Users’ Perception on Operation and Performance of Public Transport Systems in African Developing Countries: The Case of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) in Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania

Public transport system has been a means of addressing transportation challenges in urban areas, such as traffic congestion, traffic jam and long travel time in cities worldwide. Transportation in Africa is unique in that it has the least developed public transport systems in the world, while also being one of the fastest urbanizing continents. Bus Rapid Transit being one of the public transport systems was introduced in Africa in 2008 as a means to provide solution on urban transportation challenges. Despite of public transport being the main means of transport in African developing countries, there have been a number of challenges that affects efficiency of performance of the system and makes its users uncomfortable. Therefore, the study aimed at exploring the setbacks or challenges associated with operation and performance of the BRT system in the African developing countries and address them. The study employed mixed methods research design that integrates both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods and analysis. The study findings reveal that, there is an improvement on the perspectives of the commuters on public transport after introduction of BRT system. However, some challenges such as long waiting time, passengers overcrowding during peak hours, as well as safety and security can slowly change the perspective of the commuters. Therefore, to address these challenges it is recommended to reduce the long waiting time and improve accessibility by introduction of passenger information displays (bus information system) and automated fare collection system;reduce travel time by introduction of bus priority signal;and improve safety and security by introduction of signage and CCTV Camera within the bus and bus stops.

线上中文学习平台Lingo Bus和Lingo Ace比较研究

Lingo Bus和Lingo Ace平台是当前受到市场青睐的知名线上中文学习平台。对两个学习平台的建设、教学和管理营销三个方面的情况进行比较研究后发现:两个平台均通过线上直播课程面向海外青少儿教授中文,均建立了各自的官网和客户端,在品牌定位、课程资源体系、选课方式和学习者服务模式等方面的设计上都有差异,针对教师选拔、培训的侧重点和严格程度也有不同的标准;两个平台均注重通过口碑、新闻软文和社交媒体等途径进行营销,但在推广方式和营销经费投入力度方面做法不同。线上中文学习平台应建设本土化和标准化教学资源,提升系统稳定性和智能化水平,完善教师管理机制,建立良好服务体系,组建本土团队,实施精准营销等发展策略。

Factors Influence Hanoians’ Choice of Non-Motorized Transport Mode to Access Bus Stations

Hanoi’s rapid urbanization has led to a surge in private vehicle ownership, particularly motorcycles, amidst inadequate public transportation infrastructure. Despite government efforts, many still prefer motorized transport, citing mobility and safety concerns, exacerbated by insufficient pedestrian infrastructure. This study examines the motivations behind this reliance on motorized vehicles, particularly motorcycles, in Hanoi. Findings reveal safety and convenience as primary factors driving motorized transport use, especially for accessing bus stations. Economic incentives could promote non-motorized travel and public transport adoption. Policy implications highlight the importance of addressing economic factors and improving access infrastructure to manage motorized vehicle reliance and foster sustainable urban mobility in Hanoi.

Charging Ahead with E-Buses: Benefits, Costs, and Transition Roadmap

This paper reaches a recommendation for the 10-year e-bus transition roadmap for New York City. The lifecycle model of emission reduction demonstrates the ecological and financial impacts of a complete transition from the current diesel bus fleet to an all-electric bus fleet in New York City by 2033. This study focuses on the NOx pollution, which is the highest among all major cities by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and greenhouse gases (GHG) with annual emissions of over five million tons. Our model predicts that switching to an all-electric bus fleet will cut GHG emissions by over 390,000 tons and NOx emissions by over 1300 tons annually, in addition to other pollutants such as VOCs and PM 2.5. yielding an annual economic benefit of over 75.94 million USD. This aligns with the city mayor office’s initiative of achieving total carbon neutrality. We further model an optimized transition roadmap that balances ecological and long-term benefits against the costs of the transition, emphasizing feasibility and alignment with the natural replacement cycle of existing buses, ensuring a steady budgeting pattern to minimize interruptions and resistance. Finally, we advocate for collaboration between government agencies, public transportation authorities, and private sectors, including electric buses and charging facility manufacturers, which is essential for fostering innovation and reducing the costs associated with the transition to e-buses.

An Augmented Jacobian Method for Power Flow Analysis of Weakly Looped Distribution Systems with PV Buses

A power flow analysis method for weakly looped distribution systems with PV buses is proposed in this paper. The proposed method is computationally more efficient and more robust compared with the conventional compensation methods. The robustness is achieved by embedding the boundary conditions of loops and PV buses into the Jacobian matrix. The computational efficiency is achieved by the carefully designed factorization of Jacobian matrix. Test results on a 33 bus system are presented.

Automobile light control system based on CAN bus and contactless switch

In order to solve the complex wiring and low reliability of conventional light control system,an automobile contactless switch light system is designed combined with Hall element and controller area network （CAN） bus technology.The processing system of electromagnetic compatibility controlled by CAN bus is improved to reduce the electromagnetic interference from the controller and other sources of interference.With Freescale＇s high-performance single-chip MC9S08DZ60 and CAN transceiver TJA1050,the overall circuit design and software design are presented.The test results show that the designed light control system is feasible.

Investigation on full distribution CNC system based on SERCOS bus

A full distribution CNC system based on SERCOS bus is studied in accordance with the limitations of traditional PC-based motion card. The conventional PC-based motion control card is dispersed into several autonomous intelligent servo-control units with the function of servo driver. The autonomous intelligent servocontrol units realize the loop control of position, velocity and current. Interpolation computation is completed in PC and the computational results are transferred to every autonomous intelligent servo-control unit by high speed SERCOS bus. Software or hardware synchronization technology is used to ensure all servomotors are successive and synchronously running. The communication and synchronization technology of SERCOS are also researched and the autonomous intelligent servo-control card is developed byself. Finally, the experiment of circle contour process on a prototype system proves the feasibility.

Research on Integration of Coal Mine Moni-toring and Control System with Field Bus Control System

According to the construction of current coal mine monitoring and control systems in China, the paper proposes three kinds of applicable schemes of integrating PLC and DCS systems with field bus technology to digitize the system and to improve the flexibility and extent of the system. Essentially, the paper introduces the integration of FCS on I/O layers. Based on a real coal mine safety-monitoring and control system applied with a CAN field bus, the major technology of system relays and extensions is discussed. We believe that one of the most applicable methods is currently replacing the connection between function-stations and field-sensors with a CAN bus on I/0 layers for system integration.

The safety parameters monitoring system for the coal mine based on CAN bus communication and intelligent data acquisition

In this paper,a monitoring and controlling system for the safety in production and environmental parameters of a small and medium-sized coal mine has been developed after analyzing the current domestic coal production and security conditions. The client computer can convert the analog signal about the safety in production and environmental parameters detected from the monitoring terminal into digital signal,and then,send the signal to the coal mine safety monitoring centre. This information can be analyzed,judged,and diagnosed by the monitoring-management-controlling software for helping the manager and technical workers to control the actual underground production and security situations. The system has many advantages including high reliability,better performance of real-time monitoring,faster data communicating and good practicability,and it can effectively prevent the occurrence of safety incidents in coal mines.

1D/3D Coupling Calculation Analysis on Bus Cooling System

Compared with front engine vehicle, the windward side’s flow field in cooling model of rear engine bus is complicated and it can’t be calculated by means of 1D model. For this problem, this paper has used Star-CCM to build a 3D simulation model of cooling system, engine compartment and complete vehicle. Then, it had a 1D/3D coupling calculation on cooling system with Kuli software. It could be helpful in the optimization design of the flow field of rear engine compartment and optimization match of cooling system.

Optimal control system of the intermittent bus-only approach

To guarantee bus priority with a minimum impact on car traffic at intersections, an optimal control system of the intermittent bus-only approach （IBA） was proposed. The problems of the existing system are first solved through optimization： the judgment time of the IBA system was advanced to allow a bus to jump car queues if the bus was detected to arrive at the intersection, and the instant that the IBA lane became available to cars was controlled dynamically to increase the capacity of the IBA lane. The total car delay in one cycle was then analyzed quantitatively when implementing the optimal control system. The results show that in comparison with the existing system of the IBA, the car delay is greatly reduced and the probability of a car stopping twice is low after optimizing the IBA system.

Load Dependent Series-Parallel Systems with Common Bus Performance Sharing Mechanism

A series-parallel system was proposed with common bus performance sharing in which the performance and failure rate of the element depended on the load it was carrying. In such a system,the surplus performance of a sub-system can be transmitted to other deficient sub-systems. The transmission capacity of the common bus performance sharing mechanism is a random variable. Effects of load on element performance and failure rate were considered in this paper. A reliability evaluation algorithm based on the universal generating function technique was suggested. Numerical experiments were conducted to illustrate the algorithm.

Integration Possibility of Urban Public Bus System and Cable Car in Maribor

Combination of a bus system and cable car system can reduce the overall congestion of traffic in urban areas, where surrounding hills or mountains hold larger settlements or tourist and recreational infrastructure. With this kind of integration number of individual car trips can be significantly reduced. In this paper, the authors present an analysis of the pilot project implementation, which was held in Maribor. The authors conducted a limited test trial of two means of transportation, combining them into a single operating transport offer for inhabitants and tourists. Combined transport option proved to be a good starting point for reduction of traffic and parking congestion during winter tourist season and beyond. Method used in the research, in order to gain actual potential of integrating two systems and improving public transport offer, was establishment and implementation of the pilot project in Maribor during January 2011. Data was gathered through interviews of two interest groups. The first covered the users who were brought to the foothills of Pohorje＇s ski center by bus. The second covered the cable car users that were traveling to the top of Pohorje. For a limited time period, a trial principle of a single ticket was established, which gave ski-pass holders free bus ride on bus line No. 6. With the aim of reducing CO2, test drives of hybrid bus and compressed natural gas bus were conducted alongside many promotional activities with which users were informed of importance of environmentally friendly mobility options.

Control system design of hybrid fuel cell city bus

This paper introduced the design of the hybrid powertrain of the Fuel Cell City Bus demonstrated in 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. The configuration of the hybrid fuel cell powertrain was introduced. The safety of hydrogen storage and delivery system, the hydrogen leakage alarm system were developed. The real-time distributed control and diagnosis system based on the Time Trigger Controller Area Network （TTCAN） with 10 ms basic control period was developed. The concept and implementation of processor （or controller） monitor and process （or task） monitor technique based on the TYCAN were applied in this paper. The fault tolerant control algorithm of the fuel cell engine and the battery man- agement system were considered. The demonstration experience verified that the fault tolerant control was very important for the fuel cell city bus.

Research on Car Reversing Warning System based on CAN Bus

The paper study the software and hardware principles of ultrasonic ranging reversing radar, design the vehicle reversing radar based on intelligent node of CAN bus, realize data communication and resource sharing with other intelligent nodes of the reversing radar. The experimental results show that, the design can achieve the expected technical indicators design, measurement precision and the reliability is high, which has certain guiding significance in the design of the car reversing radar, has wide application prospect and practical significance in the function of the extended CAN bus communication messages design and automotive CAN network.

The U.S. School Bus System:What Can China Learn?

The school bus system in the United States took its form in 1939 when Frank W. Cyr, from the New York-based Teachers College of Columbia University, organized a national standards conference for school transportation. Representatives of education and transportation depart- ments from all 48 states, together with school bus manufacturers, attended the 7-day meeting. They worked out 45 standards and rules concerning school bus safety, specifying in detail school bus length, roof height, aisle width, etc.

Windows and Fieldbus Based Software Computer Numerical Control System

Computer numerical control(CNC)system is the base of modern digital and intelligent manufacturing technolo- gy.And opened its architecture and constituted based on PC and Windows operating system(OS)is the main trend of CNC sys- tem.However,even if the highest system priority is used in user mode,real-time capability of Windows(2000,NT,XP)for applications is not guaranteed.By using a device driver,which is running in kernel mode,the real time performance of Windows can be enhanced greatly.The acknowledgment performance of Windows to peripheral interrupts was evaluated.Harmonized with an intelligent real-time serial communication bus(RTSB),strict real-time performance can be achieved in Windows platform. An opened architecture software CNC system which is hardware independence is proposed based on PC and RTSB.A numerical control real time kernel(NCRTK),which is implemented as a device driver on Windows,is used to perform the NC tasks.Tasks are divided into real-time and non real-time.Real-time task is running in kernel mode and non real-time task is running in user mode.Data are exchanged between kernel and user mode by DMA and Windows Messages.

A novel intrusion detection model for the CAN bus packet of in-vehicle network based on attention mechanism and autoencoder

The attacks on in-vehicle Controller Area Network(CAN)bus messages severely disrupt normal communication between vehicles.Therefore,researches on intrusion detection models for CAN have positive business value for vehicle security,and the intrusion detection technology for CAN bus messages can effectively protect the invehicle network from unlawful attacks.Previous machine learning-based models are unable to effectively identify intrusive abnormal messages due to their inherent shortcomings.Hence,to address the shortcomings of the previous machine learning-based intrusion detection technique,we propose a novel method using Attention Mechanism and AutoEncoder for Intrusion Detection(AMAEID).The AMAEID model first converts the raw hexadecimal message data into binary format to obtain better input.Then the AMAEID model encodes and decodes the binary message data using a multi-layer denoising autoencoder model to obtain a hidden feature representation that can represent the potential features behind the message data at a deeper level.Finally,the AMAEID model uses the attention mechanism and the fully connected layer network to infer whether the message is an abnormal message or not.The experimental results with three evaluation metrics on a real in-vehicle CAN bus message dataset outperform some traditional machine learning algorithms,demonstrating the effectiveness of the AMAEID model.

Effect of Welding Seam Spacing and Relative Bar Wall Thickness of Bus Framework on Joint’s Local Mechanical Property

Now the researches concerning integral bus mainly focused on design and analysis of overall mechanical property of bus body, and paid little attention to characteristic of local structures, such as joint, plug welding hole, and bolt connection point, etc. So there is much blindness on the design of local connecting structure. Since integral bus body structure cancels large section longitudinal beam, and uses framework made by welding small section bars together as principal part to bear the whole load when the vehicle works, there are many joints receiving high load in the body structure, and local stress concentration can not be avoided. Under such circumstances, by adopting beam-shell mixed model based on super element technique, and selecting a joint commonly used by bus sidewall, the rule of the effect of bar joint’s welding seam spacing on joint’s local mechanical property is investigated in this paper, and the investigating results show that joints have minimum stress concentration with welding seam spacing of 8 mm. To learn whether the above rule is affected by relative bar wall thickness, many groups of bars with different relative bar wall thicknesses are studied experimentally, and the experimental results show that the joints local stress levels vary with different relative bar wall thicknesses, but the rule of the effect of bar joint’s welding seam spacing on joint’s local stress level remains the same. The research is significant for local structure design of bus joint in the future.

Study and Analysis of Bus Arbitration Mechanism in PI-MPS Multiprocessor System

This paper presents the mechanism of the bus arbitration in PI-MPS multiprocessor sys-tem,describes encode approach,arbiter timing states and uniqueness of master modular ininterconnection bus,and measures and analyses latency of bus arbitration as well.