Filtration performance and modeling of granular bed for dust removal from coal pyrolytic vapors

Dust removal from pyrolytic vapors at high temperatures is an obstacle to the industrialization of the coal pyrolysis process.In this work,a granular bed with expanded perlites as filtration media was designed and integrated into a 10 t·d^(–1)coal pyrolysis facility.The testing results showed that around 97.56%dust collection efficiency was achieved.As a result,dust content in tar was significantly lowered.The pressure drop of the granular bed maintained in the range of 356 Pa to 489 Pa.The dust size in the effluent after filtration exhibited a bimodal distribution,which was attributed to the heterogeneity of the dust components.The effects of filtration bed on pyrolytic product yields were also discussed.A modified filtration model based on the macroscopic phenomenological theory was proposed to describe the performance of the granular bed.The computation results were well agreed with the experimental data.

Performance of Anammox granular sludge bed reactor started up with nitrifying granular sludge

The anaerobic ammonia oxidation(Anammox) granular sludge bed reactor was started up successfully with nitrifying granular sludge. During the operation, the nitrifying granular sludge was gradually converted into Anammox granular sludge with good settling property and high conversion activity. The Anammox reactor worked well with the shortest HRT of 2 43 h. Under the condition that HRT w as 6 39 h and influent concentration of ammonia and nitrite was 10 mmol/L, the removal of ammonia and nitrite was 97 17% and 100 00%, respectively. Corresponding volumetric total nitrogen loading rate and volumetric total nitrogen conversion rate were 100 83 mmol/(L·d) and 98 95 mmol/(L·d). The performance of Anammox reactor was efficient and stable.

Stability of expanded granular sludge bed process for terylene artificial silk printing and dyeing wastewater treatment

Terylene artificial silk printing and dyeing wastewater(TPD wastewater), containing averaged 710 mg/L terephthalic acid(TA) as the main carbon source and the character pollutant, was subjected to expanded granular sludge bed(EGSB) process. The stability of the EGSB process was firstly conducted by laboratory experiment. TA ionization was the predominated factor influencing the acid-base balance of the system. High concentration of TA in wastewater resulted in sufficient buffering capacity to neutralize the volatile fatty acids(VFA) generated from substrate degradation and provided strong base for anaerobic system to resist the pH decrease below 6.5. VFA and UFA caused almost no inhibition on the anaerobic process and biogas production except that pH was below 6.35 and VFA was at its maximum value. Along with the granulating of the activated sludge, the efficiency of organic removal and production rate of biogas increased gradually and became more stable. After start-up, the efficiency of COD removal increased to 57%—64%, pH stabilized in a range of 7.99—8.04, and production rate of biogas was relatively high and stable. Sludge granulating, suitable influent of pH and loading were responsible for the EGSB stability. The variation of VFA concentration only resulted in neglectable rebound of pH, and the inhibition from VFA could be ignored in EGSB. The EGSB reactor was stable for TPD wastewater treatment.

Mechanisms of granular activated carbon anaerobic fluidized-bed process for treating phenols wastewater

Granular activated carbon (GAC) anaerobic fluidized bed reactor was applied to treating phenols wastewater. When influent phenol concentration was 1000 mg/L, volume loadings of phenol and COD Cr were 0 39 kg/(m 3·d) and 0 98 kg/(m 3·d), their removal rates were 99 9% and 96 4% respectively. From analyzing above results, the main mechanisms of the process are that through fluidizing GAC, its adsorption is combined with biodegradation, both activities are brought into full play, and phenol in wastewater is effectively decomposed. Meanwhile problems concerning gas liquid separation and medium plugging are well solved.

Stabilizing effect of plasma discharge on bubbling fluidized granular bed

Fluidized beds have been widely used for processing granular materials. In this paper, we study the effect of plasma on the fluidization behavior of a bubbling fluidized bed with an atmospheric pressure plasma discharger. Experiment results show that the bubbling fluidized bed is stabilized with the discharge of plasma. When the discharge current reaches a minimum stabilization current Cms, air bubbles in the bed will disappear and the surface fluctuation is completely suppressed.A simplified model is proposed to consider the effect of electric Coulomb force generated by the plasma. It is found that the Coulomb force will propel the particles to move towards the void area, so that the bubbling fluidized bed is stabilized with a high enough plasma discharge.

Experimental Study on a New Dual-Layer Granular Bed Filter for Removing Particulates

A new dual-layer granular bed filter for hot gas cleanup was invented and studied experimentally. Fine sand,0.5-1 mm grain size and about 1350 kg/m3 bulk density,was used as the lower layer of the filter. Expanded perlite par-ticles,2-5 mm grain size and about 70 kg/m3 bulk density,was used for the upper layer of the filter in this study. It was confirmed that the sizes and densities of these two media matched well; the binary media remained in complete segre-gation during regeneration by fluidization. Test results show that the filtration of the expanded perlite particle layer was characterized as "deep bed filtration." Filtration of the fine sand layer was "surface cake filtration." The expanded per-lite particle layer contributed about 90% to the bed dust capacity,but only about 20% to the total bed pressure drop,which increased the bed dust capacity ten fold compared to a single-layer bed of the same sand and the same total bed pressure drop. The dust cake on the surface of the fine sand layer raised the collection efficiencies to over 99.99%.

Three-dimensional Simulation of Gas/Solid Flow in Spout-fluid Beds with Kinetic Theory of Granular Flow

A three-dimensional Eulerian multiphase model, with closure law according to the kinetic theory of granular flow, was used to study the gas/solid flow behaviors in spout-fluid beds. The influences of the coefficient of restitution due to non-ideal particle collisions on the simulated results were tested. It is demonstrated that the simulated result is strongly affected by the coefficient of restitution. Comparison of simulations with experiments in a small spout-fluid bed showed that an appropriate coefficient of restitution of 0.93 was necessary to simulate the flow characteristics in an underdesigned large size of spout-fluid bed coal gasifier with diameter of 1m and height of 6m. The internal jet and gas/solid flow patterns at different operating conditions were obtained. The simulations show that an optimal gas/solid flow pattern for coal gasification is found when the spouting gas flow rate is equal to the fluidizing gas flow rate and the total of them is two and a half times the minimum fluidizing gas flow rate. Be-sides, the radial distributions of particle velocity and gas velocity show similar tendencies; the radial distributions of particle phase pressure due to particle collisions and the particle pseudo-temperature corresponding to the macro-scopic kinetic energy of the random particle motion also show similar tendencies. These indicate that both gas drag force and particle collisions dominate the movement of particles.

Study on an Integrated Sintered Metal Screen Moving Granular Bed Filter

A new gas clean-up process called 'integrated sintered metal screen moving granular bed' (ISMSMGB) for the integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) and pressured fluidized bed combustion (PFBC) was developed on the basis of a sintered metal candle filter and a cross-flow moving granular bed filter. This is a combination of the surface and deep bed filtering processes. A set of facilities was established and a series of cold model tests were carried out. The dust removal efficiency and the pressure drop of the filter were measured and analyzed. The results show that this process features the advantages of the moving bed for high capacity as well as high inlet dust load and the surface filter for high efficiency. Meanwhile, the granules moving downward cleans the cake on the screen surface, so that the system is operated at steady state.

Design and Development of a High Efficiency Carbon- Granular Bed Filter in Industrial Scale

The new dust removal technical route using the carbon-granular bed filter, packed of carbon particles with appropriate grade derive from an online-process vibration sieve, to replace the traditional baggy filter had been developed successfully for capturing the micro-carbon dusts produced from pulverization of petroleum coke,and the green close loop of carbon materials is thus completed in the combined pulverizing and classifying system and pulverized carbon dust removal process. The high dust removal efficiency greater than 99%, low outlet dust concentration less than 100 mg-m-S, low pressure drop through dust filtration chamber less than 980 Pa, simple and easy design, and flexible and stable operation were achieved also with the carbon-granular bed filter in both bench and industrial scale operations.

铁基颗粒吸附剂固定床处理含砷地下水的中试研究

以农村地区的As污染地下水为处理对象,研发了同步去除水中As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的铁基颗粒吸附剂(FMGA),设计并建立了以吸附固定床为核心单元的中试除As装置,对As污染地下水的处理效果进行研究。结果表明:在33 d的连续运行过程中,除As装置出水As浓度始终低于GB 5749—2022《生活饮用水卫生标准》规定限值(10μg/L),吸附固定床首次运行的穿透时间达到786 h;使用0.2 mol/L的Na OH溶液对吸附剂进行原位再生后,吸附固定床再次运行的穿透时间仍可达到750 h,其除As性能的恢复率接近91%;除As装置的出水浊度接近于0,Fe、Mn离子浓度均低于GB 5749—2022的限值(Fe浓度为0.3mg/L,Mn浓度为0.1 mg/L),FMGA可高效再生回用且无二次污染。吸附动力学表明,FMGA吸附As的过程符合准二级动力学模型,As通过化学吸附被去除;吸附等温线表明,FMGA对As的理论最大吸附容量为74.94 mg/g(pH为7.0)。通过表征研究可知,FMGA最大荷载为89.39 N,具有出色的机械强度。

外加电场作用下颗粒层除尘器过滤性能的数值研究

【目的】研究外加电场和细颗粒物粒径对固定床颗粒层除尘器(granular bed filter,GBF)过滤性能的影响。【方法】建立GBF的三维过滤模型和电场力模型并验证其准确性;研究有、无外加电场及不同电场强度情况下GBF对粒径为1~21μm的细颗粒物的过滤情况,并分析不同粒径的细颗粒物在GBF内部的分布规律。【结果】外加电场的存在能显著提高GBF对粒径为3~21μm的细颗粒物的过滤效率,且外加电场强度越大,细颗粒物粒径越大,GBF过滤效率提升越明显;随着粒径的增大,细颗粒物在堆积颗粒层内部的分布更加集中在高气流速度区域,且更容易通过堆积颗粒层与GBF壁面之间形成的通道;外加电场的存在使得堆积颗粒层内部的细颗粒物数量减少,分布散乱,且大粒径细颗粒物在GBF壁面附近区域发生较大规模聚集。【结论】外加电场和细颗粒物粒径的增大与GBF内部细颗粒物的分布规律密切联系,且对GBF过滤性能的提升发挥积极作用。

废水处理硝酸盐异化还原与厌氧氨氧化/反硝化耦合工艺构建

采用厌氧膨胀颗粒污泥床反应器(EGSB)处理含COD、氨氮和硝氮的模拟废水,旨在高浓度有机废水处理系统中快速构建厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)运行工艺。通过接种少量Anammox污泥和逐步提高氨氮浓度的操作方式,在连续运行58d后,系统成功启动Anammox反应,此时的总氮和COD去除率稳定在97%和98%以上。物料衡算显示,Anammox反应途径对氮的去除贡献逐渐增加,硝酸盐异化还原(DNRA)耦合Anammox和反硝化共同促进了系统的同步脱氮除碳。对微生物群落分析发现,Candidatus Kuenenia相对丰度由0.27%快速升高至35.87%,DNRA菌(Ignavibacterium、Thermogutta)及反硝化菌(Azospira、Gp3)在体系内共存。通过基因注释法,检测出了Anammox、DNRA、硝酸盐还原及亚硝酸盐还原关键基因。运行过程中,颗粒污泥颜色变红且粒径增大;胞外聚合物(EPS)分析表明多糖(PS)和蛋白质(PN)含量增加而PN/PS下降;三维荧光光谱发现腐殖酸类物质增多。研究结果为高浓度有机含氮废水高效处理提供了一种新的工艺途径。

Anaerobic tapered fluidized bed reactor for starch wastewater treatment and modeling using multilayer perceptron neural network

treatability of synthetic sago wastewater was investigated in a laboratory anaerobic tapered fluidized bed reactor （ATFBR） with a mesoporous granular activated carbon （GAC） as a support material. The experimental protocol was defined to examine the effect of the maximum organic loading rate （OLR）, hydraulic retention time （HRT）, the efficiency of the reactor and to report on its steady- state performance. The reactor was subjected to a steady-state operation over a range of OLR up to 85.44 kg COD/（m^3·d）. The COD removal efficiency was found to be 92% in the reactor while the biogas produced in the digester reached 25.38 m^3/（m^3·d） of the reactor. With the increase of OLR from 83.7 kg COD/（m^3·d）, the COD removal efficiency decreased. Also an artificial neural network （ANN） model using multilayer perceptron （MLP） has been developed for a system of two input variable and five output dependent variables. For the training of the input-output data, the experimental values obtained have been used. The output parameters predicted have been found to be much closer to the corresponding experimental ones and the model was validated for 30% of the untrained data. The mean square error （MSE） was found to be only 0.0146.

Production and application of anaerobic granular sludge produced by landfill

Sludge granulation is considered to be the most critical parameter governing successful operation of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket and expanded granular sludge bed （EGSB） reactors. Pre-granulated seeding sludge could greatly reduce the required startup time. Two lab-scale and a pilot-scale EGSB reactors were operated to treat Shaoxing Wastewater Treatment Plant （SWWTP） containing wastewater from real engineering printing and dyeing with high pH and sulfate concentration. The microbiological structure and the particle size distribution in aerobic excess sludge, sanitary landfill sludge digested for one year, and the granular sludge of EGSB reactor after 400 d of operation were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and sieves. The lab-scale EGSB reactor seeded with anaerobic sludge after digestion for one year in landfill showed obviously better total chemical oxygen demand （TCOD） removal efficiency than one seeded with aerobic excess sludge after cation polyacrylamide flocculation-concentration and dehydration. The TCOD removed was 470.8 mg/L in pilot scale EGSB reactor at short hydraulic retention time of 15 h. SEM of sludge granules showed that the microbiological structure of the sludge from different sources showed some differences. SEM demonstrated that Methanobacterium sp. was present in the granules of pilot-scale EGSB and the granular sludge produced by landfill contained a mixture of anaerobic/anoxic organisms in abundance. The particle size distribution in EGSB demonstrated that using anaerobic granular sludge produced by sanitary landfill as the seeding granular sludge was feasible.

Particulate Viscosity in Bubbling Fluidized Bed

Particulate viscosities were measured by means of Brookfield viscometer and computed from granular tem-perature and solid volume fraction measarements based on the kinetic theory of granular flow. It is found that the high-er the solid volume fraction, the larger the particulae viscesities. Experimental results suggested the effect of cohesion on the particulae viscosities of fine particles should be considered.

COMPRESSIVE COMMINUTION MECHANISM OF PARTICLE BEDS

Granular material mechanics,finite element analysis and crushing theory are applied to study the compressive comminution mechanism of particle beds in this paper.This is a new method by which we have established an equivalent model of granular material,determined the values and distributions of contact forces and discovered a crushing law.The model has been tested on the newly designed equipment and proved to be correct.Some new characteristics and laws of compressive comminution of particle beds have been found.

多孔介质滤料的颗粒床除尘效率试验研究

为了研究不同操作条件下以多孔介质为滤料的颗粒床除尘效率变化规律,考虑床层空隙率和滤料表面粉尘沉积的变化以及二次夹带现象,推导非稳态除尘效率的数学模型。研制了以多孔介质为滤料的颗粒床试验台,由粉尘加料装置、空气供应装置、颗粒床过滤器和检测装置组成。在不同表观气速、滤料厚度、滤料粒径和粉尘进料浓度下,对颗粒床过滤器除尘效率数学模型和试验台进行了验证。结果表明,试验范围内数学模型计算值与试验值吻合较好。

Experimental study on filtration performance of the moving bed granular filter with axial flow

The filtration performance of the moving bed granular filter with axial flow (MBGF-AF) is investigated through a large cold experiment. The effect of different operation parameters on the filtration performance (collection efficiency, pressure drop) of the axial-flow moving bed filter is investigated in combination with the dust deposition effect and the mechanism of trapping dust by the capturing particles. The results show that the collection efficiency of MBGF-AF is enhanced by decreasing the superficial gas velocity, increasing the inlet dust concentration properly, or decreasing the moving velocity of the capturing particles. A model covering the above operation parameters is established to calculate the collection efficiency of the moving bed granular filter. It is used in a wide range of operating parameters for the MBGFs.

Filtration characteristics of a binary multi-layer granular bed flter based on CFD-DEM coupling simulation

The coupled CFD-DEM method with the JKR(Johnson-Kendall-Roberts)model for describing the contact adhesion of dust to filter particles(FPs)is used to simulate the distribution pattern of dust particle deposition in the granular bed filter(GBF)with multi-layer media.The minimum inlet flow velocity must meet the requirement that the contact probability between dust and FPs is in the high contact probability region.The air flow forms vortices on the leeward side of the FPs and changes abruptly at the intersection of different particle size FPs layers.Dust particles form large deposits at the intersection of the first and second layers and the different particle size filter layers.Dual element multilayer GBF can further optimize the bed structure by interlacing filter layers with different particle sizes.Compared with single particle size multi-layer GBF,the bed pressure drop is reduced by 40.24%-50.65%and the dust removal efficiency is increased by 21.93%-55.09%.