Using electrogeochemical approach to explore buried gold deposits in an alpine meadow-covered area

Exploration for buried gold ores and other deeply buried ores, especially in high altitude localities, is one of the tough challenges facing the geological world today.Fast and efficient ore prospecting methods are badly needed to deal with the situation. This paper documents a test that, for the first time, uses an electrogeochemical approach to prospect ores in the alpine meadow-covered Bangzhuoma area and its periphery in Qinghai–Tibet Plateau.The results were compared with conventional soil measurements from a 2 D prospection, and an ideal model of electrogeochemical anomaly formation in the area was established based on the comparison in order to provide theoretical guidance to buried ore prospecting in areas with similar conditions. The research shows that:(1) For exploration of deeply-buried mineral deposits, an electrogeochemical approach is better than soil measurements in terms of correspondence between element content values and anomaly forms and spatial distribution of known deposits in sections. Anomalies of high to low temperature element associations(Bi–Mo; Au–Ag–As–Bi and Au–Ag)and clear zonation were also observed along vertical vein runs in the sections. Based on integration of the observation with geological characteristics of the sections, we propose to use Au, Ag and As as the electrogeochemical indicators and Bi and Mo as the electrogeochemical tracing elementsto guide further analysis.(2) Judging from element statistics and the scale, intensity, and range of anomalies in plan maps, we found that an electrogeochemical approach is less affected by topography and secondary actions. The plan maps also show that elemental differentiation coefficients of the study area are in an ascending order of Ag(0.67) \ Mo(0.85) \ Bi(0.97) \ Au(1.51) \ As(2.35),better representing the element distribution in the area and yielding more striking and concentrated anomalies for known deposits than that of the soil measurements. Apart from that, electrogeochemical anomalies were observed in the south of lines 002 and 003 and the central of lines 008 and 009. We suggest the existence of deeply-buried mineral deposits based on analyses of element combinations and gold grade variations in samples taken from exploratory trenches in the area.(3) A three-stage(referring to the ore body dissolution, the mineralogenetic particle migration, and the mineralogenetic particle unloading) electrogeochemical ideal model was established for the study area, which takes into account moderate rainfall, high altitude, low air pressure, well-developed vegetation and roots, and an Upper Triassic Nieru Formation carbonaceous sandy slate as overburden.

DECOLLEMENT STRUCTURE AND METALLOGENIC PROGNOSIS FOR BURIED URANIUM DEPOSITS OF EAST HUNAN AND ITS ADJACENT AREA,CHINA

East Hunan and its adjacent area is defined as an intraplate orogenic zone with help of new theory of geology and multi-discipline research. The evolutionary stages, deep structrue, geological feature, rotation strain and metallogeny of NW-striking transfer fault zone are also discussed. NE-trending strike-slip fault zone, as a whole, entered action during Pacific movement and underwent 3 stages: the strike-slip shear, the pull-apart extension and the’ compressive thrust. The aurthors studied macro-and microscopic features of strike-slip fault and its control of uranium mineralization at Jinguangchung deposit by means of modern structure analysis, micro-submicroscopic investigation and geophysical measurement.

Re-Os Age of Cu-Ni Ores from the Huangshandong Cu-Ni Sulfide Deposit in the East Tianshan Mountains and Its Implication for Geodynamic Processes

An isochron age of 282±20 (95% conf. limit) Ma of the sulfide ores in the Huangshandong Cu-Ni sulfide deposit, the East Tianshan Mountains has been obtained through Re-Os isotopic measurement. The age implies that the Cu-Ni sulfide deposit and other related deposits in the same area occurred in a Permian extensional environment of post-collision instead of Devonian-Early Carboniferous ophiolite-related oceanic or island arc environments inferred before. It shares the same ages with the orogenic and epithermal gold deposit systems in the same area. An initial 187Os/188Os ratio of 0.25±0.04 (1σ) and a γos value of 99 on average display the participation of large quantities of crustal components into the rock-forming and ore-forming system during mineralization and magmatic emplacement.

REE Characteristics of the Kalatongke Cu-Ni Deposit, Xinjiang, China

On the basis of the study on the REE geochemistry of the ore minerals and host rocks of the Kalatongke Cu-Ni deposit, Xinjiang, it is indicated that the major ore minerals, sulfides, were sourced from the host mafic-ultramafic magma. Characterized by low REE content of sulfide, such a Cu-Ni sulfide deposit occurring in the orogen is obviously different from that on the margin of the craton. Because the mafic-ultramafic rocks from the Cu-Ni sulfide deposit occurring in the orogen is water-rich and the REEs of some sulfides show a particular 'multiple-bending' pattern, which suggests coexistence of multiple liquid phases (fluid and melt), the sulfide melt possibly contains a great deal of hydrothermal fluids and increasingly developed gases and liquid-rich ore-forming fluids after the main metallogenic epoch (magmatic segregation stage).

Geochemistry of Ore-bearing Lamprophyre from the Cu-Ni Deposit in Dhi Samir,Yemen

Magmatic Cu-Ni sulfide deposits are generally associated with mafic-ultramafic rocks and it has not been reported that lamprophyre is one of the surrounding rocks of Cu-Ni sulfide deposits.The Dhi Samir deposit in Yemen,however,is a rare example of Cu-Ni deposits which are hosted in lamprophyre dikes.In this paper,comprehensive research is made on petrology,petrochemistry and isotope geochemistry for Cu-Ni-bearing rocks in the Dhi Samir area and the results show that dark rocks related to Cu-Ni orebodies are sodium-weak potassium and belong to calc-alkaline series lamprophyre,especially camptonite,characterized by enriched alkali,iron and titanium.In these rocks large-ion-lithophile elements are obviously concentrated,while high field strength elements slightly depleted,showing clear negative anomalies of Ta and Nb,and weak deficiency of Ti.TheΣREE is very high（225.67-290.05 ppm） and the REE partition curves are flat and right-inclined,featuring a LREE-enriched pattern with low negative Eu anomalies.Study of magmatic source areas indicates that the rocks have low（87Sr/86Sr） and highεNd（t）,and the magmas were probably derived from the enriched mantle I（EM-I） end-member.Based on the LA-ICPMS on zircon U-Pb isotope dating,the lamprophyre in the Dhi Samir mining area has an age of 602±2.6 Ma,indicating that the rock was formed in the late Proterozoic and in an intraplate setting due to magmatism of an extensional environment in the post-Pan-Africa orogeny.

First Report of Zircon U-Pb Ages from Lubei Cu-Ni Sulfide Deposit in East Tianshan of Central Asian Orogenic Belt, NW China

Objective The East Tianshan mafic-ultramafic rocks belt mainly produced in the eastern Jueluotage belt is an important part of the Central Asia Orogenic Belt （CAOB）. The well- known deposits including Huangshan, Huangshandong, Tulaergen, Hulu, Xiangshan were have been consecutively discovered in this belt （Duan Xingxing et al., 2016）. The new discovery of the Lubei Cu-Ni sulfide deposit in recent years, which locates in the west of Jueluotage belt, has great significance to the westward extension of the East Tianshan Cu-Ni metallogenic belt. To determine whether the mineralization age of the Lubei Cu-Ni sulfide deposit is consistent with other typical deposits, this study conducted zircon U-Pb geochronology on the diorite from the Lubei Cu-Ni sulfide deposit in order to provide new information for further exploring direction of Cu-Ni prospecting in East Tianshan.

Rhenium-Osmium Isotope Constraints on the Origin of the Tianyu Cu-Ni Deposit in the East Tianshan Orogenic Belt, Xinjiang, NW China

The Tianyu Cu-Ni sulfide deposit occurs in the north margin of the Central Tianshan Arc in East Tianshan orogenic belt, Xinjiang, NW China. The intrusions consist of gabbro, peridotite, and olivine pyroxenite. The peridotite and pyroxenite are the main host rock for the Cu-Ni ores. Rhenium and osmium isotopic analyses of Ni-and Cu-bearing sulfide minerals from the deposit have been used to determine the source of osmium, and by inference, the sources of ore metals. Sulfide ore samples have Os and Re concentrations varying in the ranges 1.85 to 4.58 ppb and 93.56 to 146.00 ppb, respectively. An initial ^(187)Os/^(188)Os ratio ranges from 0.86 to 1.23 for the ores and the γOs values from 592 to 2227. Osmium isotopic data suggest that the Tianyu intrusion and associated Cu-Ni mineralization has derived from crustal-contaminated mantle melts. The intrusions early show island-arc geochemical signatures, which indicate that the Hulu mafic–ultramafic intrusions, along with the Cu-Ni deposit, formed as a result of subduction of oceanic crust in the Early Permian.

Geochemical Characteristics,Genesis of Concealed Cu-rich Ore Body in the Jinchuan Deposit,Northwestern China,and Its Prospecting

The Jinchuan deposit is hosted by the olivine-rich ultramafic rock body, which is the thirdlargest magmatic sulfide Ni-Cu deposit in the world currently being exploited. Seeking new relaying resources in the deep and the border of the deposit becomes more and more important. The ore body, ore and geochemistry characteristics of the concealed Cu-rich ore body are researched. Through spatial analysis and comparison with the neighboring II1 main ore body, the mineralization rule of the concealed Cu-rich ore body is summed up. It is also implied that Cu-rich magma may exist between Nirich magma and ore pulp during liquation differentiation in deep-stage chambers, which derives from deep-mantle Hi-MgO basalt magma. It is concluded that the type of ore body has features of both magmatic liquation and late reconstruction action. It has experienced three stages： deep liquation and pulsatory injection of the Cu- and PPGE-rich magma, concentration of tectonic activation, and the later magma hydrothermal superimposition. In addition, the Pb and S isotopes indicate the magma of I6 concealed Cu-rich ore body originates predominantly from mantle; however, it is interfused by minute crust material. Finally, it is inferred that the genesis of the Cu-Ni sulfide deposit is complex and diverse, and the prospect of seeking new deep ore bodies within similar deposits is promising, especially Cu-rich ore bodies.

Deep-penetrating geochemistry of the Tuwu copper deposit, northwestern China

Desert terrains in northern China are covered by widespread regolith sediments which mask geochemical signals from ore bodies and are major obstacles to mineral exploration. There is a critical need to study the vertical distribution of elements in this regolith and to establish optimum sampling and analytical methods. The aim of this study is to understand the dispersion and variation of elements throughout the cover in a vertical profile. The results demonstrate that the main elements show a distribution pattern of enrichment in clay layers in the vertical profile, i.e., most elements tend to be enriched in the most upper part of the profile above the orebodies except for some elements like Cu, Ca and Ag. Meanwhile, both fine (-160 mesh) and coarse (+20 mesh) fraction samples from clay-rich horizons are favorable samples and selective leaching of the elements absorbed on clays or oxide coatings is effective for localizing buried deposits. The distribution of active Cu and Mo is quite different because chalcopyrite is weathered into Cu sulfate and CuCO3, and is precipitated in alkaline environments in a layer below close to the surface. Mo is soluble in the alkaline environment so it can penetrate the caliche layer and be enriched on the surface of soil enriched with weakly cemented clay.

威海市东部滨海新城海域海砂资源分布及特征

对威海东部滨海新城海域海底底质样品、浅地层剖面、地质钻探、多波束测量等资料进行了分析,探讨了该区海砂资源的类型、分布特征及沉积环境。结果表明:研究区海砂资源主要分布于鸡鸣岛和苍家岛潮沟附近,均为埋藏砂矿,以粉砂和细砂为主,含泥量较高,可用作回填用砂。研究区埋藏砂矿主要形成于晚更新世末期,成因类型主要有古冲积、残留和海积等类型。

隐伏矿勘查经验与启示——从《信息找矿战略与勘查百例》谈起

以大型隐伏矿床的发现历史为依据,系统地总结了隐伏矿勘查的经验与策略,并从矿产勘查哲学的角度进行了深入的思考。针对拟寻矿床的地质特征,抓住深部关键的地质因素,查明地球物理和地球化学特征与它们的对应关系,把地球物理和地球化学判据转化成找矿标志,是提高隐伏矿找矿效率的关键。成矿作用的分带现象是一个普遍的规律,对于指导隐伏矿预测和矿床深部勘探具有重要的意义。直接信息是矿产勘查最可靠的信息。直接信息和间接信息并不是以学科划分的,在一定的条件下和一定的研究程度上两者可以转化。以直接信息为先导,实现从区域到局部的转变,使找矿迅速突破。必须充分重视各类方法的应用条件与前提,重视各种直接信息的挖掘与印证,加强各类方法的集成与综合。对于一个重要的成矿区(带)来说,随着地质研究与找矿工作的深入,需要不断地修订和调整勘查准则。矿产勘查投资是一种高风险、高效益的投资,是一项创造性很强的实践,集调查与研究于一体。矿产勘查不以研究"水平"论高低,而以"成败"论英雄;要看勘查的实效,而非理论的高深;要看是否见矿,而非勘查过程的简繁。经验与理论、科学与技术的交叉与融合是通向矿产勘查的成功之路。

CSAMT法和TEM法在铜陵龙虎山地区隐伏矿勘探中的应用

CSAMT法是深部隐伏矿勘探工作的重要手段之一。将CSAMT法用于铜陵龙虎山地区隐伏矿勘察,在深入认识研究区的成矿规律和控矿因素的基础上,对该区的CSAMT数据进行了预处理和反演,对比TEM法反演结果,电性特征的统一性验证了CSAMT法反演结果的可靠性。联合CSAMT和TEM反演结果成功地分辨出侵入岩体和岩浆热液的运移通道,为该区寻找隐伏矿提供了有效的勘探手段。

松辽盆地南部埋藏史

盆地沉降史和埋藏史分析是油气评价的重要组成部分,根据松辽盆地南部测井资料,在地层剥蚀量计算的基础上,开展了沉积速率、沉降速率和埋藏史研究。沉积速率和沉降速率模拟结果表明:沙河子组、营城组沉积速率和沉降速率最高,泉头组、明水组较高,而登娄库组、青山口组、姚家组、四方台组较低。埋藏史研究结果表明:沙河子组—营城组时期,具有快速沉降、快速沉积和快速埋藏特征;营城组末期遭受剥蚀,地层缺失和剥蚀自西向东有增大的趋势;登娄库组—明水组时期,埋藏史特征表现为较快速的沉降、沉积和埋藏;姚家组以下的地层保存相对完整,嫩江组上部—明水组地层剥蚀较大,东南隆起区基本缺失嫩江组三段—明水组;古近纪—新近纪,总体特征是缓慢抬升,之后缓慢下降、缓慢沉积、缓慢埋藏。

黑龙江多宝山超大型斑岩铜矿的成矿作用和后期改造

黑龙江多宝山斑岩铜矿的形成与加里东期的火山岛弧密切相关,并因海西期的岩浆活动进一步富集成超大型铜矿,在燕山运动时遭受改造。燕山期变形可分为两期,早期为陆内造山带发育及坍塌,构造线方向北东东,晚期为北东向断裂左行走滑。在此基础上剖析了铜山断裂的活动方式及对矿体的破坏。作为成矿期后的改造断裂,铜山断裂既切断了地质体、矿体和斑岩型矿化蚀变带,同时又起到了保护下盘矿体免遭剥蚀的重要作用。对铜山矿床成矿条件、特别是热液蚀变与铜山断裂“控矿”构造细节的配套研究表明:铜山矿区南部仍然隐伏着含矿蚀变环带的上盘,有矿体存在,为寻找超大型斑岩铜矿提供了可靠的证据。事实证明:深入研究成矿构造控矿规律是行之有效的矿床预测工作基础,细致研究成矿期后构造运动是在已知矿区寻找新矿体的捷径。

东天山白石泉矿区地球物理多方法联合探查与隐伏铜镍矿定位预测

隐伏矿床(体)空间位置、形态和矿化强度的预测是经济地质学的前沿课题和热点问题。在新疆东天山白石泉基性-超基性岩型隐伏铜镍矿预测与找矿研究过程,尝试性引入高分辨率的浅层地震与大地电磁测深(MT)方法,并结合常规的高精度重力、磁法和激电,开展隐伏含矿岩体(铜镍矿)空间分布位置、形态和矿化强度的联合探查与定位预测。基本查明了白石泉杂岩体的深部产状与形态结构,发现了5个隐伏低阻异常区。对其中两个低阻异常区的钻探结果表明预测结果是准确的,在异常YC-II位置发现了厚28m的铜镍矿体。

粤北梅子窝钨矿区隐伏花岗闪长岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄与^40Ar/^39Ar成矿年龄及其地质意义

梅子窝钨矿位于粤北瑶岭—梅子窝钨矿带的东部,成矿作用同期形成白云母的40Ar/39Ar年龄为(155.9±0.6)Ma,与华南中生代燕山期大规模W,Sn成矿作用的年龄一致,代表梅子窝钨矿的成矿年龄。矿床下部600m中段附近出现的隐伏黑云母花岗闪长岩体的锆石SHRIMPU-Pb年龄为(430.4±3.6)Ma,为加里东期,与成矿作用无关。因此,矿区不存在前人提出的两套叠加的"五层楼"成矿模式。成矿年龄与隐伏花岗闪长岩的年龄显示梅子窝钨矿的形成可能与更深部的隐伏燕山期花岗岩有关,矿床向深部可能延伸更大。

可控源音频大地电磁法在矿体定位预测中的应用——以山东省乳山市蓬家夼金矿床为例

可控源音频大地电磁法 ( CSAMT法 )是一种直接探测地下岩性及矿产的电磁测深新技术。在山东省乳山市蓬家夼金矿床的应用研究表明 ,CSAMT法可以成功地用于确定矿体的形态、产状和埋藏深度 ,为矿床地球物理找矿模型的建立提供了科学的依据 ,是了解矿化规律和进行隐伏矿体定位预测的有效手段。

综合地球物理勘探在龙头山银铅锌多金属矿床中的应用

为了避免地球物理方法的局限性和结果解释的多解性,充分发挥了各个方法的优势,使之取得地质上和经济上的最佳勘查效果,在龙头山地区矿床地质勘查中,综合运用了甚低频(VLF-EM)、电导率成像系统(EH4)、可控源音频电磁法(CSAMT)和激电中梯测量(TDIP)等地球物理勘探方法,取得了较好的勘查效果。通过异常的验证,将原来一个"银锰矿点",升级为潜在资源规模为大型以上的银-铅-锌多金属矿床。综合物理勘探的方法的运用,在该区的矿产勘查中具有指导意义。

卵砾石层浅埋公路隧道支护方案的优化研究

某公路隧道位于特殊残坡积卵砾石层斜坡之中,是一典型的大跨浅埋扁平公路隧道,其支护结构和施工方案的设计直接影响到隧道的安全性和经济性。采用弹塑性非线性有限元模拟分析了该隧道的开挖和支护全过程。引入释放系数模拟开挖围岩应力释放时空效应,以最能直观反映开挖围岩松动变形情况的拱顶下沉量为主要控制目标,对初期支护的施作时机进行优化研究,利用得到的最优施作时机进行初支厚度的优化分析,并对二衬设计的合理性进行评价。提出卵砾石层斜坡中浅埋大跨扁平公路隧道支护设计和施工的优化方案。采用的考虑开挖过程的系统优化方法和研究成果可以为类似地质条件下隧道工程的设计与施工提供参考意见。

氡气测量在云南木利锑矿三号背斜寻找隐伏断裂中的应用

云南木利锑矿区矿体与断裂关系密切,为解决矿区深边部找矿问题,采用FD-3017RaA测氡仪,对该区三号背斜进行土壤氡气测量,以寻找隐伏断裂。结果显示,研究区各已知断层和矿体上部均出现明显的氡气异常;因此,可将氡气测量作为寻找隐伏断裂的有效手段,并可作为寻找与断裂构造(包括断层、节理、劈理等)关系密切的隐伏矿床的辅助方法。依据测量结果推测,在三号背斜核部和研究区北东部各存在一条大型隐伏断裂,并发现若干条已知断裂及推测隐伏断裂的次级断裂。最后总结出研究区氡气异常的形成模式。