Studies on root development, soil physical properties, grain yield, and water-use efficiency are important for identifying suitable soil management practices for sustainable crop production. A field experiment was con...Studies on root development, soil physical properties, grain yield, and water-use efficiency are important for identifying suitable soil management practices for sustainable crop production. A field experiment was conducted from 2006 through 2008 in arid northwestern China to determine the effects of four tillage systems on soil properties, root development, water-use efficiency, and grain yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The cultivar Fan 13 was grown under four tillage systems:conventional tillage (CT) without wheat stubble, no-tillage without wheat stubble mulching (NT), no-tillage with wheat stubble standing (NTSS), and no-tillage with wheat stubble mulching (NTS). The soil bulk density (BD) under CT system increased gradually from sowing to harvest, but that in NT, NTSS, and NTS systems had little change. Compared to the CT system, the NTSS and NTS systems improved total soil water storage (0-150 cm) by 6.1-9.6 and 10.5- 15.3% before sowing, and by 2.2-8.9 and 13.0-15.1% after harvest, respectively. The NTSS and NTS systems also increased mean dry root weight density (DRWD) as compared to CT system. The NTS system significantly improved water-use efficiency by 17.2-17.5% and crop yield by 15.6-16.8%, and the NTSS system improved that by 7.8-9.6 and 7.0-12.8%, respectively, compared with the CT system. Our results suggested that Chinese farmers should consider adopting conservation tillage practices in arid northwestern China because of benefits to soil bulk density, water storage, root system, and winter wheat yield.展开更多
粮仓中粮堆在装卸时存在着复杂的应力路径,为了得出复杂应力路径对粮堆模量和临界状态特性的影响规律,以及粮堆应力应变关系模型,该文在侧向应力50~300 k Pa下,进行了常规三轴压缩(conventional triaxial compression,CTC)、等p压缩(con...粮仓中粮堆在装卸时存在着复杂的应力路径,为了得出复杂应力路径对粮堆模量和临界状态特性的影响规律,以及粮堆应力应变关系模型,该文在侧向应力50~300 k Pa下,进行了常规三轴压缩(conventional triaxial compression,CTC)、等p压缩(constant mean normal stress compression,CMS)、三轴主动压缩(reduced triaxial compression,RTC)三轴应力路径试验,分析了应力路径和侧向压力对模量的影响和粮堆临界状态特性;修正岩土体三次曲线模型,建立了适于描述仓内小麦粮堆应力应变的模型,并通过应力路径试验结果和文献试验结果对模型的适用性进行验证。研究结果表明:各应力路径下初始模量、割线模量E50均随着侧向应力呈幂函数增长;CTC、CMS试验的割线模量E50比初始模量发生较大的降低,而RTC试验没有明显降低。在参考压力(大气压力)下,对于初始模量,CTC试验的结果最大,RTC试验的结果最小;对于割线模量E50,CTC试验的结果最小,RTC试验的结果最大。CTC试验的初始模量、割线模量均随着侧向应力增长最慢,而RTC试验的结果均随着侧向应力增长最快。不同应力路径和侧向应力下,试验的破坏点均落于同一临界状态线上,小麦粮堆临界状态应力比为0.976。修正三次曲线模型反映了粮堆强度、峰度系数和峰值应变等特性,并通过8个参数进行计算;通过应力路径试验结果和文献试验结果对该模型进行了验证。研究结果可为粮仓装卸料压力、变形的计算提供更符合实际应力路径条件的参量,建立的修正三次曲线模型可用于粮堆应力和变形的数值模拟,为粮仓的设计提供参考。展开更多
粮仓中存在压力场、温度场和湿度场等多物理场,为了得出各物理因子共同影响下的粮堆内湿热传递规律,该研究利用自行研制的粮堆多场耦合试验装置,针对仓内小麦粮堆单元体,研究在高温边界38.5℃、低温边界5.2℃,初始粮温25.8℃,竖向压力...粮仓中存在压力场、温度场和湿度场等多物理场,为了得出各物理因子共同影响下的粮堆内湿热传递规律,该研究利用自行研制的粮堆多场耦合试验装置,针对仓内小麦粮堆单元体,研究在高温边界38.5℃、低温边界5.2℃,初始粮温25.8℃,竖向压力分别为50、100、150 kPa条件下小麦粮堆湿热传递情况。试验结果表明:竖向压力增加,粮堆孔隙率减小,热量通过粮食籽粒间传导增加,传递速率加快,竖向压力从50 kPa增大至150 k Pa,粮温较入仓时下降约0.5~1.3℃,温度梯度变化率达8.7%,不同压力下粮堆高温区面积随储藏时间呈幂函数减小。粮堆内湿空气在边界处累积至峰值时会有部分湿空气向粮堆内迁移。粮堆中部与靠近低温边界温差大于6.3℃时,粮堆内湿空气扩散加快,粮堆中部平均相对湿度下降速率随竖向压力增加而加快。研究结果可为散装粮堆多场耦合研究提供理论支持。展开更多
采用幼苗密集种植、尼龙网分隔根-土界面的方法研究小麦根际微区土壤交换性钾与缓效钾的动态变化。结果表明,小麦根际微区内,仅在根表的1 mm 范围内交换性钾呈现相对富集,其他部分的交换性钾呈亏缺状况,其亏缺率与亏缺范围因土壤质地和...采用幼苗密集种植、尼龙网分隔根-土界面的方法研究小麦根际微区土壤交换性钾与缓效钾的动态变化。结果表明,小麦根际微区内,仅在根表的1 mm 范围内交换性钾呈现相对富集,其他部分的交换性钾呈亏缺状况,其亏缺率与亏缺范围因土壤质地和施钾量的不同而有改变。砂土钾的迁移速率大于轻壤土。前者的亏缺区也大于后者,增施钾肥后根际交换钾的亏缺率增大,加速了钾向根表的迁移和供应。此外,小麦根际微区的缓效钾也呈现亏缺状况。展开更多
本文报道了小麦散装粮堆昆虫群落的组成和结构。利用粮虫陷井检测器检测,共获得432个检测样。据捕获储粮昆虫及螨类初步分类统计,当年入库小麦散装粮堆仓库昆虫计有13种,优势种群为玉米象,占捕获总虫量的87.5%,次要种类有麦蛾、书虱、...本文报道了小麦散装粮堆昆虫群落的组成和结构。利用粮虫陷井检测器检测,共获得432个检测样。据捕获储粮昆虫及螨类初步分类统计,当年入库小麦散装粮堆仓库昆虫计有13种,优势种群为玉米象,占捕获总虫量的87.5%,次要种类有麦蛾、书虱、腐嗜酪螨、麦蛾萝蜂。本文还报道了仓虫群落昼夜活动动态,垂直分布及种间相互关系。根据 Shannon—Wiener(1949)关于测量多样性及均匀度公式:多样性指数 H′=-sum from i=1 to S P_iI_nP_l,均匀度J′=H′/(I_nS)测量了仓虫均匀度 J′,多样性指数 H′。研究结果表明,小麦散装粮堆50—100厘米和100—150厘米粮堆区间,仓虫群落均匀度和多样性较高,说明小麦散装粮堆中部区域仓虫群落组成相对稳定。展开更多
基金funded by the Ph D Programs Foundation, Ministry of Education, China(20106202110002)the National Public Welfare Foundation for Industry Scheme of China (201103001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (201131160265)
文摘Studies on root development, soil physical properties, grain yield, and water-use efficiency are important for identifying suitable soil management practices for sustainable crop production. A field experiment was conducted from 2006 through 2008 in arid northwestern China to determine the effects of four tillage systems on soil properties, root development, water-use efficiency, and grain yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The cultivar Fan 13 was grown under four tillage systems:conventional tillage (CT) without wheat stubble, no-tillage without wheat stubble mulching (NT), no-tillage with wheat stubble standing (NTSS), and no-tillage with wheat stubble mulching (NTS). The soil bulk density (BD) under CT system increased gradually from sowing to harvest, but that in NT, NTSS, and NTS systems had little change. Compared to the CT system, the NTSS and NTS systems improved total soil water storage (0-150 cm) by 6.1-9.6 and 10.5- 15.3% before sowing, and by 2.2-8.9 and 13.0-15.1% after harvest, respectively. The NTSS and NTS systems also increased mean dry root weight density (DRWD) as compared to CT system. The NTS system significantly improved water-use efficiency by 17.2-17.5% and crop yield by 15.6-16.8%, and the NTSS system improved that by 7.8-9.6 and 7.0-12.8%, respectively, compared with the CT system. Our results suggested that Chinese farmers should consider adopting conservation tillage practices in arid northwestern China because of benefits to soil bulk density, water storage, root system, and winter wheat yield.
文摘粮仓中粮堆在装卸时存在着复杂的应力路径,为了得出复杂应力路径对粮堆模量和临界状态特性的影响规律,以及粮堆应力应变关系模型,该文在侧向应力50~300 k Pa下,进行了常规三轴压缩(conventional triaxial compression,CTC)、等p压缩(constant mean normal stress compression,CMS)、三轴主动压缩(reduced triaxial compression,RTC)三轴应力路径试验,分析了应力路径和侧向压力对模量的影响和粮堆临界状态特性;修正岩土体三次曲线模型,建立了适于描述仓内小麦粮堆应力应变的模型,并通过应力路径试验结果和文献试验结果对模型的适用性进行验证。研究结果表明:各应力路径下初始模量、割线模量E50均随着侧向应力呈幂函数增长;CTC、CMS试验的割线模量E50比初始模量发生较大的降低,而RTC试验没有明显降低。在参考压力(大气压力)下,对于初始模量,CTC试验的结果最大,RTC试验的结果最小;对于割线模量E50,CTC试验的结果最小,RTC试验的结果最大。CTC试验的初始模量、割线模量均随着侧向应力增长最慢,而RTC试验的结果均随着侧向应力增长最快。不同应力路径和侧向应力下,试验的破坏点均落于同一临界状态线上,小麦粮堆临界状态应力比为0.976。修正三次曲线模型反映了粮堆强度、峰度系数和峰值应变等特性,并通过8个参数进行计算;通过应力路径试验结果和文献试验结果对该模型进行了验证。研究结果可为粮仓装卸料压力、变形的计算提供更符合实际应力路径条件的参量,建立的修正三次曲线模型可用于粮堆应力和变形的数值模拟,为粮仓的设计提供参考。
文摘粮仓中存在压力场、温度场和湿度场等多物理场,为了得出各物理因子共同影响下的粮堆内湿热传递规律,该研究利用自行研制的粮堆多场耦合试验装置,针对仓内小麦粮堆单元体,研究在高温边界38.5℃、低温边界5.2℃,初始粮温25.8℃,竖向压力分别为50、100、150 kPa条件下小麦粮堆湿热传递情况。试验结果表明:竖向压力增加,粮堆孔隙率减小,热量通过粮食籽粒间传导增加,传递速率加快,竖向压力从50 kPa增大至150 k Pa,粮温较入仓时下降约0.5~1.3℃,温度梯度变化率达8.7%,不同压力下粮堆高温区面积随储藏时间呈幂函数减小。粮堆内湿空气在边界处累积至峰值时会有部分湿空气向粮堆内迁移。粮堆中部与靠近低温边界温差大于6.3℃时,粮堆内湿空气扩散加快,粮堆中部平均相对湿度下降速率随竖向压力增加而加快。研究结果可为散装粮堆多场耦合研究提供理论支持。
文摘采用幼苗密集种植、尼龙网分隔根-土界面的方法研究小麦根际微区土壤交换性钾与缓效钾的动态变化。结果表明,小麦根际微区内,仅在根表的1 mm 范围内交换性钾呈现相对富集,其他部分的交换性钾呈亏缺状况,其亏缺率与亏缺范围因土壤质地和施钾量的不同而有改变。砂土钾的迁移速率大于轻壤土。前者的亏缺区也大于后者,增施钾肥后根际交换钾的亏缺率增大,加速了钾向根表的迁移和供应。此外,小麦根际微区的缓效钾也呈现亏缺状况。
文摘本文报道了小麦散装粮堆昆虫群落的组成和结构。利用粮虫陷井检测器检测,共获得432个检测样。据捕获储粮昆虫及螨类初步分类统计,当年入库小麦散装粮堆仓库昆虫计有13种,优势种群为玉米象,占捕获总虫量的87.5%,次要种类有麦蛾、书虱、腐嗜酪螨、麦蛾萝蜂。本文还报道了仓虫群落昼夜活动动态,垂直分布及种间相互关系。根据 Shannon—Wiener(1949)关于测量多样性及均匀度公式:多样性指数 H′=-sum from i=1 to S P_iI_nP_l,均匀度J′=H′/(I_nS)测量了仓虫均匀度 J′,多样性指数 H′。研究结果表明,小麦散装粮堆50—100厘米和100—150厘米粮堆区间,仓虫群落均匀度和多样性较高,说明小麦散装粮堆中部区域仓虫群落组成相对稳定。