Bus passengers’anger scale and expression in anger-provoking situations

This paper investigates the scale and expression of passengers’anger arising from disputes between drivers and passengers,and between passengers,by surveying a sample of 757 undergraduate students.The bus passengers’anger scale and expression inventory(BPASX),a newly-designed questionnaire battery,is used to analyse the anger levels and resulting behaviour expression of passengers in 6-item anger-provoking situations.The analysis shows that a positive correlation exists between the frequency or duration of bus rides and anger levels/external anger expression,while self-adaptive expression is only correlated with frequency.Gender differs only in the violent external expression,where males display a greater preference.Meanwhile,the correlations of anger levels between anger-provoking situations are significantly positive.Moreover,anger expression patterns gradually shift from self-adaptation to external expression as anger levels grow in general,but the variation rules of expression frequency are different.Overall,this study provides a newly effective tool to explore characteristics of the anger expression of bus passengers in different anger-provoking scenarios and demonstrates its variation features when anger levels change.

Passenger emergency evacuation from bus carriage:Results from realistic data and modeling simulations

One of critical challenges in the development of pedestrian models is the lack of relevant data under emergency conditions.In this paper,we reveal several behavior characteristics of passenger emergency evacuation from a burning bus carriage,by observing and analyzing a video recording,attempting to close the gap between practical observation and theoretical modeling.The analysis results show that there are considerable differences between real emergency evacuation and experimental normal evacuation with respect to the cumulative flows,flows,and time gap distributions.Additionally,the behavior of falling-down,which contributes to the formation of movable obstacles,interrupts the continuity of the evacuation process.Then,we incorporate these behavioral characteristics into a microscopic pedestrian model with a fine lattice space representation.The simulation results indicate that the escape is slowed down by the falling behavior,as well as by the luggage-carrying behavior.