Perilipin-2 mediates ferroptosis in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and myelin injury after ischemic stroke

Differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells into mature myelin-forming oligodendrocytes contributes to remyelination.Failure of remyelination due to oligodendrocyte progenitor cell death can result in severe nerve damage.Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death caused by membrane rupture induced by lipid peroxidation,and plays an important role in the pathological process of ischemic stroke.However,there are few studies on oligodendrocyte progenitor cell ferroptosis.We analyzed transcriptome sequencing data from GEO databases and identified a role of ferroptosis in oligodendrocyte progenitor cell death and myelin injury after cerebral ischemia.Bioinformatics analysis suggested that perilipin-2(PLIN2)was involved in oligodendrocyte progenitor cell ferroptosis.PLIN2 is a lipid storage protein and a marker of hypoxia-sensitive lipid droplet accumulation.For further investigation,we established a mouse model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion.We found significant myelin damage after cerebral ischemia,as well as oligodendrocyte progenitor cell death and increased lipid peroxidation levels around the infarct area.The ferroptosis inhibitor,ferrostatin-1,rescued oligodendrocyte progenitor cell death and subsequent myelin injury.We also found increased PLIN2 levels in the peri-infarct area that co-localized with oligodendrocyte progenitor cells.Plin2 knockdown rescued demyelination and improved neurological deficits.Our findings suggest that targeting PLIN2 to regulate oligodendrocyte progenitor cell ferroptosis may be a potential therapeutic strategy for rescuing myelin damage after cerebral ischemia.

An Unprecedented Efficiency with Approaching 21%Enabled by Additive‑Assisted Layer‑by‑Layer Processing in Organic Solar Cells

Recently published in Joule,Feng Liu and colleagues from Shanghai Jiaotong University reported a record-breaking 20.8%power conversion efficiency in organic solar cells(OSCs)with an interpenetrating fibril network active layer morphology,featuring a bulk p-in structure and proper vertical segregation achieved through additive-assisted layer-by-layer deposition.This optimized hierarchical gradient fibrillar morphology and optical management synergistically facilitates exciton diffusion,reduces recombination losses,and enhances light capture capability.This approach not only offers a solution to achieving high-efficiency devices but also demonstrates the potential for commercial applications of OSCs.

四种充填材料修复根面龋临床效果的对比研究

目的:比较Fuji IX GP玻璃离子水门汀、3M ESPE Filtek^(TM) Bulk Fill Flowable树脂、VOCO Polofil Supra树脂及Beautiful Flow Plus F03树脂修复根面龋的临床疗效。方法:选取后牙根面龋患者128例(422颗患牙),按照充填修复材料分为A组(Fuji IX GP玻璃离子水门汀修复)34例、B组(3M ESPE Filtek^(TM) Bulk Fill Flowable树脂修复)29例、C组(VOCO Polofil Supra树脂修复)35例、D组(Beautiful Flow Plus F03树脂修复)30例。手术治疗后随访6个月,比较4组患者牙髓活力、材料密合性、充填物表面磨损及充填物完好性情况。结果:术后6个月,4组患者牙髓活力均正常。A组、B组、C组、D组材料密合性好的患牙占比分别为75.49%、90.74%、88.57%、97.20%,A组低于B组、C组、D组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);B组与D组、C组与D组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),B、C组之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。A组、B组、C组、D组充填物表面无磨损的患牙占比分别为77.45%、95.37%、94.29%、99.07%,A组占比低于B组、C组及D组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);B组与C组、B组与D组、C组与D组间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。A组、B组、C组、D组充填物完好的患牙占比分别为91.18%、97.22%、97.14%、99.07%,A组占比低于D组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。其他组之间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:4种材料对牙髓活力均无影响,树脂类材料在密合性、表面磨损情况以及完好性上均优于Fuji IX GP玻璃离子水门汀。三种树脂类材料中Beautiful Flow Plus F03在密闭性方面优于其他两种树脂。

15 nm Bulk nFinFET器件性能研究及参数优化

为研究Bulk FinFET工作时基本结构参数、器件温度和栅极材料对其性能的影响,建立了一个15 nm n型Bulk FinFET器件模型,仿真分析了不同栅长、鳍宽、鳍高、沟道掺杂浓度、器件工作温度、栅极材料对器件性能的影响,发现增长栅长、降低鳍宽和增加鳍高有助于抑制短沟道效应;1×10^(17)cm^(-3)以下的低沟道掺杂浓度对器件特性影响不大,但高掺杂会使器件失效;器件工作温度的升高会导致器件性能的下降;采用高K介质材料作为栅极器件性能优于传统材料SiO_(2)。

袋型阻尼密封动力学特性双控制体Bulk Flow模型

为快速准确预测袋型阻尼密封泄漏特性和动力学特性,针对传统单控制体Bulk Flow模型预测精度低、无法预测交叉动力系数的问题,提出了袋型阻尼密封双控制体Bulk Flow模型和动力学特性数值预测方法,并开发了计算程序。首先,依据边界层理论,将袋型密封腔室划分为两个控制体,推导了控制体的连续性、周向动量和能量方程,引入Swamee-Jain和Takahashi方程,计算流体-壁面间和流体-流体间的周向黏性摩擦力;其次,采用牛顿-拉夫森算法和摄动分析法分别求解0阶和1阶控制方程,获得各刚度、阻尼动力特性系数;然后,通过与袋型阻尼密封泄漏量和动力特性系数的实验值、单控制体Bulk Flow模型和非定常计算流体动力学(CFD)数值结果进行比较,验证了模型和方法的准确性和可靠性;最后,研究了转子转速(10 000、15 000、20 000 r/min)和预旋比(0.067、0.724、0.997)对袋型阻尼密封动力学特性的影响。结果表明:所发展的模型和方法具有计算速度快、预测精度高(泄漏量预测误差小于6%,动力特性系数预测误差小于38%)的优点;转子转速和进口预旋的增大均会导致袋型阻尼密封有效阻尼显著减小,穿越频率显著增大,易诱发轴系失稳。

The safety aspect of sodium ion batteries for practical applications

Sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)with advantages of abundant resource and low cost have emerged as promising candidates for the next-generation energy storage systems.However,safety issues existing in electrolytes,anodes,and cathodes bring about frequent accidents regarding battery fires and explosions and impede the development of high-performance SIBs.Therefore,safety analysis and high-safety battery design have become prerequisites for the development of advanced energy storage systems.The reported reviews that only focus on a specific issue are difficult to provide overall guidance for building high-safety SIBs.To overcome the limitation,this review summarizes the recent research progress from the perspective of key components of SIBs for the first time and evaluates the characteristics of various improvement strategies.By orderly analyzing the root causes of safety problems associated with different components in SIBs(including electrolytes,anodes,and cathodes),corresponding improvement strategies for each component were discussed systematically.In addition,some noteworthy points and perspectives including the chain reaction between security issues and the selection of improvement strategies tailored to different needs have also been proposed.In brief,this review is designed to deepen our understanding of the SIBs safety issues and provide guidance and assistance for designing high-safety SIBs.

Influences of polymorphism of packed particles on bulk characterizations in fluidization realm

The characterization of a particle ensemble(rather than a single particle) is of paramount significance to various particle technologies and has long been a fundamental subject in the fluidization realm. However, many of such bulk characterizations as loosely-packed density(ρbl), minimum fluidization velocity(Umf), sphericity(φ), discharge rate through orifice(q), angle of repose(β), and segregation index(S),were found to be poorly reproducible, making the reported results seldom comparable. Since these bulk characterizations started from the packed state of particles, such poor reproducibility was ascribed to the polymorphism of packed particles in this work. We observed that in the fluidized bed, the settled/packed state of particles varied monotonously with the settling rate(a) from complete fluidization to zero. This phenomenon confirmed the polymorphic characteristic of packed particles and further enabled us to systematically disclose/clarify its influences on the aforementioned bulk characterizations. Such influences could be comprehensively and intuitively reflected by the impacts induced by a. With the decrease of a, ρbl, φ and q first increased, then decreased, and finally leveled off while Umfand β showed an opposite trend. On the other hand, S first increased and then remained invariant. As per these findings and definitions of these bulk characterizations, benchmarks were indicated to unify the selection of settled state among future scholars and further make their outcomes become fairly comparable. Additionally, most packed states of the particle ensemble were proved to be metastable with their formation and behavior being identical to those of the amorphous state.

Investigation of stress-induced progressive failure of mine pillars using a Voronoi grain-based breakable block model

The Voronoi grain-based breakable block model(VGBBM)based on the combined finite-discrete element method(FDEM)was proposed to explicitly characterize the failure mechanism and predict the deformation behavior of hard-rock mine pillars.The influence of the microscopic parameters on the macroscopic mechanical behavior was investigated using laboratory-scale models.The field-scale pillar models(width-to-height,W/H=1,2 and 3)were calibrated based on the empirically predicted stress-strain curves of Creighton mine pillars.The results indicated that as the W/H ratios increased,the VGBBM effectively predicted the transition from strain-softening to pseudo-ductile behavior in pillars,and explicitly captured the separated rock slabs and the V-shaped damage zones on both sides of pillars and conjugate shear bands in core zones of pillars.The volumetric strain field revealed significant compressional deformation in core zones of pillars.While the peak strains of W/H=1 and 2 pillars were relatively consistent,there were significant differences in the strain energy storage and release mechanism.W/H was the primary factor influencing the deformation and strain energy in the pillar core.The friction coefficient of the structural plane was also an important factor affecting the pillar strength and the weakest discontinuity angle.The fracture surface was controlled by the discontinuity angle and the friction coefficient.This study demonstrated the capability of the VGBBM in predicting the strengths and deformation behavior of hard-rock pillars in deep mine design.

“Glass-quake”in elastically loaded bulk metallic glasses

Amorphous solids exhibit scale-free avalanches,even under small external loading,and thus can work as suitable systems to study critical behavior and universality classes.The abundance of scale-free avalanches in the entire elastic tension regime of bulk metallic glass(BMG)samples has been experimentally observed using acoustic emission(AE)measurements.In this work,we compare the statistics of avalanches with those of earthquakes,and find that they both follow the Gutenberg–Richter law in the statistics of energies and Omori’s law of aftershock rates,and share the same characteristics in the distribution of recurrence times.These resemblances encourage us to propose the term“glass-quake”to describe avalanches in elastically loaded BMGs.Furthermore,our work echoes the potential universality of critical behavior in disordered physical systems from atomic to planetary scales,and motivates the use of elastic loaded BMGs as valuable laboratory simulators of seismic dynamics.

Bulk geochemistry,Rb-Sr,Sm-Nd,and stable O-H isotope systematics of the Metzimevin high-grade iron ore deposit,Mbalam iron ore district,southern Cameroon

Bulk geochemistry,Sr,Nd,and O-H isotope systematics are reported for the first time on banded iron formation(BIF)-hosted high-grade iron ore at the northwestern segment of Congo Craton(CC).Located in Mbalam iron ore district,Southern Cameroon,Metzimevin iron ore deposit is a hematite-magnetite BIF system,dominated by SiO_(2)+Fe_(2)O_(3)(97.1 to 99.84 wt%),with low concentrations of clastic elements e.g.,Al_(2)O_(3),TiO_(2),and HFSE,depicting a nearly pure chemical precipitate.The REE+Y signature of the iron deposit displays strong positive Eu anomaly,strong negative Ce anomaly,and chondritic to superchondritic Y/Ho ratios,suggestive of formation by mixed seawater-high temperature hydrothermal fluids in oxidising environment.The^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr ratios of the BIF are higher than the maximum^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr evolution curves for all Archean reservoirs(bulk silicate earth,Archean crust and Archean seawater),indicating involvement of continentally-derived components during BIF formation and alteration.TheƐ_(Nd)(t)(+2.26 to+3.77)and Nd model age indicate that chemical constituents for the BIF were derived from undifferentiated crustal source,between 3.002 and 2.88 Ga.The variable and diverse O and H isotope data(−1.9‰to 17.3‰and−57‰to 136‰respectively)indicate that the Metzimevin iron ore formed initially from magmatic plumes and later enriched by magmatic-metamorphic-modified meteoric fluids.Mass balance calculations indicate mineralisation by combined leaching and precipitation,with an average iron enrichment factor of>2.67 and SiO_(2)depletion factor of>0.99.This is associated with an overall volume reduction of 28.27%,reflecting net leaching and volume collapse of the BIF protholith.

Parkland trees on smallholder farms ameliorate soil physical-chemical properties in the semi-arid area of Tigray,Ethiopia

Proposed agroforestry options should begin with the species that farmers are most familiar with,which would be the native multipurpose trees that have evolved under smallholder farms and socioeconomic conditions.The African birch(Anogeissus leiocarpa(DC.)Guill.&Perr.)and pink jacaranda(Stereospermum kunthianum Cham.)trees are the dominant species in the agroforestry parkland system in the drylands of Tigray,Ethiopia.Smallholder farmers highly value these trees for their multifunctional uses including timber,firewood,charcoal,medicine,etc.These trees also could improve soil fertility.However,the amount of soil physical and chemical properties enhanced by the two species must be determined to maintain the sustainable conservation of the species in the parklands and to scale up to similar agroecological systems.Hence,we selected twelve isolated trees,six from each species that had similar dendrometric characteristics and were growing in similar environmental conditions.We divided the canopy cover of each tree into three radial distances:mid-canopy,canopy edge,and canopy gap(control).At each distance,we took soil samples from three different depths.We collected 216 soil samples(half disturbed and the other half undisturbed)from each canopy position and soil depth.Bulk density(BD),soil moisture content(SMC),soil organic carbon(SOC),total nitrogen(TN),available phosphorus(AP),available potassium(AK),p H,electrical conductivity(EC),and cation exchange capacity(CEC)were analysed.Results revealed that soil physical and chemical properties significantly improved except for soil texture and EC under both species,CEC under A.leiocarpus,and soil p H under S.kunthianum,all the studied soils were improved under both species canopy as compared with canopy gap.SMC,TN,AP,and AK under canopy of these trees were respectively 24.1%,11.1%,55.0%,and 9.3% higher than those soils under control.The two parkland agroforestry species significantly enhanced soil fertility near the canopy of topsoil through improving soil physical and chemical properties.These two species were recommended in the drylands with similar agro-ecological systems.

Fine-mapping and primary analysis of candidate genes associated with seed coat color in mung bean(Vigna radiata L.)

Seed coat color affects the appearance and commodity quality of mung beans(Vigna radiata L.).The substances that affect mung bean seed coat color are mainly flavonoids,which have important medicinal value.Mapping the seed coat color gene in mung beans would facilitate the development of new varieties and improve their value.In this study,an F2 mapping population consisting of 546 plants was constructed using Jilv9(black seed coat)and BIS9805(green seed coat).Using bulk segregated analysis(BSA)sequencing and kompetitive allele-specific PCR(KASP)markers,the candidate region related to seed coat color was finally narrowed to 0.66 Mb on chromosome(Chr.)4 and included eight candidate genes.Combined transcriptome and metabolome analyses showed that three of the eight candidate genes(LOC106758748,LOC106758747,and LOC106759075)were differentially expressed,which may have caused the differences in flavonoid metabolite content between Jilv9 and BIS9805.These findings can provide a research basis for cloning the genes related to seed coat color and accelerate molecular markerassisted selection breeding in mung beans.

Anisotropic Band Evolution of Bulk Black Phosphorus Induced by Uniaxial Tensile Strain

We investigate the anisotropic band structure and its evolution under tensile strains along different crystallographic directions in bulk black phosphorus(BP)using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and density functional theory.The results show that there are band crossings in the Z-L(armchair)direction.

Exploring the mechanisms of calcium carbonate deposition on various substrates with implications for effective anti-scaling material selection

The unexpected scaling phenomena have resulted in significant damages to the oil and gas industries,leading to issues such as heat exchanger failures and pipeline clogging.It is of practical and fundamental importance to understand the scaling mechanisms and develop efficient anti-scaling strategies.However,the underlying surface interaction mechanisms of scalants(e.g.,calcite)with various substrates are still not fully understood.In this work,the colloidal probe atomic force microscopy(AFM)technique has been applied to directly quantify the surface forces between calcite particles and different metallic substrates,including carbon steel(CR1018),low alloy steel(4140),stainless steel(SS304)and tungsten carbide,under different water chemistries(i.e.,salinity and pH).Measured force profiles revealed that the attractive van der Waals(VDW)interaction contributed to the attachment of the calcium carbonate particles on substrate surfaces,while the repulsive electric double layer(EDL)interactions could inhibit the attachment behaviors.High salinity and acidic p H conditions of aqueous solutions could weaken the EDL repulsion and promote the attachment behavior.The adhesion of calcite particles with CR1018 and4140 substrates was much stronger than that with SS304 and tungsten carbide substrates.The bulk scaling tests in aqueous solutions from an industrial oil production process showed that much more severe scaling behaviors of calcite was detected on CR1018 and 4140 than those on SS304 and tungsten carbide,which agreed with surface force measurement results.Besides,high salinity and acidic p H can significantly enhance the scaling phenomena.This work provides fundamental insights into the scaling mechanisms of calcite at the nanoscale with practical implications for the selection of suitable antiscaling materials in petroleum industries.

A bulk extraction method to determine the stable isotope ratios of iron,nickel,copper,zinc,and cadmium in seawater using multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

The oceanic trace metals iron(Fe),nickel(Ni),copper(Cu),zinc(Zn),and cadmium(Cd)are crucial to marine phytoplankton growth and global carbon cycle,and the analysis of their stable isotopes can provide valuable insights into their biogeochemical cycles within the ocean.However,the simultaneous isotopic analysis of multiple elements present in seawater is challenging because of their low concentrations,limited volumes of the test samples,and high salt matrix.In this study,we present the novel method developed for the simultaneous analysis of five isotope systems by 1 L seawater sample.In the developed method,the NOBIAS Chelate-PA1 resin was used to extract metals from seawater,the AG MP-1M anion-exchange resin to purify Cu,Fe,Zn,Cd,and the NOBIAS Chelate-PA1 resin to further extract Ni from the matrix elements.Finally,a multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscope(MC-ICPMS)was employed for the isotopic measurements using a doublespike technique or sample-standard bracketing combined with internal normalization.This method exhibited low total procedural blanks(0.04 pg,0.04 pg,0.21 pg,0.15 pg,and 3 pg for Ni,Cu,Fe,Zn,and Cd,respectively)and high extraction efficiencies(100.5%±0.3%,100.2%±0.5%,97.8%±1.4%,99.9%±0.8%,and 100.1%±0.2%for Ni,Cu,Fe,Zn,and Cd,respectively).The external errors and external precisions of this method could be considered negligible.The proposed method was further tested on the seawater samples obtained from the whole vertical profile of a water column during the Chinese GEOTRACES GP09 cruise in the Northwest Pacific,and the results showed good agreement with previous related data.This innovative method will contribute to the advancement of isotope research and enhance our understanding of the marine biogeochemical cycling of Fe,Ni,Cu,Zn,and Cd.

Thermodynamics-directed bulk/grain-boundary engineering for superior electrochemical durability of Ni-rich cathode

Introducing high-valence Ta element is an essential strategy for addressing the structu ral deterioration of the Ni-rich LiNi_(1-x-y)Co_(x)Mn_(y)O_(2)(NCM)cathode,but the enlarged Li/Ni cation mixing leads to the inferior rate capability originating from the hindered Li~+migration.Note that the non-magnetic Ti~(4+)ion can suppress Li/Ni disorder by removing the magnetic frustration in the transition metal layer.However,it is still challenging to directionally design expected Ta/Ti dual-modification,resulting from the complexity of the elemental distribution and the uncertainty of in-situ formed coating compounds by introducing foreign elements.Herein,a LiTaO_3 grain boundary(GB)coating and bulk Ti-doping have been successfully achieved in LiNi_(0.834)Co_(0.11)Mn_(0.056)O_(2) cathode by thermodynamic guidance,in which the structural formation energy and interfacial binding energy are employed to predict the elemental diffusion discrepancy and thermodynamically stable coating compounds.Thanks to the coupling effect of strengthened structural/interfacial stability and improved Li~+diffusion kinetics by simultaneous bulk/GB engineering,the Ta/Ti-NCM cathode exhibits outstanding capacity retention,reaching 91.1%after 400 cycles at 1 C.This elaborate work contributes valuable insights into rational dual-modification engineering from a thermodynamic perspective for maximizing the electrochemical performances of NCM cathodes.

Bulked Segregant RNA-Seq Analysis of Pollinated Pistils Reveals Genes Influencing Spikelet Fertility in Rice

Prezygotic isolation is important for successful fertilization in rice, significantly affecting yield. This study focused on F_(5:6) generation plants derived from inter-subspecific crosses(Nipponbare × KDML105) with low(LS) and high seed-setting rates(HS), in which normal pollen fertility was observed. However, LS plants showed a reduced number of pollen grains adhering to the stigma and fewer pollen tubes reaching the ovules at 4-5 h post-pollination, compared with HS plants. Bulked segregant RNA-Seq analysis of pollinated pistils from the HS and LS groups revealed 249 and 473 differentially expressed genes(DEGs), respectively. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis of the HS and LS-specific DEGs indicated enrichment in metabolic pathways, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and flavonoid biosynthesis. Several of these DEGs exhibited co-expression with pollen development genes and formed extensive clusters of co-expression networks. Compared with LS pistils, enzyme genes controlling pectin degradation, such as OsPME35 and OsPLL9, showed similar expression patterns, with higher levels in HS pistils pre-pollination. Os02g0467600, similar to cinnamate 4-hydroxylase gene(CYP73), involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, displayed higher expression in HS pistils post-pollination. Our findings suggest that OsPME35, OsPLL9, and Os02g0467600 contribute to prezygotic isolation by potentially modifying the stigma cell wall(OsPME35 and OsPLL9) and controlling later processes such as pollen-stigma adhesion(Os02g0467600) genes. Furthermore, several DEGs specific to HS and LS were co-localized with QTLs and functional genes associated with spikelet fertility. These findings provide valuable insights for further research on rice spikelet fertility, ultimately contributing to the development of high-yielding rice varieties.

Comparison of a Spectral Bin and Two Multi-Moment Bulk Microphysics Schemes for Supercell Simulation:Investigation into Key Processes Responsible for Hydrometeor Distributions and Precipitation

There are more uncertainties with ice hydrometeor representations and related processes than liquid hydrometeors within microphysics parameterization(MP)schemes because of their complicated geometries and physical properties.Idealized supercell simulations are produced using the WRF model coupled with“full”Hebrew University spectral bin MP(HU-SBM),and NSSL and Thompson bulk MP(BMP)schemes.HU-SBM downdrafts are typically weaker than those of the NSSL and Thompson simulations,accompanied by less rain evaporation.HU-SBM produces more cloud ice(plates),graupel,and hail than the BMPs,yet precipitates less at the surface.The limiting mass bins(and subsequently,particle size)of rimed ice in HU-SBM and slower rimed ice fall speeds lead to smaller melting-level net rimed ice fluxes than those of the BMPs.Aggregation from plates in HU-SBM,together with snow–graupel collisions,leads to a greater snow contribution to rain than those of the BMPs.Replacing HU-SBM’s fall speeds using the formulations of the BMPs after aggregating the discrete bin values to mass mixing ratios and total number concentrations increases net rain and rimed ice fluxes.Still,they are smaller in magnitude than bulk rain,NSSL hail,and Thompson graupel net fluxes near the surface.Conversely,the melting-layer net rimed ice fluxes are reduced when the fall speeds for the NSSL and Thompson simulations are calculated using HU-SBM fall speed formulations after discretizing the bulk particle size distributions(PSDs)into spectral bins.The results highlight precipitation sensitivity to storm dynamics,fall speed,hydrometeor evolution governed by process rates,and MP PSD design.

Cycling performance of layered oxide cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries

Layered oxide is a promising cathode material for sodium-ion batteries because of its high-capacity,high operating voltage,and simple synthesis.Cycling performance is an important criterion for evaluating the application prospects of batteries.However,facing challenges,including phase transitions,ambient stability,side reactions,and irreversible anionic oxygen activity,the cycling performance of layered oxide cathode materials still cannot meet the application requirements.Therefore,this review proposes several strategies to address these challenges.First,bulk doping is introduced from three aspects:cationic single doping,anionic single doping,and multi-ion doping.Second,homogeneous surface coating and concentration gradient modification are reviewed.In addition,methods such as mixed structure design,particle engineering,high-entropy material construction,and integrated modification are proposed.Finally,a summary and outlook provide a new horizon for developing and modifying layered oxide cathode materials.

Understanding the correlation between energy-state mismatching and open-circuit voltage loss in bulk heterojunction solar cells

Photoinduced intermolecular charge transfer(PICT)determines the voltage loss in bulk heterojunction(BHJ)organic photovoltaics(OPVs),and this voltage loss can be minimized by inducing efficient PICT,which requires energy-state matching between the donor and acceptor at the BHJ interfaces.Thus,both geometrically and energetically accessible delocalized state matching at the hot energy level is crucial for achieving efficient PICT.In this study,an effective method for quantifying the hot state matching of OPVs was developed.The degree of energy-state matching between the electron donor and acceptor at BHJ interfaces was quantified using a mismatching factor(MF)calculated from the modified optical density of the BHJ.Furthermore,the correlation between the open-circuit voltage(Voc)of the OPV device and energy-state matching at the BHJ interface was investigated using the calculated MF.The OPVs with small absolute MF values exhibited high Voc values.This result clearly indicates that the energy-state matching between the donor and acceptor is crucial for achieving a high Voc in OPVs.Because the MF indicates the degree of energy-state matching,which is a critical factor for suppressing energy loss,it can be used to estimate the Voc loss in OPVs.