To comply with the strategic goal of "mass entrepreneurship and innovation",universities and col eges adjusted the discipline cultivation objective to be cultivation of innovational and enterprising talents....To comply with the strategic goal of "mass entrepreneurship and innovation",universities and col eges adjusted the discipline cultivation objective to be cultivation of innovational and enterprising talents.Innovational and enterprising talents are inseparable from creative thinking,while the cultivation of creative thinking is the basis of cultivation of innovational and enterprising talents.This paper discussed cultivation of students' creative thinking through making building models in basic course of architectural design.Besides,it analyzed the relation between making of building models and creative thinking from divergent thinking,multi-directional thinking,element changing thinking,conversion thinking,and reverse thinking.It is expected to cultivate students' creative thinking through building models,to lay a solid foundation for architectural design courses,and to provide more architectural designers with more solid foundation and creative thinking.展开更多
Building energy modeling(BEM)has become increasingly used in building energy conservation research.Prototype building models are developed to represent the typical urban building characteristics of a specific building...Building energy modeling(BEM)has become increasingly used in building energy conservation research.Prototype building models are developed to represent the typical urban building characteristics of a specific building type,meteorological conditions,and construction year.This study included four residential buildings and 11 commercial buildings to represent nationwide building types in China.With consideration of five climate zones and different construction years corresponding to national standards,a total of 151 prototype building models were developed.The building envelope properties,occupancy and energy-related behaviors,and heating,ventilation,and air-conditioning(HVAC)system characteristics were defined according to the corresponding building energy efficiency design standards,HVAC design standards,and through other sources,such as questionnaire surveys,on-site measurements,and literature,which reflect the real situation of existing buildings in China.Based on the developed prototype buildings,a large database of 9225 models in 270 cities was further developed to facilitate users to simulate building energy in different cities.In conclusion,the developed prototype building models can represent realistic building characteristics and construction practices of the most common residential and commercial buildings in China,serving as an important foundation for BEM.The models can be used for analyses related to building energy conservation research on typical individual buildings,including energy-saving technologies,advanced controls,and new policies,and providing a reference for the development of building energy codes and standards.展开更多
Adaptive rendering of large urban building models has become an important research issue in three-dimensional(3D)geographic information system(GIS)applications.This study explores a way for rendering web-based 3D urba...Adaptive rendering of large urban building models has become an important research issue in three-dimensional(3D)geographic information system(GIS)applications.This study explores a way for rendering web-based 3D urban building models.A client-server hybrid rendering approach is presented for large 3D city models,stored on a remote server through a network.The approach combines an efficient multi-hierarchical building representation with a novel image-based method,3D image impostor generated on demand by a remote server.This approach allows transferring complex scenes progressively while keeping high visualization quality.We also evaluated the rendering and data transferring performance of the proposed approach.展开更多
Computer vision-based inspection methods show promise for automating post-earthquake building inspections.These methods survey a building with unmanned aerial vehicles and automatically detect damage in the collected ...Computer vision-based inspection methods show promise for automating post-earthquake building inspections.These methods survey a building with unmanned aerial vehicles and automatically detect damage in the collected images.Nevertheless,assessing the damage′s impact on structural safety requires localizing damage to specific building components with known design and function.This paper proposes a BIM-based automated inspection framework to provide context for visual surveys.A deep learning-based semantic segmentation algorithm is trained to automatically identify damage in images.The BIM automatically associates any identified damage with specific building components.Then,components are classified into damage states consistent with component fragility models for integration with a structural analysis.To demonstrate the framework,methods are developed to photorealistically simulate severe structural damage in a synthetic computer graphics environment.A graphics model of a real building in Urbana,Illinois,is generated to test the framework;the model is integrated with a structural analysis to apply earthquake damage in a physically realistic manner.A simulated UAV survey is flown of the graphics model and the framework is applied.The method achieves high accuracy in assigning damage states to visible structural components.This assignment enables integration with a performance-based earthquake assessment to classify building safety.展开更多
Based on building footprints (building polygons) on digital maps, we are proposing the GIS and CG integrated system that automatically generates 3D building models with multiple roofs. Most building polygons’ edges m...Based on building footprints (building polygons) on digital maps, we are proposing the GIS and CG integrated system that automatically generates 3D building models with multiple roofs. Most building polygons’ edges meet at right angles (orthogonal polygon). The integrated system partitions orthogonal building polygons into a set of rectangles and places rectangular roofs and box-shaped building bodies on these rectangles. In order to partition an orthogonal polygon, we proposed a useful polygon expression in deciding from which vertex a dividing line is drawn. In this paper, we propose a new scheme for partitioning building polygons and show the process of creating 3D roof models.展开更多
随着隔震技术的推广应用以及建筑业信息化水平的持续提升,在隔震工程中对隔震层建筑信息模型(building information modeling, BIM)建模的需求逐渐增长,然而针对性的研究工作相对较少。为此,围绕隔震支座BIM模型的高效建模方法和应用模...随着隔震技术的推广应用以及建筑业信息化水平的持续提升,在隔震工程中对隔震层建筑信息模型(building information modeling, BIM)建模的需求逐渐增长,然而针对性的研究工作相对较少。为此,围绕隔震支座BIM模型的高效建模方法和应用模块开展了研究。首先,综合隔震支座应用情况和力学特性,可将其分为橡胶隔震支座、滑移摩擦隔震支座和其他类型隔震支座,据此提出了隔震支座BIM快速建模模块基本架构;随后,基于Revit和Visual Studio平台开发了三类隔震支座BIM模型的快速建模功能,并实现了连接节点参数化建模和支座批量/手动布置的操作功能;最后,开展了某化工公司的库房隔震加固项目的隔震层BIM模型建模实践,结果表明:利用快速建模模块可将隔震层BIM建模操作从7个步骤降低至2个步骤,且使用过程中对隔震支座构造细节的认知要求相对较低。同时,建成后的BIM模型与实际工程在建筑信息的多个方面具有较好的一致性。相关研究可为建筑和桥梁隔震工程的BIM建模提供参考和借鉴。展开更多
The axial selection of tunnels constructed in the interlayered soft-hard rock mass affects the stability and safety during construction.Previous optimization is primarily based on experience or comparison and selectio...The axial selection of tunnels constructed in the interlayered soft-hard rock mass affects the stability and safety during construction.Previous optimization is primarily based on experience or comparison and selection of alternative values under specific geological conditions.In this work,an intelligent optimization framework has been proposed by combining numerical analysis,machine learning(ML)and optimization algorithm.An automatic and intelligent numerical analysis process was proposed and coded to reduce redundant manual intervention.The conventional optimization algorithm was developed from two aspects and applied to the hyperparameters estimation of the support vector machine(SVM)model and the axial orientation optimization of the tunnel.Finally,the comprehensive framework was applied to a numerical case study,and the results were compared with those of other studies.The results of this study indicate that the determination coefficients between the predicted and the numerical stability evaluation indices(STIs)on the training and testing datasets are 0.998 and 0.997,respectively.For a given geological condition,the STI that changes with the axial orientation shows the trend of first decreasing and then increasing,and the optimal tunnel axial orientation is estimated to be 87.This method provides an alternative and quick approach to the overall design of the tunnels.展开更多
Energy demand fluctuations due to low probability high impact(LPHI)micro-climatic events such as urban heat island effect(UHI)and heatwaves,pose significant challenges for urban infrastructure,particularly within urba...Energy demand fluctuations due to low probability high impact(LPHI)micro-climatic events such as urban heat island effect(UHI)and heatwaves,pose significant challenges for urban infrastructure,particularly within urban built-clusters.Mapping short term load forecasting(STLF)of buildings in urban micro-climatic setting(UMS)is obscured by the complex interplay of surrounding morphology,micro-climate and inter-building energy dynamics.Conventional urban building energy modelling(UBEM)approaches to provide quantitative insights about building energy consumption often neglect the synergistic impacts of micro-climate and urban morphology in short temporal scale.Reduced order modelling,unavailability of rich urban datasets such as building key performance indicators for building archetypes-characterization,limit the inter-building energy dynamics consideration into UBEMs.In addition,mismatch of resolutions of spatio-temporal datasets(meso to micro scale transition),LPHI events extent prediction around UMS as well as its accurate quantitative inclusion in UBEM input organization step pose another degree of limitations.This review aims to direct attention towards an integrated-UBEM(i-UBEM)framework to capture the building load fluctuation over multi-scale spatio–temporal scenario.It highlights usage of emerging data-driven hybrid approaches,after systematically analysing developments and limitations of recent physical,data-driven artificial intelligence and machine learning(AI-ML)based modelling approaches.It also discusses the potential integration of google earth engine(GEE)-cloud computing platform in UBEM input organization step to(i)map the land surface temperature(LST)data(quantitative attribute implying LPHI event occurrence),(ii)manage and pre-process high-resolution spatio-temporal UBEM input-datasets.Further the potential of digital twin,central structed data models to integrate along UBEM workflow to reduce uncertainties related to building archetype characterizations is explored.It has also found that a trade-off between high-fidelity baseline simulation models and computationally efficient platform support or co-simulation platform integration is essential to capture LPHI induced inter-building energy dynamics.展开更多
Model predictive control(MPC)is an advanced control technique.It has been deployed to harness the energy flexibility of a building.MPC requires a dynamic model of the building to achieve such an objective.However,deve...Model predictive control(MPC)is an advanced control technique.It has been deployed to harness the energy flexibility of a building.MPC requires a dynamic model of the building to achieve such an objective.However,developing a suitable predictive model is the main challenge in MPC implementation forflexibility activation.This studyfocuses on the application of key performance indicators(KPls)to evaluate the suitability of MPC models via feature selection.To this end,multiple models were developed for two houses.A feature selection method was developed to select an appropriate feature space to train the models.These predictive models were then quantified based on one-step ahead prediction error(OSPE),a standard KPI used in multiple studies,and a less-often KPl:multi-step ahead prediction error(MSPE).An MPC workflow was designed where different models can serve as the predictive model.Findings showed that MSPE better demonstrates the performance of predictive models used for flexibility activation.Results revealed that up to 57% of the flexibility potential and 48% of energy use reduction are not exploited if MSPE is not minimized while developing a predictive model.展开更多
Underground pipeline networks constitute a major component of urban infrastructure,and thus,it is imperative to have an efficient mechanism to manage them.This study introduces a secondary development system to effici...Underground pipeline networks constitute a major component of urban infrastructure,and thus,it is imperative to have an efficient mechanism to manage them.This study introduces a secondary development system to efficiently model underground pipeline networks,using the building information modeling(BIM)-based software Revit.The system comprises separate pipe point and tubulation models.Using a Revit application programming interface(API),the spatial position and attribute data of the pipe points are extracted from a pipeline database,and the corresponding tubulation data are extracted from a tubulation database.Using the Family class in Revit API,the cluster in the self-built library of pipe point is inserted into the spatial location and the attribute data is added;in the same way,all pipeline instances in the pipeline system are created.The extension and localization of the model accelerated the modeling speed.The system was then used in a real construction project.The expansion of the model database and rapid modeling made the application of BIM technology in three-dimensional visualization of underground pipeline networks more convenient.Furthermore,it has applications in pipeline engineering construction and management.展开更多
The use of bio-based materials in buildings has become more and more significant last years.In most of the cases,their health properties and natural provenance have made them a great solution to face global climate wa...The use of bio-based materials in buildings has become more and more significant last years.In most of the cases,their health properties and natural provenance have made them a great solution to face global climate warming and the new policies to reduce building energy consumption.In many thermal problems,biobased materials can allow to optimize the building thermal behavior according to its energy consumption and inside comfort conditions.So it is when they are used as an insulation material in the building.However,it is not the case in this paper.In fact,the bio-based matter is rather used as a desiccant wheel to control air conditioning inside the building.The aim of this paper is to numerically verify if it is possible to use a bed of wood chips as a hygroscopic material(or a desiccant matter)in order to modify the relative humidity inside the building in Reunion Island and so improve thermal comfort.A simple model of heat and mass transfer between a bed of wood chips and building inside air has been set up and implemented into a validated building simulation code named ISOLAB.Numerical simulations were set up for the four climate zones of the island regulations and a focus has been made on the low altitude one(with high,solar irradiation,temperature and relative humidity).Simulation results give the thermal behavior of the building particularly the temperature and relative humidity of inside air temperature,and temperature and moisture content of wood chips.The obtained results lead to determine if the wood chips bed is suitable for the reference building and to verify its technical feasibility(wood species,size of the bed,integration to the building,etc.).The results show that the use of a WCB help to decrease the building inside air temperature and water content up to 10°C less and 11.6 g.kg-1 less.These are the ways to improve inside comfort conditions.Indeed,comfort analysis have shown the possibility to significantly increase building users’thermal comfort when coupled with a fan and natural ventilation,like the regulation needs for low altitude climate.In this case,a gain of 68%of year time is achieved for a building equipped with WCB system compared to one without it(6308 hours of comfort over a year with the WCB against 350 hours without WCB).So the WCB seems to be able to help reducing cooling loads in tropical climate conditions.展开更多
This study uses a building energy performance simulation to investigate the impact of predicted climate warming and the additional issue of building ageing on the energy performance for a library in Turin,Italy.The cl...This study uses a building energy performance simulation to investigate the impact of predicted climate warming and the additional issue of building ageing on the energy performance for a library in Turin,Italy.The climate and ageing factors were modelled individually and then integrated together for several decades.Results from the climate-only simulation showed a decrease in thebuilding heating energy usage which outweighed the increase in the on-site cooling energy demand occurring in a warming scenario.The study revealed a high sensitivity of energy performance to building ageing,in particular due to HVAC(Heating,Ventilation and Air Conditioning) equipment efficiency degradation.Building ageing was seen to negatively affect the energy performance as it induced a further increase of the cooling energy usage in a warming climate,while it also counteracted the reduction of the heating energy usage resulting from warming.Simulations on the combination of mitigation techniques showed a number of potentially retrofit measures that would be beneficial for buildings to avoid an increase in the cooling energy usage due to climate warming.The combination of these retrofit techniques showed a potential decrease of 87.3% in the final cooling energy usage for the considered building.展开更多
Aiming at reducing the deficiency of the traditional fire pre-warning algorithms and the intelligent fire pre-warning algorithms such as artificial neural network,and then to improve the accuracy of fire prewarning fo...Aiming at reducing the deficiency of the traditional fire pre-warning algorithms and the intelligent fire pre-warning algorithms such as artificial neural network,and then to improve the accuracy of fire prewarning for high-rise buildings,a composite fire pre-warning controller is designed according to the characteristic( nonlinear,less historical data,many influence factors),also a high-rise building fire pre-warning model is set up based on the support vector regression( SV R). Then the wood fire standard history data is applied to make empirical analysis. The research results can provide a reliable decision support framework for high-rise building fire pre-warning.展开更多
Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a technology and a process that has brought changes in the construction’s traditional procurement system. Kenya lacks contractual guidelines on implementation of BIM;this makes...Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a technology and a process that has brought changes in the construction’s traditional procurement system. Kenya lacks contractual guidelines on implementation of BIM;this makes the adoption of BIM slow and difficult. Previous research has identified a gap in contractual relationships, roles and resulting risks. The objectives of this study were to investigate BIM adoption in Nairobi and to investigate the influence of BIM on Engineering Contract Management (ECM)</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> in Nairobi Kenya</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The survey research was a descriptive study with 175 responsive questionnaires. Respondents comprised of Civil Engineers, Construction Project Managers, Architects, Quantity Surveyors, Contractors and Facility Managers. Data was collected through self-administered questionnaire and in-depth interview. Descriptive analytics, correlation and Exploratory factor analysis methods were used to analyse quantitative data. Qualitative data was analysed thematically. It emerged that adoption level was at 56.6% and shallow understanding of BIM capabilities remains to be a barrier to its adoption and implementation. It also emerged that BIM improves ECM;when time, cost, quality, collaboration and return on investment improve, ECM becomes easier. Latent factors found in BIM and ECM relationship were Legal Implications, awareness and knowledge, efficiency, versatility, mandate and leadership, and competitiveness. Further, the study found out that BIM influence on ECM demands for establishment of standards, guidelines, policy, legal framework, and regulations, which can be achieved by amending the public procurement act which dictates the operation of all the other standard forms of contract. Further research should be conducted to measure whether the understanding of BIM had positively improved.展开更多
Global concerns toward environmental issues have induced growing demand for new approaches in the construction because of its considerable impact on the environment and use of natural resources. Through using construc...Global concerns toward environmental issues have induced growing demand for new approaches in the construction because of its considerable impact on the environment and use of natural resources. Through using construction sustainability tools, methods and techniques, a greener design can be applied during various building phases. In this connection, it is argued that the analytical and integrated models applied by Building Information Modelling (BIM) may also facilitate this process to be performed more efficiently. BIM and construction sustainability are quite different initiatives, but both have received much attention in recent years in the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry. A rigorous analysis of the interactions between them implies that a synergy exists which, if properly it is understood that can be helpful to reduce the environmental impacts of the AEC industry. A BIM-based design model can contribute to sustainability through its three main dimensions which are environmental, economic and social. In this paper, by reviewing the existing literature on BIM and construction sustainability and using a matrix to analyze construction sustainability dimensions and BIM functionalities a number of interactions have been discussed. It can be concluded that despite there are many improvements in implementation of BIM in environmental and economic aspects of sustainability, its potential impact on social dimension has not been explicitly explored hence further studies need to be undertaken in this area.展开更多
A projection of the Canadian population shows that in 2024 one in five Canadians will be over 65 years old. This shift forces designers to consider the entire lifetime of occupants during the design of new buildings. ...A projection of the Canadian population shows that in 2024 one in five Canadians will be over 65 years old. This shift forces designers to consider the entire lifetime of occupants during the design of new buildings. Universal Design (UD), which is a design that accommodates all people to the greatest extent possible and aging in place design that is deeply rooted in the principles of UD, aim to house people irrespective of their age, ability, and chronic health conditions. Building Information Modeling (BIM) significantly helps advance the development of the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry in a more collaborative and automated way. Integrating BIM and UD allows designers to incorporate UD standards easily and efficiently at the conceptual design stage of buildings by using the functionalities and capabilities of BIM tools. Therefore, this study presents the development of an automated computer model to facilitate the adoption of UD standards and processes. The novelty highlighted in this model resides in the creation of an automated method that employs a newly created plug-in and databases to assist designers to incorporate UD standards at the conceptual stage in a timely and cost-effective manner. Furthermore, the study introduces the methodology consisting of collecting, categorizing, and storing data from various universal design and accessible design guidelines in the developed databases and developing new plug-ins in BIM tool to link the developed databases in order to automate the process of retrieving necessary information and components to help designers and owners select optimal design alternatives based on their predefined criteria.展开更多
Proposed by the Chinese Government,China and 16 Central and East European(CEE)countries jointly launched the framework of 16+1 cooperation in 2012.China has actively practiced the concept of openness,inclusiveness and...Proposed by the Chinese Government,China and 16 Central and East European(CEE)countries jointly launched the framework of 16+1 cooperation in 2012.China has actively practiced the concept of openness,inclusiveness and win-win cooperation,putting it into the framework of 16+1 cooperation and making new attempts in constructing a new model of international relations.Over the展开更多
The building sector is the largest consumer of energy in industrial countries. Saving energy in new buildings or building renovations can thus lead to significant global environmental impacts. In this endeavor, buildi...The building sector is the largest consumer of energy in industrial countries. Saving energy in new buildings or building renovations can thus lead to significant global environmental impacts. In this endeavor, building information <span>modeling (BIM) and building energy modeling (BEM) are two important to</span>ols to make the transition to net-zero energy buildings (NZEB). So far, little attention has been devoted, in the literature, to discuss the connection between BIM, BEM, and Life-cycle assessment (LCA), which is the main topic of this article. A literature review of 157 journal articles and conference proceedings published between 1990 and 2020 is presented. This review outlines knowledge gaps concerning BIM, BEM, and environmental impact assessment. It suggests that defining the process with the right technology (at the right time) would result in a more integrated design process (IDP) and bridge current gaps. The most efficient way to improve process and technology is related to the competences of the architects, engineers and constructors (AEC). The review also indicates that the IDP in the early design phases (EDP) is in need of improvement for architects and engineers, where a better connection between design phases, specific levels of development (LOD) and BIM tools is needed. <span>Competences, process and technology are the three main themes addressed in the review. Their relation to design phases and LOD is discussed. The aim </span>is to propose possible solutions to the current hinders in BIM-to-BEM (BIM2BEM) and BIM-for-LCA (BIM4LCA) integration.展开更多
In order to transmit more application-oriented talents to the society,and to give full play to the value of vocational college training and education in the society,by taking the practical teaching of architecture maj...In order to transmit more application-oriented talents to the society,and to give full play to the value of vocational college training and education in the society,by taking the practical teaching of architecture major in vocational colleges as an example,this paper analyzes the form of teaching in vocational colleges and the application value of prefabricated building model in the practical teaching.Additionally,the application of the prefabricated building model combined with BIM Technology in the practical teaching of architecture major in vocational colleges as a reference was analyzed in this paper.展开更多
Building envelope is a fence that controls heat exchange between interior and exterior and plays an essential role in providing thermal comfort conditions of residents. In recent years, due to the necessity of conserv...Building envelope is a fence that controls heat exchange between interior and exterior and plays an essential role in providing thermal comfort conditions of residents. In recent years, due to the necessity of conserving energy and also preventing increased environmental pollution, the importance of sustainable construction has been doubled. Checking the problems of thermal behavior of the building envelope materials, and what influences in the heating and cooling loads exerted and energy consumption of buildings, are the questions that this research seeks to answer. In this regard, building information modelling analysis (BIM) has worthy contribution in the completion process of sustainable design;thus using software Design Builder, it is paid attention to simulation of the thermal behavior of two types of defined materials for the building envelope that was designed as a Research Institute of Renewable Energy of Yazd University. For Type 1 materials, two layers of brick have been selected, and for Type 2 a thermal insulation layer also added it. Results of the analysis showed that the use of materials Type 2 in the cooling load %4.8 and in the thermal load %62.5 reduction can be achieved which means reducing the load on active system and thus reducing the initial cost of building. Also reduction in annual energy consumption by almost %2.4 for cooling and %62.9 for heating buildings have been achieved, which makes saving non-renewable energy consumption, and consequently reducing environmental pollution as well as reducing current costs will be established.展开更多
基金Sponsored by the Experimental Teaching Reform and Laboratory Construction Project of University of Science and Technology Liaoning in 2015"Experimental Teaching Reform of Form Composition in Basis of Architectural Design"Project of the 13th Five-Year Plan for Education and Science of Liaoning Province in 2016(JG16DB222)
文摘To comply with the strategic goal of "mass entrepreneurship and innovation",universities and col eges adjusted the discipline cultivation objective to be cultivation of innovational and enterprising talents.Innovational and enterprising talents are inseparable from creative thinking,while the cultivation of creative thinking is the basis of cultivation of innovational and enterprising talents.This paper discussed cultivation of students' creative thinking through making building models in basic course of architectural design.Besides,it analyzed the relation between making of building models and creative thinking from divergent thinking,multi-directional thinking,element changing thinking,conversion thinking,and reverse thinking.It is expected to cultivate students' creative thinking through building models,to lay a solid foundation for architectural design courses,and to provide more architectural designers with more solid foundation and creative thinking.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.52108068)the Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation of China (No.8222019)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.52225801).
文摘Building energy modeling(BEM)has become increasingly used in building energy conservation research.Prototype building models are developed to represent the typical urban building characteristics of a specific building type,meteorological conditions,and construction year.This study included four residential buildings and 11 commercial buildings to represent nationwide building types in China.With consideration of five climate zones and different construction years corresponding to national standards,a total of 151 prototype building models were developed.The building envelope properties,occupancy and energy-related behaviors,and heating,ventilation,and air-conditioning(HVAC)system characteristics were defined according to the corresponding building energy efficiency design standards,HVAC design standards,and through other sources,such as questionnaire surveys,on-site measurements,and literature,which reflect the real situation of existing buildings in China.Based on the developed prototype buildings,a large database of 9225 models in 270 cities was further developed to facilitate users to simulate building energy in different cities.In conclusion,the developed prototype building models can represent realistic building characteristics and construction practices of the most common residential and commercial buildings in China,serving as an important foundation for BEM.The models can be used for analyses related to building energy conservation research on typical individual buildings,including energy-saving technologies,advanced controls,and new policies,and providing a reference for the development of building energy codes and standards.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.60502008)the National 863 High-Tech Program of China(No.2011AA120302).
文摘Adaptive rendering of large urban building models has become an important research issue in three-dimensional(3D)geographic information system(GIS)applications.This study explores a way for rendering web-based 3D urban building models.A client-server hybrid rendering approach is presented for large 3D city models,stored on a remote server through a network.The approach combines an efficient multi-hierarchical building representation with a novel image-based method,3D image impostor generated on demand by a remote server.This approach allows transferring complex scenes progressively while keeping high visualization quality.We also evaluated the rendering and data transferring performance of the proposed approach.
基金Financial support for this research was provided in part by the US Army Corps of Engineers through a subaward from the University of California,San Diego,USA。
文摘Computer vision-based inspection methods show promise for automating post-earthquake building inspections.These methods survey a building with unmanned aerial vehicles and automatically detect damage in the collected images.Nevertheless,assessing the damage′s impact on structural safety requires localizing damage to specific building components with known design and function.This paper proposes a BIM-based automated inspection framework to provide context for visual surveys.A deep learning-based semantic segmentation algorithm is trained to automatically identify damage in images.The BIM automatically associates any identified damage with specific building components.Then,components are classified into damage states consistent with component fragility models for integration with a structural analysis.To demonstrate the framework,methods are developed to photorealistically simulate severe structural damage in a synthetic computer graphics environment.A graphics model of a real building in Urbana,Illinois,is generated to test the framework;the model is integrated with a structural analysis to apply earthquake damage in a physically realistic manner.A simulated UAV survey is flown of the graphics model and the framework is applied.The method achieves high accuracy in assigning damage states to visible structural components.This assignment enables integration with a performance-based earthquake assessment to classify building safety.
文摘Based on building footprints (building polygons) on digital maps, we are proposing the GIS and CG integrated system that automatically generates 3D building models with multiple roofs. Most building polygons’ edges meet at right angles (orthogonal polygon). The integrated system partitions orthogonal building polygons into a set of rectangles and places rectangular roofs and box-shaped building bodies on these rectangles. In order to partition an orthogonal polygon, we proposed a useful polygon expression in deciding from which vertex a dividing line is drawn. In this paper, we propose a new scheme for partitioning building polygons and show the process of creating 3D roof models.
文摘随着隔震技术的推广应用以及建筑业信息化水平的持续提升,在隔震工程中对隔震层建筑信息模型(building information modeling, BIM)建模的需求逐渐增长,然而针对性的研究工作相对较少。为此,围绕隔震支座BIM模型的高效建模方法和应用模块开展了研究。首先,综合隔震支座应用情况和力学特性,可将其分为橡胶隔震支座、滑移摩擦隔震支座和其他类型隔震支座,据此提出了隔震支座BIM快速建模模块基本架构;随后,基于Revit和Visual Studio平台开发了三类隔震支座BIM模型的快速建模功能,并实现了连接节点参数化建模和支座批量/手动布置的操作功能;最后,开展了某化工公司的库房隔震加固项目的隔震层BIM模型建模实践,结果表明:利用快速建模模块可将隔震层BIM建模操作从7个步骤降低至2个步骤,且使用过程中对隔震支座构造细节的认知要求相对较低。同时,建成后的BIM模型与实际工程在建筑信息的多个方面具有较好的一致性。相关研究可为建筑和桥梁隔震工程的BIM建模提供参考和借鉴。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51991392 and 51922104).
文摘The axial selection of tunnels constructed in the interlayered soft-hard rock mass affects the stability and safety during construction.Previous optimization is primarily based on experience or comparison and selection of alternative values under specific geological conditions.In this work,an intelligent optimization framework has been proposed by combining numerical analysis,machine learning(ML)and optimization algorithm.An automatic and intelligent numerical analysis process was proposed and coded to reduce redundant manual intervention.The conventional optimization algorithm was developed from two aspects and applied to the hyperparameters estimation of the support vector machine(SVM)model and the axial orientation optimization of the tunnel.Finally,the comprehensive framework was applied to a numerical case study,and the results were compared with those of other studies.The results of this study indicate that the determination coefficients between the predicted and the numerical stability evaluation indices(STIs)on the training and testing datasets are 0.998 and 0.997,respectively.For a given geological condition,the STI that changes with the axial orientation shows the trend of first decreasing and then increasing,and the optimal tunnel axial orientation is estimated to be 87.This method provides an alternative and quick approach to the overall design of the tunnels.
基金the Sponsored Research and Industrial Consultancy(SRIC)grant No:IIT/SRIC/AR/MWS/2021-2022/057the SERB grant No.IPA/2021/000081.
文摘Energy demand fluctuations due to low probability high impact(LPHI)micro-climatic events such as urban heat island effect(UHI)and heatwaves,pose significant challenges for urban infrastructure,particularly within urban built-clusters.Mapping short term load forecasting(STLF)of buildings in urban micro-climatic setting(UMS)is obscured by the complex interplay of surrounding morphology,micro-climate and inter-building energy dynamics.Conventional urban building energy modelling(UBEM)approaches to provide quantitative insights about building energy consumption often neglect the synergistic impacts of micro-climate and urban morphology in short temporal scale.Reduced order modelling,unavailability of rich urban datasets such as building key performance indicators for building archetypes-characterization,limit the inter-building energy dynamics consideration into UBEMs.In addition,mismatch of resolutions of spatio-temporal datasets(meso to micro scale transition),LPHI events extent prediction around UMS as well as its accurate quantitative inclusion in UBEM input organization step pose another degree of limitations.This review aims to direct attention towards an integrated-UBEM(i-UBEM)framework to capture the building load fluctuation over multi-scale spatio–temporal scenario.It highlights usage of emerging data-driven hybrid approaches,after systematically analysing developments and limitations of recent physical,data-driven artificial intelligence and machine learning(AI-ML)based modelling approaches.It also discusses the potential integration of google earth engine(GEE)-cloud computing platform in UBEM input organization step to(i)map the land surface temperature(LST)data(quantitative attribute implying LPHI event occurrence),(ii)manage and pre-process high-resolution spatio-temporal UBEM input-datasets.Further the potential of digital twin,central structed data models to integrate along UBEM workflow to reduce uncertainties related to building archetype characterizations is explored.It has also found that a trade-off between high-fidelity baseline simulation models and computationally efficient platform support or co-simulation platform integration is essential to capture LPHI induced inter-building energy dynamics.
基金funded by the Research Foundation Flanders(FWO),application number GOD2519Nby KU Leuven,grant C24/18/040.
文摘Model predictive control(MPC)is an advanced control technique.It has been deployed to harness the energy flexibility of a building.MPC requires a dynamic model of the building to achieve such an objective.However,developing a suitable predictive model is the main challenge in MPC implementation forflexibility activation.This studyfocuses on the application of key performance indicators(KPls)to evaluate the suitability of MPC models via feature selection.To this end,multiple models were developed for two houses.A feature selection method was developed to select an appropriate feature space to train the models.These predictive models were then quantified based on one-step ahead prediction error(OSPE),a standard KPI used in multiple studies,and a less-often KPl:multi-step ahead prediction error(MSPE).An MPC workflow was designed where different models can serve as the predictive model.Findings showed that MSPE better demonstrates the performance of predictive models used for flexibility activation.Results revealed that up to 57% of the flexibility potential and 48% of energy use reduction are not exploited if MSPE is not minimized while developing a predictive model.
基金supported by a grant(No.14DZ2292800,http://www.greengeo.net/)from“Technology Service Platform of Civil Engineering”of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality.
文摘Underground pipeline networks constitute a major component of urban infrastructure,and thus,it is imperative to have an efficient mechanism to manage them.This study introduces a secondary development system to efficiently model underground pipeline networks,using the building information modeling(BIM)-based software Revit.The system comprises separate pipe point and tubulation models.Using a Revit application programming interface(API),the spatial position and attribute data of the pipe points are extracted from a pipeline database,and the corresponding tubulation data are extracted from a tubulation database.Using the Family class in Revit API,the cluster in the self-built library of pipe point is inserted into the spatial location and the attribute data is added;in the same way,all pipeline instances in the pipeline system are created.The extension and localization of the model accelerated the modeling speed.The system was then used in a real construction project.The expansion of the model database and rapid modeling made the application of BIM technology in three-dimensional visualization of underground pipeline networks more convenient.Furthermore,it has applications in pipeline engineering construction and management.
文摘The use of bio-based materials in buildings has become more and more significant last years.In most of the cases,their health properties and natural provenance have made them a great solution to face global climate warming and the new policies to reduce building energy consumption.In many thermal problems,biobased materials can allow to optimize the building thermal behavior according to its energy consumption and inside comfort conditions.So it is when they are used as an insulation material in the building.However,it is not the case in this paper.In fact,the bio-based matter is rather used as a desiccant wheel to control air conditioning inside the building.The aim of this paper is to numerically verify if it is possible to use a bed of wood chips as a hygroscopic material(or a desiccant matter)in order to modify the relative humidity inside the building in Reunion Island and so improve thermal comfort.A simple model of heat and mass transfer between a bed of wood chips and building inside air has been set up and implemented into a validated building simulation code named ISOLAB.Numerical simulations were set up for the four climate zones of the island regulations and a focus has been made on the low altitude one(with high,solar irradiation,temperature and relative humidity).Simulation results give the thermal behavior of the building particularly the temperature and relative humidity of inside air temperature,and temperature and moisture content of wood chips.The obtained results lead to determine if the wood chips bed is suitable for the reference building and to verify its technical feasibility(wood species,size of the bed,integration to the building,etc.).The results show that the use of a WCB help to decrease the building inside air temperature and water content up to 10°C less and 11.6 g.kg-1 less.These are the ways to improve inside comfort conditions.Indeed,comfort analysis have shown the possibility to significantly increase building users’thermal comfort when coupled with a fan and natural ventilation,like the regulation needs for low altitude climate.In this case,a gain of 68%of year time is achieved for a building equipped with WCB system compared to one without it(6308 hours of comfort over a year with the WCB against 350 hours without WCB).So the WCB seems to be able to help reducing cooling loads in tropical climate conditions.
文摘This study uses a building energy performance simulation to investigate the impact of predicted climate warming and the additional issue of building ageing on the energy performance for a library in Turin,Italy.The climate and ageing factors were modelled individually and then integrated together for several decades.Results from the climate-only simulation showed a decrease in thebuilding heating energy usage which outweighed the increase in the on-site cooling energy demand occurring in a warming scenario.The study revealed a high sensitivity of energy performance to building ageing,in particular due to HVAC(Heating,Ventilation and Air Conditioning) equipment efficiency degradation.Building ageing was seen to negatively affect the energy performance as it induced a further increase of the cooling energy usage in a warming climate,while it also counteracted the reduction of the heating energy usage resulting from warming.Simulations on the combination of mitigation techniques showed a number of potentially retrofit measures that would be beneficial for buildings to avoid an increase in the cooling energy usage due to climate warming.The combination of these retrofit techniques showed a potential decrease of 87.3% in the final cooling energy usage for the considered building.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11072035)
文摘Aiming at reducing the deficiency of the traditional fire pre-warning algorithms and the intelligent fire pre-warning algorithms such as artificial neural network,and then to improve the accuracy of fire prewarning for high-rise buildings,a composite fire pre-warning controller is designed according to the characteristic( nonlinear,less historical data,many influence factors),also a high-rise building fire pre-warning model is set up based on the support vector regression( SV R). Then the wood fire standard history data is applied to make empirical analysis. The research results can provide a reliable decision support framework for high-rise building fire pre-warning.
文摘Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a technology and a process that has brought changes in the construction’s traditional procurement system. Kenya lacks contractual guidelines on implementation of BIM;this makes the adoption of BIM slow and difficult. Previous research has identified a gap in contractual relationships, roles and resulting risks. The objectives of this study were to investigate BIM adoption in Nairobi and to investigate the influence of BIM on Engineering Contract Management (ECM)</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> in Nairobi Kenya</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The survey research was a descriptive study with 175 responsive questionnaires. Respondents comprised of Civil Engineers, Construction Project Managers, Architects, Quantity Surveyors, Contractors and Facility Managers. Data was collected through self-administered questionnaire and in-depth interview. Descriptive analytics, correlation and Exploratory factor analysis methods were used to analyse quantitative data. Qualitative data was analysed thematically. It emerged that adoption level was at 56.6% and shallow understanding of BIM capabilities remains to be a barrier to its adoption and implementation. It also emerged that BIM improves ECM;when time, cost, quality, collaboration and return on investment improve, ECM becomes easier. Latent factors found in BIM and ECM relationship were Legal Implications, awareness and knowledge, efficiency, versatility, mandate and leadership, and competitiveness. Further, the study found out that BIM influence on ECM demands for establishment of standards, guidelines, policy, legal framework, and regulations, which can be achieved by amending the public procurement act which dictates the operation of all the other standard forms of contract. Further research should be conducted to measure whether the understanding of BIM had positively improved.
文摘Global concerns toward environmental issues have induced growing demand for new approaches in the construction because of its considerable impact on the environment and use of natural resources. Through using construction sustainability tools, methods and techniques, a greener design can be applied during various building phases. In this connection, it is argued that the analytical and integrated models applied by Building Information Modelling (BIM) may also facilitate this process to be performed more efficiently. BIM and construction sustainability are quite different initiatives, but both have received much attention in recent years in the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry. A rigorous analysis of the interactions between them implies that a synergy exists which, if properly it is understood that can be helpful to reduce the environmental impacts of the AEC industry. A BIM-based design model can contribute to sustainability through its three main dimensions which are environmental, economic and social. In this paper, by reviewing the existing literature on BIM and construction sustainability and using a matrix to analyze construction sustainability dimensions and BIM functionalities a number of interactions have been discussed. It can be concluded that despite there are many improvements in implementation of BIM in environmental and economic aspects of sustainability, its potential impact on social dimension has not been explicitly explored hence further studies need to be undertaken in this area.
文摘A projection of the Canadian population shows that in 2024 one in five Canadians will be over 65 years old. This shift forces designers to consider the entire lifetime of occupants during the design of new buildings. Universal Design (UD), which is a design that accommodates all people to the greatest extent possible and aging in place design that is deeply rooted in the principles of UD, aim to house people irrespective of their age, ability, and chronic health conditions. Building Information Modeling (BIM) significantly helps advance the development of the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry in a more collaborative and automated way. Integrating BIM and UD allows designers to incorporate UD standards easily and efficiently at the conceptual design stage of buildings by using the functionalities and capabilities of BIM tools. Therefore, this study presents the development of an automated computer model to facilitate the adoption of UD standards and processes. The novelty highlighted in this model resides in the creation of an automated method that employs a newly created plug-in and databases to assist designers to incorporate UD standards at the conceptual stage in a timely and cost-effective manner. Furthermore, the study introduces the methodology consisting of collecting, categorizing, and storing data from various universal design and accessible design guidelines in the developed databases and developing new plug-ins in BIM tool to link the developed databases in order to automate the process of retrieving necessary information and components to help designers and owners select optimal design alternatives based on their predefined criteria.
文摘Proposed by the Chinese Government,China and 16 Central and East European(CEE)countries jointly launched the framework of 16+1 cooperation in 2012.China has actively practiced the concept of openness,inclusiveness and win-win cooperation,putting it into the framework of 16+1 cooperation and making new attempts in constructing a new model of international relations.Over the
文摘The building sector is the largest consumer of energy in industrial countries. Saving energy in new buildings or building renovations can thus lead to significant global environmental impacts. In this endeavor, building information <span>modeling (BIM) and building energy modeling (BEM) are two important to</span>ols to make the transition to net-zero energy buildings (NZEB). So far, little attention has been devoted, in the literature, to discuss the connection between BIM, BEM, and Life-cycle assessment (LCA), which is the main topic of this article. A literature review of 157 journal articles and conference proceedings published between 1990 and 2020 is presented. This review outlines knowledge gaps concerning BIM, BEM, and environmental impact assessment. It suggests that defining the process with the right technology (at the right time) would result in a more integrated design process (IDP) and bridge current gaps. The most efficient way to improve process and technology is related to the competences of the architects, engineers and constructors (AEC). The review also indicates that the IDP in the early design phases (EDP) is in need of improvement for architects and engineers, where a better connection between design phases, specific levels of development (LOD) and BIM tools is needed. <span>Competences, process and technology are the three main themes addressed in the review. Their relation to design phases and LOD is discussed. The aim </span>is to propose possible solutions to the current hinders in BIM-to-BEM (BIM2BEM) and BIM-for-LCA (BIM4LCA) integration.
文摘In order to transmit more application-oriented talents to the society,and to give full play to the value of vocational college training and education in the society,by taking the practical teaching of architecture major in vocational colleges as an example,this paper analyzes the form of teaching in vocational colleges and the application value of prefabricated building model in the practical teaching.Additionally,the application of the prefabricated building model combined with BIM Technology in the practical teaching of architecture major in vocational colleges as a reference was analyzed in this paper.
文摘Building envelope is a fence that controls heat exchange between interior and exterior and plays an essential role in providing thermal comfort conditions of residents. In recent years, due to the necessity of conserving energy and also preventing increased environmental pollution, the importance of sustainable construction has been doubled. Checking the problems of thermal behavior of the building envelope materials, and what influences in the heating and cooling loads exerted and energy consumption of buildings, are the questions that this research seeks to answer. In this regard, building information modelling analysis (BIM) has worthy contribution in the completion process of sustainable design;thus using software Design Builder, it is paid attention to simulation of the thermal behavior of two types of defined materials for the building envelope that was designed as a Research Institute of Renewable Energy of Yazd University. For Type 1 materials, two layers of brick have been selected, and for Type 2 a thermal insulation layer also added it. Results of the analysis showed that the use of materials Type 2 in the cooling load %4.8 and in the thermal load %62.5 reduction can be achieved which means reducing the load on active system and thus reducing the initial cost of building. Also reduction in annual energy consumption by almost %2.4 for cooling and %62.9 for heating buildings have been achieved, which makes saving non-renewable energy consumption, and consequently reducing environmental pollution as well as reducing current costs will be established.