Application of Key Technologies in Green School Buildings: Taking Sino-German Future City Primary School as an Example

Green building is a manifestation of the response to the national“dual carbon”strategy.With the large-scale promotion of green buildings,the country has successively issued multiple evaluation standards for green buildings.Schools are places for preaching,teaching,and solving doubts,and the campus environment plays an important role in improving students’learning efficiency and promoting their physical and mental health.This article is based on the“Green Building Evaluation Standards”GB/T 50378-2019,analyzing and exploring the integration and application of key technologies in green schools,providing reference for green building designers.

A Brief Analysis of Energy Conservation Ways by Building Materials for Ecological Architecture

The development of society and economy in China is bringing growth to all industries. In particular, the development of China’s building industry has attracted much attention. Building materials are an important part of and widely used in the building industry. Energy conservation by building materials has become an inevitable way of sustainable development. Centering on the building industry, this paper mainly discusses in detail the energy conservation ways by ecological architecture and building materials.

Apply of Low-Carbon Technology in Building Energy Conservation in Hot Summer and Cold Winter Area

Building energy conservation is the basis for carbon emission reduction, through elaborating the relationship between low carbon and energy efficient building. It points out that the construction of energy-saving emission reduction is an effective means to solve the problems of high energy consumption of the building, and it is also an important measure for China＇s carbon emission reduction. According to the climate characteristics in hot summer and cold winter area, low carbon technology suitable for the construction of energy-efficient hot summer and cold winter area is proposed which is based on the analysis of the current main building energy-saving technical measures.

Preparation and Properties of Paraffin/PMMA Shape-stabilized Phase Change Material for Building Thermal Energy Storage

The composite phase change material(PCM) consisting of phase change paraffin(PCP) and polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA) was prepared as a novel type of shape-stabilized PCM for building energy conservation through the method of bulk polymerization. The chemical structure, morphology, phase change temperature and enthalpy, and mechanical properties of the composite PCM were studied to evaluate the encapsulation effect of PMMA on PCP and determine the optimal composition proportion. FTIR and SEM results revealed that PCP was physically immobilized in the PMMA so that its leakage from the composite was prevented. Based on the thermo-physical and mechanical properties investigations, the optimal mass fraction of PCP in the composite was determined as 70%. The phase change temperature of the composite was close to that of PCP, and its latent heat was equivalent to the calculated value according to the mass fraction of PCP in the composite. For estimating the usability in practical engineering, thermal stability, reliability and temperature regulation performance of the composite were also researched by TG analysis, thermal cycling treatments and heating-cooling test. The results indicated that PCP/PMMA composite PCM behaved good thermal stability depending on the PMMA protection and its latent heat degraded little after 500 thermal cycling. Temperature regulation performance of the composite before and after thermal cycling was both noticeable due to its latent heat absorption and release in the temperature variation processes. The PCP/PMMA phase change plate was fabricated and applied as thermal insulator in miniature concrete box to estimate its temperature regulation effect under the simulated environmental condition. It can be concluded that this kind of PCP/PMMA shape-stabilized PCM with the advantages of no leakage, suitable phase change temperature and enthalpy, good thermal stability and reliability, and effective temperature regulation performance have much potential for thermal energy storage in building energy conservation.

Energy consumption prediction model of typical buildings in hot summer and cold winter zone of China

To overcome the shortcomings of the energyconsumption prediction models in the application during thedesign stage, a quick prediction model for energy consumptionis proposed based on the decoupling method. Taking typicalresidential and office buildings in hot summer and cold winterzones as research objects, the influence factors on buildingenergy consumption are classified into intrinsic factors andoperational factors on the basis of the heat transfer principle.Then, using the intrinsic factors as the fundamental variablesand operational factors as the modified variables, the quickprediction model for the buildings in typical cold and hot zonesis proposed based on the decoupling method and the accuracyof the proposed model is verified. The results show thatcompared to the simulation results of EnergyPlus, the relativeerror of the prediction model is less than 1.5% ; comparedwith the real operating data of the building, the relative erroris 13.14% in 2011 and 8.56% in 2012 due to the fact that thecoincidence factor becomes larger than the design value about16% in 2011 and 13% in 2012. The finding reveals that theproposed model has the advantages of rapid calculationcompared with EnergyPlus and Design Builder when predictingbuilding energy consumption in building designs. The energyconsumption prediction model is of great practical value inoptimal operation and building designs.

Energy saving effect of building envelope in summer

To explore the energy saving effect of building envelope, the experiments were carried out through a comparison of basic cubicle in summer. Experiments show that if energy efficiency measures are applied only in the external walls and windows, the energy saving cubicles have an average energy efficiency ratio of 27.75% and 27.05% when the air change rates are 1.1 and 1.4 h-1 in summer, with both values being over the standard target value by 25%. And the indoor air temperature of the energy saving cubicle is below that of the basic cubicle. The daily mean temperature difference between the interior surface of insulation wall and no insulation reaches 1.47℃, and the mean temperature difference is up to 8.52℃ between the interior surface and exterior surface of insulating glass and single glass. The two cubicles were simulated for energy consumption using VisualDOE4.0 software under real weather conditions in summer. The results show that the mean deviation is 10.02% between experimental and simulated energy efficiency ratio. The correctness and validity of simulation results of the VisualDOE4.0 software are proved.

Many-body dissipative particle dynamics with energy conservation:temperature-dependent long-term attractive interaction

Heat and mass transfer during the process of liquid droplet dynamic behaviors has attracted much attention in decades.At mesoscopic scale,numerical simulations of liquid droplets motion,such as impacting,sliding,and coalescence,have been widely studied by using the particle-based method named many-body dissipative particle dynamics(MDPD).However,the detailed information on heat transfer needs further description.This paper develops a modified MDPD with energy conservation(MDPDE)by introducing a temperature-dependent long-term attractive interaction.By fitting or deriving the expressions of the strength of the attractive force,the exponent of the weight function in the dissipative force,and the mesoscopic heat friction coefficient about temperature,we calculate the viscosity,self-diffusivity,thermal conductivity,and surface tension,and obtain the Schmidt number Sc,the Prandtl number P r,and the Ohnesorge number Oh for 273 K to 373 K.The simulation data of MDPDE coincide well with the experimental data of water,indicating that our model can be used to simulate the dynamic behaviors of liquid water.Furthermore,we compare the equilibrium contact angle of droplets wetting on solid surfaces with that calculated from three interfacial tensions by MDPDE simulations.The coincident results not only stand for the validation of Young’s equation at mesoscale,but manifest the reliability of our MDPDE model and applicability to the cases with free surfaces.Our model can be extended to study the multiphase flow withcomplex heat and mass transfer.

Na_(2)CO_(3)·10H_(2)O-Na_(2)HPO_(4)·12H_(2)O/SiO_(2)复合定形相变材料的制备及应用

以Na_(2)CO_(3)·10H_(2)O(SCD)、Na_(2)HPO_(4)·12H_(2)O(DHPD)为相变主体制备了共晶体系,通过绘制凝固点变化图与DSC测试共同确定在m(SCD)∶m(DHPD)=4∶6时形成共晶,FTIR和XRD结果显示,2种水合盐间没有发生化学反应,但其晶型结构发生改变。通过添加质量分数为2%的Na2SiO3·9H_(2)O作为成核剂降低体系的过冷度,且经历50次相变循环体系未出现相分离,相变焓值仅下降0.25%。进一步使用质量分数为25%的气相SiO_(2)作为支撑材料,采用浸渍法制备了相变前后形状稳定的共晶水合盐/SiO_(2)定形相变材料(SSPCM)。所得SSPCM的相变温度为24.08℃,相变焓值为146.6J/g,过冷度为0.55℃,热导率为0.4571W/(m·K)。同保温泡沫相比,其可将模拟房内部中心温度的升温时间延长了1.81倍,降温时间延长了0.39倍。

Evaluating different levels of information on the calibration of building energy simulation models

A poorly calibrated model undermines confidence in the effectiveness of building energy simulation, impeding the widespread application of advanced energy conservation measures (ECMs). Striking a balance between information-gathering efforts and achieving sufficient model credibility is crucial but often obscured by ambiguities. To address this gap, we model and calibrate a test bed with different levels of information (LOI). Beginning with an initial model based on building geometry (LOI 1), we progressively introduce additional information, including nameplate information (LOI 2), envelope conductivity (LOI 3), zone infiltration rate (LOI 4), AHU fan power (LOI 5), and HVAC data (LOI 6). The models are evaluated for accuracy, consistency, and the robustness of their predictions. Our results indicate that adding more information for calibration leads to improved data fit. However, this improvement is not uniform across all observed outputs due to identifiability issues. Furthermore, for energy-saving analysis, adding more information can significantly affect the projected energy savings by up to two times. Nevertheless, for ECM ranking, models that did not meet ASHRAE 14 accuracy thresholds can yield correct retrofit decisions. These findings underscore equifinality in modeling complex building systems. Clearly, predictive accuracy is not synonymous with model credibility. Therefore, to balance efforts in information-gathering and model reliability, it is crucial to (1) determine the minimum level of information required for calibration compatible with its intended purpose and (2) calibrate models with information closely linked to all outputs of interest, particularly when simultaneous accuracy for multiple outputs is necessary.

Application of natural ventilation of residential buildings in hot-humid regions

The current ventilation condition of the hot and humid regions was analyzed through on-site investigation. It is found that residents in this region expect to improve indoor thermal environment through natural ventilation as much as possible. Then,it comes to a conclusion by the field test that natural ventilation has certain practical effect on improving indoor thermal environment. CFD simulation software is employed to verify the test result. Based on PMV modified model,and according to norms,geography and climate combined with the measured and simulated results,the application of the time and effectiveness of natural ventilation in hot and humid region were analyzed,to some extent,providing a basis for reducing the air-conditioner's runtime with natural ventilation.

The Design of Courtyard-Style Elderly Care Buildings in Cold Regions

Different climatic zones should consider different architectural spatial organization forms when designing buildings. In this paper, the design scheme of Half Courtyard located in the Guanzhong Plain of Shaanxi is selected for research to explore how to construct ecological elderly care buildings in cold regions. The design scheme has been proven to increase solar energy efficiency, add natural ventilation, improve the insulation performance of building envelopes, and create a comfortable indoor climate.

Agricultural Changes in Xinjiang in the Sixth Year of Guangxu s Reign from the Perspective of the Monument for Building Qarqi Canal

The Monument for Building Qarqi Canal was inscribed in the sixth year of Guangxu s reign in the Qing Dynasty(1880).This inscription made a detailed record of the event when the Qing army expelled the invading army of Mohammad Yaqub Beg,whenever the Qing army regained a place,it immediately started recruiting exiled people,restoring agriculture,building water conservancy and did other rehabilitation works.The army of the Qing Dynasty successively established rehabilitation bureaus in various parts of southern Xinjiang to be responsible for the rehabilitation works.These once again set off a climax in the development of water conservancy in multi-ethnic areas in Xinjiang,and laid the foundation for the rapid development of agricultural development and water conservancy in Xinjiang during the Guangxu s reign in the Qing Dynasty.

基于DesignBuilder的相变保温墙体节能特性及经济性分析

运用DesignBuilder软件对沈阳地区某办公楼夏冬两季的室内平均温度及夏季空调和冬季采暖的能耗进行模拟,对比研究在不同基层外墙(混凝土墙体和砖墙体)保温材料中加入相变材料的作用,并对相变保温建筑进行了经济性分析。结果表明,在保温材料中加入相变材料能有效控制室内温度,增加室内舒适度,同时也能明显降低夏季空调和冬季采暖的耗电量。经济性分析表明,虽然加入相变材料后会增加建筑造价,但随着使用年限的增加这种成本会得到回收,在不超过建筑物使用年限的情况下使用年限越长收益越大。

基于EnergyPlus的玻化微珠保温砂浆保温性能模拟与对比

以典型的办公建筑为例,应用EnergyPlus软件模拟对比了玻化微珠保温砂浆和普通抹面砂浆的保温性能,由此分析了两者的保温性能及建筑节能效果.经模拟分析,在一个采暖期里,玻化微珠保温砂浆内外保温建筑的总能耗仅是普通抹面砂浆建筑的56%,采暖能耗则仅为后者的19%,且室内温度比后者要明显地高.定量化地验证了玻化微珠保温砂浆优异的保温节能效果.

基于EnergyPlus的几种典型平面形状的塔式办公建筑的能耗差异分析

塔式办公建筑的空调能耗占到建筑总能耗的50%～60%.建筑内部的太阳辐射得热量的多少直接影响着建筑的空调能耗,这个又与建筑外围护结构的面积、朝向及建筑的外形等有密切关系.采用EnergyPlus建筑全能耗模拟软件对圆形、正六边形、正方形、正三角形平面形状的塔式办公建筑进行的全年能耗模拟,根据模拟结果对这几种塔式办公建筑的能耗差异进行了分析.

技与艺的融合——可持续太阳能建筑“R-CELLS”的顶棚设计

以天津大学联队(Team Tianjin U+)在张家口市张北县建造、获得第三届中国国际太阳能十项全能竞赛第一名的可持续太阳能住宅建筑作品——R-CELLS为例,从太阳能利用智慧、模块化木结构特色及主被动节能技术3个方面,剖析其顶棚和屋顶设计在艺术与技术上的创新。该作品借鉴中国传统建筑“反宇向阳”的特征,采用不对称V型屋顶,兼顾太阳能获得、排水排雪、室内顶棚高度及空气体积;顶棚设计充分展示模块化木结构特色,在现代体系中融入中国传统,体现“彻上明造”“平仄对仗”的空间美学;屋顶构造、天窗和室内空间设计综合了采光、通风、隔热、遮阳策略,并整合了可再生能源利用设备。

基于Design Builder模拟的郑州高层办公建筑能耗研究

以降低建筑能耗为目的,对郑州地区高层办公建筑能耗状况展开模拟研究,以其降低建筑能耗的可持续发展目标。研究方法基于数字技术同建筑设计协同,利用Design Builder软件,建立实验模型,通过模拟实验对影响建筑能耗的平面形状、建筑高度、建筑平面长宽比系数、建筑体形系数等设计参数展开研究。不同影响因素对高层办公建筑能耗影响作用不同,高度对能耗影响最大,前期方案设计中优先考虑建筑高度因素。当办公建筑平面形状相同,进深比例系数越大,能耗受体形系数影响越大,结论通过模拟实验的出来各设计参数同单位建筑能耗之间的关系式,从而为建筑设计人员进行绿色建筑设计提供理论支撑和数据基础。

Chinese prototype building models for simulating the energy performance of the nationwide building stock

Building energy modeling(BEM)has become increasingly used in building energy conservation research.Prototype building models are developed to represent the typical urban building characteristics of a specific building type,meteorological conditions,and construction year.This study included four residential buildings and 11 commercial buildings to represent nationwide building types in China.With consideration of five climate zones and different construction years corresponding to national standards,a total of 151 prototype building models were developed.The building envelope properties,occupancy and energy-related behaviors,and heating,ventilation,and air-conditioning(HVAC)system characteristics were defined according to the corresponding building energy efficiency design standards,HVAC design standards,and through other sources,such as questionnaire surveys,on-site measurements,and literature,which reflect the real situation of existing buildings in China.Based on the developed prototype buildings,a large database of 9225 models in 270 cities was further developed to facilitate users to simulate building energy in different cities.In conclusion,the developed prototype building models can represent realistic building characteristics and construction practices of the most common residential and commercial buildings in China,serving as an important foundation for BEM.The models can be used for analyses related to building energy conservation research on typical individual buildings,including energy-saving technologies,advanced controls,and new policies,and providing a reference for the development of building energy codes and standards.

SiO_(2)气凝胶保温隔热材料及其在建筑节能中的应用

建筑节能是全球关注的课题,新材料是影响建筑节能的关键之一。SiO_(2)气凝胶超低导热系数、A级不燃、吸湿率低、轻质等特点,被誉为“改变世界的神奇材料”,在建筑保温隔热领域有着广阔的应用前景,是未来建筑节能领域中理想的新型建筑材料。以建筑节能减碳为目标,重点阐述了SiO_(2)气凝胶保温隔热材料的种类及其在建筑领域应用现状。

Mitigation of the impacts of electric vehicle charging on energy-star ratings for residential buildings in India

The star-labelling programme for residential buildings was introduced by India in 2020 and applies to all residential buildings with no lower limit on the built-up area or electrical demand.The energy-star label for a residential building is awarded against the notified standard by the regulatory body and electric vehicles(EVs)have not been accommodated as a load for residential buildings.The en-ergy consumption of an existing residential building is taken from a study already carried out and compared with the requirement of the Indian residential star-labelling programme with an EV as a plugged-in load.An annual energy gap of 6060 kWh for the existing residential buildings considered in this study for five-star building energy labels increases to 7784 kWh if the EV load is added to the building load.The residential building will lose two energy stars if it caters to the EV load and,to bridge this energy gap,the replace-ment of existing electrical appliances with five-star-rated energy appliances,employing grid-connected rooftop solar photovoltaics(PV)and retrofit of the building envelope are considered.The techno-economic potential of rooftop solar PV and building envelope retrofitting for existing residential buildings is explored using RETScreen®and eQUEST software,respectively.The study establishes that the installation of rooftop solar PV can accommodate the additional load of EVs and can bridge half and three-quarters of the energy gap to achieve five energy stars for an existing building with and without EVs,respectively.It is the most economical option among the options explored in this study.The target Energy Performance Index is achievable by high-end energy consumers(12000 kWh/year)by additional measures,the replacement of inefficient electrical appliances and building envelope retrofitting in addition to the installation of rooftop solar PV.