This paper calls attention to the demand resource market in Korea which opened in 2008 to reduce customers＇ consumption at critical times and, at the same time, secure the load that can be shut down. In Korea, the de...This paper calls attention to the demand resource market in Korea which opened in 2008 to reduce customers＇ consumption at critical times and, at the same time, secure the load that can be shut down. In Korea, the demand resource market is operated by either forward market or spot market. The discussion here is limited to the operations of the demand resource spot market. As the demand response program has matured in the smart grid environment, KPX （Korea Power Exchange） will shortly complete the development of the real-time demand resource trading system, taking into account an integrated dispatch system.展开更多
Marketing experts have debated for more than two decades about the effect of nationality and culture on marketing.However,most research on this issue was conducted in Western countries.An important question for market...Marketing experts have debated for more than two decades about the effect of nationality and culture on marketing.However,most research on this issue was conducted in Western countries.An important question for marketers in the international arena,therefore,is whether the consumer’s responses(i.e.,sentiment and behavioural aspects)toward the global marketing programs in developing countries depend on culture.In a research representing a large sample of consumers and four different home appliances country-of-origin global operators in Libya,we explore the potential role of culture on consumers’responses toward foreign marketing programs.Results indicate that although the foreign companies have a tendency to adopted standardisation perspective,this does not impact on consumers’responses in a single cultural context toward marketing.The findings reveal that buying behavior was more a function of individual difference than of national cultural context.Further,our results suggest that for mainstream home appliances,segmenting on the basis of nationality is probably unnecessary and that a standardized approach would likely be successful across an increasingly relevant Arab world;and that continuing perceptions of Arab insularity are likely to be misplaced.Faced with the effectiveness of globally efficient marketing programs,local manufacturers would need to work hard to identify particular niche segments where a culturally-specific appeal might be more successful.展开更多
In actual implementation of spectrum sharing systems, due to the selfishness of primary users, primary users often refuse the access of secondary users to their licensed spectrum bands even if the access of secondary ...In actual implementation of spectrum sharing systems, due to the selfishness of primary users, primary users often refuse the access of secondary users to their licensed spectrum bands even if the access of secondary users doesn＇t affect their transmission. Aimed at the selfishness problem of primary users, a seller＇s market trading mechanism is introduced which can not only stimulate primary users to tolerate larger interference power but also give the primary users an appropriate compensation at the same time, and which has very important practical significance. Based on the mechanism, the achievable maximal gross profit of secondary users and their optimal power allocation scheme in the Rayleigh fading environment are derived, and the interference price of primary users and the average revenue of secondary users＇ impact on them are also studied. Numerical calculation results are conducted to verify our theoretical results.展开更多
The power expansion planning is large and capital intensive capacity planning. In the past, the expansion planning was established with the proper supply reliability in order to minimize social cost. However, such pla...The power expansion planning is large and capital intensive capacity planning. In the past, the expansion planning was established with the proper supply reliability in order to minimize social cost. However, such planning cannot be used in the power markets with many market participants. This paper proposed the power expansion planning process in the power markets. This system is composed of Regulator and Generation Company （GENCO）＇s model. Multi-criteria decision making rule is used for regulator model and several scenarios for GENCO model are applied.展开更多
文摘This paper calls attention to the demand resource market in Korea which opened in 2008 to reduce customers＇ consumption at critical times and, at the same time, secure the load that can be shut down. In Korea, the demand resource market is operated by either forward market or spot market. The discussion here is limited to the operations of the demand resource spot market. As the demand response program has matured in the smart grid environment, KPX （Korea Power Exchange） will shortly complete the development of the real-time demand resource trading system, taking into account an integrated dispatch system.
文摘Marketing experts have debated for more than two decades about the effect of nationality and culture on marketing.However,most research on this issue was conducted in Western countries.An important question for marketers in the international arena,therefore,is whether the consumer’s responses(i.e.,sentiment and behavioural aspects)toward the global marketing programs in developing countries depend on culture.In a research representing a large sample of consumers and four different home appliances country-of-origin global operators in Libya,we explore the potential role of culture on consumers’responses toward foreign marketing programs.Results indicate that although the foreign companies have a tendency to adopted standardisation perspective,this does not impact on consumers’responses in a single cultural context toward marketing.The findings reveal that buying behavior was more a function of individual difference than of national cultural context.Further,our results suggest that for mainstream home appliances,segmenting on the basis of nationality is probably unnecessary and that a standardized approach would likely be successful across an increasingly relevant Arab world;and that continuing perceptions of Arab insularity are likely to be misplaced.Faced with the effectiveness of globally efficient marketing programs,local manufacturers would need to work hard to identify particular niche segments where a culturally-specific appeal might be more successful.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China （2007CB307104）, the National Natural Science Foundation of China （60973160）, and the Intematiortal Scientific and Technological Cooperation Program （No. $2010GR0902）.
文摘In actual implementation of spectrum sharing systems, due to the selfishness of primary users, primary users often refuse the access of secondary users to their licensed spectrum bands even if the access of secondary users doesn＇t affect their transmission. Aimed at the selfishness problem of primary users, a seller＇s market trading mechanism is introduced which can not only stimulate primary users to tolerate larger interference power but also give the primary users an appropriate compensation at the same time, and which has very important practical significance. Based on the mechanism, the achievable maximal gross profit of secondary users and their optimal power allocation scheme in the Rayleigh fading environment are derived, and the interference price of primary users and the average revenue of secondary users＇ impact on them are also studied. Numerical calculation results are conducted to verify our theoretical results.
文摘The power expansion planning is large and capital intensive capacity planning. In the past, the expansion planning was established with the proper supply reliability in order to minimize social cost. However, such planning cannot be used in the power markets with many market participants. This paper proposed the power expansion planning process in the power markets. This system is composed of Regulator and Generation Company （GENCO）＇s model. Multi-criteria decision making rule is used for regulator model and several scenarios for GENCO model are applied.
