经4次修订,最新颁布的2022版是由医学主席在疫情中主持修订的,鉴于气溶胶新的传播特性提出了相应的合适措施。在医疗环境控制方面提出了许多新的思路与措施,局部修订了空气洁净度级别和各医疗科室的通风要求。依据感染管理风险评估及推荐强度与证据质量实施合理的医疗环境控制,并对一些关注点进行了澄清。

暖通空调给排水管道的表面改性与性能研究

为提升暖通空调铜合金排水管的表面性能,采用化学镀的方法在铜合金排水管表面制备了Ni-P/TiN镀层,研究镀液中TiN质量浓度对化学镀层物相组成、表面及截面形貌、硬度和耐磨性能的影响。结果表明,无镀层的铜合金基体主要物相为CuZn和CuZn5,表面镀层主要由非晶Ni组成;在基础镀液中适当添加TiN会形成镀层质量较好的含有胞状颗粒的镀层,而过量的TiN添加会使得镀层质量恶化。相较铜合金基体,表面镀层的硬度明显更高,且表面镀层硬度会随着镀液中TiN质量浓度的增加而增大;当TiN质量浓度为10 g/L时,表面镀层的硬度和磨损率分别为633 HV0.1和0.93×10^(-8)g/(r·N),具有相对较好的耐磨性,此时的磨损机制主要为氧化磨损。

海洋平台HVAC系统减噪技术研究

文章结合海洋平台供热通风与空气调节(HVAC)系统噪声控制的现状,重点介绍了平台HVAC系统噪声对人员和设备的影响;分析了HVAC系统噪声的来源,包括机组本身运行时产生的噪声、管线内流体流动噪声等;提出了设计和安装阶段HVAC系统噪声控制的要点,如选择低噪声设备、合理布置管线、采用隔振器和消声器等。

某调度通信楼空调系统节能减碳改造设计实践

重点介绍了某调度通信楼空调系统的节能减碳改造设计,通过综合运用余热回收、可再生能源、固体蓄热、高效制冷机房等多项技术,构建了安全可靠、绿色低碳、高效节能的空调系统。采用HDY-SMAD空调负荷计算及分析软件模拟了建筑物全年的空调能耗,并对优化前后空调系统的运行能耗和碳排放进行了测算。结果显示,优化方案空调系统全年节约电量100万kW·h,全年碳减排573 t,节能减碳效果显著。

A concept of capillary active,dynamic insulation integrated with heating,cooling and ventilation,air conditioning system

When a historic façade needs to be preserved or when the seismic considerations favor use of a concrete wall system and fire considerations limit exterior thermal insulation,one needs to use interior thermal insulation systems.Interior thermal insulation systems are less effective than the exterior systems and will not reduce the effect of thermal bridges.Yet they may be successfully used and,in many instances,are recommended as a complement to the exterior insulation.This paper presents one of these cases.It is focused on the most successful applications of capillary active,dynamic interior thermal insulation.This happens when such insulation is integrated with heating,cooling and ventilation,air conditioning(HVAC)system.Starting with a pioneering work of the Technical University in Dresden in development of capillary active interior insulations,we propose a next generation,namely,a bio-fiber thermal insulation.When completing the review,this paper proposes a concept of a joint research project to be undertaken by partners from the US(where improvement of indoor climate in exposed coastal areas is needed),China(indoor climate in non-air conditioned concrete buildings is an issue),and Germany(where the bio-fiber technology has been developed).

北京某大型商场空调系统节能改造方案分析

大型商场人流量大、散热设备多、空调系统运行时间长,有较大节能潜力。调研了北京某大型商场空调系统的能耗情况,针对其运行过程存在的问题,提出了一套基于空调系统节能控制技术的综合节能改造方案。研究表明,该空调系统节能改造后,年节电量为140.56万k Wh,每年节省电费160.24万元;节热量为601.82GJ,每年节省供热费用5.95万元,节能效果与经济效益较好,可为北京地区类似公建节能改造提供借鉴和参考。

基于多层ReLU网络的楼宇暖通空调系统能量管理策略

提升现代智能楼宇的能量管理能力,是电力紧平衡背景下促进电网节能增效的重要举措。文中提出一种数据驱动的楼宇暖通空调系统节能控制策略,避免了传统模型预测控制对精确热力学建模的依赖。首先,在搭建楼宇热网络仿真模型的基础上,采用延时嵌入法构造输入特征,建立基于修正线性单元的多层神经网络模型,实现室内温度时间序列的多步预测。然后,针对电网的分时电价,构建滚动时域优化模型,并将其重构为混合整数线性规划的形式,实现有限控制周期内优化模型的高效求解。最后,基于Simscape搭建楼宇热仿真模型,验证了所提控制策略的有效性。仿真结果表明,所提策略能够满足温度舒适度要求,并提高楼宇的经济运行水平。

探究供热通风与空调工程的施工技术要点与节能控制措施

在当代,低能耗、低污染及低排放是建筑工程施工的必然要求,同时也对其性能提出了更高的要求,如对环境友好、绿色和高效。暖通工程在绿色建筑中的运用是非常关键的一步,只有适时地转变高强度、高环境污染的施工方式,重视空调工程品质的提高,才能取得较好的节能和环境保护成效,促进企业的环保和节能。同时,在通风空调装置的安装过程中,要提高对有关施工的掌控程度,按照施工技术应用要求和通风空调装置的结构进行工程施工,确保建筑通风空调工程质量的提升。供热通风和空调工程施工水平已成为衡量施工部门资质的有效依据,为满足现阶段行业发展需求,施工团队需要进一步规范施工,严格依照建筑物施工方案与安装标准,严格制定现场施工管理策略,提升施工人员技术水平,确保各施工环节的科学性、合理性。

辽宁省某生活垃圾焚烧发电厂暖通设计

重点介绍了垃圾池间和卸料大厅的热风供暖措施,结合项目特点介绍了渣池间通风、新风系统和蓄电池室空调通风的设计,并探讨了利用冷却水余热的溴化锂热泵供热系统的经济性及可行性。结果表明,垃圾池间暖风系统采用多管淹埋式送风装置能自动适应垃圾堆料面变化,达到最佳的热风供暖效果。锅炉风机采用多支路防臭抽风系统,能有效地防止垃圾池间和卸料大厅的臭气扩散,又能减少大量抽风造成的加热量浪费。冬季从锅炉间补充热风可改善渣池间的能见度和环境温度,且不影响锅炉间供暖效果。房间及走道需要设计合理正压值,新风取风口和污染源须保持足够距离,可减轻臭气的影响。蓄电池室空调通风设计时需要充分考虑防爆及温湿度工况。溴化锂热泵方案的经济性分析需要考虑供热量、冷却水温度对汽轮机发电效率的影响。

暖通工程中气悬浮技术的创新应用

在能源消耗领域中,暖通工程的技术创新具有关键性意义。气悬浮技术是一种新兴的技术,通过利用气体的悬浮能力来实现物体的支撑和运动。在暖通工程领域,气悬浮技术被创新应用在空气净化、空气调节、热回收等方面,以提高系统的效率和节能性能。气悬浮技术具有高效节能、精确控制和可靠性高等优点,但也面临着气膜稳定性、系统复杂性和成本等方面的挑战。