Novel Fractal-Based Features for Low-Power Appliances in Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring

Non-intrusive load monitoring is a method that disaggregates the overall energy consumption of a building to estimate the electric power usage and operating status of each appliance individually.Prior studies have mostly concentrated on the identification of high-power appliances like HVAC systems while overlooking the existence of low-power appliances.Low-power consumer appliances have comparable power consumption patterns,which can complicate the detection task and can be mistaken as noise.This research tackles the problem of classification of low-power appliances and uses turn-on current transients to extract novel features and develop unique appliance signatures.A hybrid feature extraction method based on mono-fractal and multi-fractal analysis is proposed for identifying low-power appliances.Fractal dimension,Hurst exponent,multifractal spectrum and the Hölder exponents of switching current transient signals are extracted to develop various‘turn-on’appliance signatures for classification.Four classifiers,i.e.,deep neural network,support vector machine,decision trees,and K-nearest neighbours have been optimized using Bayesian optimization and trained using the extracted features.The simulated results showed that the proposed method consistently outperforms state-of-the-art feature extraction methods across all optimized classifiers,achieving an accuracy of up to 96%in classifying low-power appliances.

A Distributed Decision Mechanism for Controller Load Balancing Based on Switch Migration in SDN

Software Defined Networking(SDN) provides flexible network management by decoupling control plane from data plane. And multiple controllers are deployed to improve the scalability and reliability of the control plane, which could divide the network into several subdomains with separate controllers. However, such deployment introduces a new problem of controller load imbalance due to the dynamic traffic and the static configuration between switches and controllers. To address this issue, this paper proposes a Distribution Decision Mechanism(DDM) based on switch migration in the multiple subdomains SDN network. Firstly, through collecting network information, it constructs distributed migration decision fields based on the controller load condition. Then we choose the migrating switches according to the selection probability, and the target controllers are determined by integrating three network costs, including data collection, switch migration and controller state synchronization. Finally, we set the migrating countdown to achieve the ordered switch migration. Through verifying several evaluation indexes, results show that the proposed mechanism can achieve controller load balancing with better performance.

Design and Analysis of Transmitter Charge Switch Assembly Load on Weather Radar Test Platform

This paper provides a new method for designing the load of transmitters switch components on provincial radar test platform. Based on the calculation of the specific parameters related to the actual charge switch components, the load-related data model is obtained, the simulation is carried out, and the results are consistent with the actual test results. Through the theoretical numerical analysis of the load of the charging switch components of the transmitter device in the new generation of weather radar maintenance test platform, radar maintenance personnel at all levels can deepen the thorough understanding of the CINRAD/SA transmitter and have some enlightenment and improvement on the maintenance guarantee ability of the new generation of weather radar.

Research on Mechanism of Overcurrent and Overvoltage When Contactless Tap Changer Switch Regulates Voltage on Load

Analyzes the mechanism of overvoltage when contactless tap changer switch which is applied in distributing transformer converted directly.When the device convert the tap off,it employs the way that the SSR is switched on when voltage through zero and switched off when current through zero.But in the experiment we found that overvoltage will occur in the process of changing tap changer.The paper illustrates the mechanism of overvoltage in theory by analyzing the equivalent circuit and using analytic method of transition process.

A Novel Technique for Detection of Time Delay Switch Attack on Load Frequency Control

In this paper, we focus on the estimation of time delays caused by adversaries in the sensing loop (SL). Based on the literature review, time delay switch (TDS) attacks could make any control system, in particular a power control system, unstable. Therefore, future smart grids will have to use advanced methods to provide better situational awareness of power grid states keeping smart grids reliable and safe from TDS attacks. Here, we introduce a simple method for preventing time delay switch attack on networked control systems. The method relies on an estimator that will estimate and track time delays introduced by an adversary. Knowing the maximum tolerable time delay of the plant’s optimal controller for which the plant remains stable, a time-delay detector issues an alarm signal when the estimated time delay is larger than the minimum one and directs the system to alarm state. In an alarm state, the plant operates under the control of an emergency controller that is local to the plant and remains in this mode until the networked control system state is restored. This method is an inexpensive and simple way to guarantee that an industrial control system remains stable and secure.

Switching Control Method for Optimal State Feedback Controller of Nuclear Reactor Power System

Due to the nonlinearity of the reactor power system, the load tracking situation is closely related to the initial steady-state power and the final steady-state power after the introduction of the state feedback controller. Therefore, when the initial power and the final stable power are determined, the particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to find the optimal controller parameters to minimize the load tracking error. Since there are many combinations of initial stable power and final stable power, it is not possible to find the optimal controller parameters for all combinations, so the neural network is used to take the final stable power and the initial stable power as input, and the optimal controller parameters as the output. This method obtains the optimal state feedback controller switching control method can achieve a very excellent load tracking effect in the case of continuous power change, in the power change time point, the response is fast, in the controller parameter switching time point, the actual power does not fluctuate due to the change of controller parameters. .

双路电源的主动均流电路系统研究

广泛使用的低成本电源管理芯片或直流电源模块通常并未集成输出均流控制功能,因此不能直接并联输出使用。而使用特殊的电源管理芯片或是额外的均流控制电路会提高电源电路的复杂程度,造成电路成本的提高。针对此应用场景,提出了一种具有主动均流功能的双路电源开关,作为负载开关或电源多路复用器应用于电路之中,利用开关电流的方法均分输出电流,在几乎不增加电路成本的同时对两路电源进行均流。阐述了所提双路电源开关的工作原理与参数设计方法,并通过仿真与实验证明了所提方法的正确性与可行性。

分体分步式换流变有载分接开关研制

特高压直流换流变压器有载分接开关长期承载满负荷运行的方波电流,切换电流di/dt大,熄弧困难,并且动作频繁,基本被国外企业垄断。文中首先针对特高压换流变传统有载分接开关无任何直接有效的电气量监测保护的“黑盒”难题,以及故障极易引起换流变本体损坏,影响特高压直流工程可用率问题,提出了一种分体分步式有载分接开关拓扑,实现换流变有载分接开关核心部件分体布置以及分步闭环控制保护,并分析梳理了工程应用的电气应力;然后进行了切换开关、分接选择器和控制保护装置等关键核心部件的研制;最后搭建基于LC谐振法的切换试验系统,对所研制的分体分步式有载分接开关进行了切换试验、容量试验、温升试验以及绝缘试验。试验结果表明:所研制的分体分步式有载分接开关额定级电压4 kV,最大通过电流1600 A,切换开关外置,无油化设计,内部集成电气测量系统,切换过程能够实现分步操作控制和保护,避免故障扩大化,满足±800 kV/5000 A特高压直流输电换流变压器的工程应用需求。

适配变压器全档位切换暂态分析的有载分接开关电路模型构建

有载分接开关(on-loadtap-changer,OLTC)是换流变压器的核心组件,其可靠切换过程关乎换流变的安全。然而目前国内在运特高压换流变用OLTC完全依赖进口,仿真获取OLTC不同运行状态的暂态特性数据是支撑OLTC关键电气参数设计与国产化制造的基础。经典的OLTC模型仅改变变压器变比或仅模拟单级档位切换过程,难以满足全档位电压调整与各级档位暂态特性数据同步获取的需求,导致OLTC设计优化、参数选型及故障分析缺乏足够的仿真数据支持。该文首先以真空OLTC为研究对象建立切换开关和极性开关等效电路模型,根据OLTC复杂的调压功能建立分层控制系统。其次,在PSCAD中搭建交流仿真系统,获取有载调压过程的暂态特性数据波形,与解析计算得到的电压和电流相比误差小于0.2%,证明该模型满足OLTC电磁暂态仿真研究的精度要求。最后,开展循环调压仿真,获得负载电压数据与波形。结果表明:该文提出的OLTC模型能够接收外部控制信号,进行全档位调压与极性转换仿真分析,能够为OLTC的调压研究、故障溯源分析和过渡电阻设计选型等提供基础模型。

考虑柔性负荷整形的含源配电线路升级与开关配置综合优化

针对高比例分布式光伏接入造成配电线路重过载的问题,提出一种基于时序互补线路互联和柔性负荷整形的配电线路升级与开关配置综合优化方法。考虑柔性负荷功率调节意愿、线路负载率与功率反送约束,提出柔性负荷整形潜力和线路分段整形需求计算方法。以此为基础,建立了考虑柔性负荷整形的含源配电线路升级与开关配置综合优化双层模型。其中,上层模型以配电线路年规划成本最低、线路段净负荷功率和柔性资源均衡为目标进行线路选型和开关配置,下层模型以线路年运行成本最低为目标进行网络重构和负荷曲线整形,通过上、下层模型交互迭代获得互联线路改造优化方案。上、下层模型分别采用非支配排序遗传算法、二阶锥与大M法进行求解。算例仿真结果表明,所提方法可以提高互联线路资产利用率、规划方案的经济性和可靠性,对互联线路进行柔性负荷整形有利于突破线路负载率50%的限制。

变化负载下全桥LLC谐振变换器参数优化设计

LLC谐振变换器在软开关特性方面有一定的局限性。针对可变负载条件下LLC谐振变换器软开关特性不稳定的问题,本文结合ZVS/ZCS边界推导了软开关约束条件,提出一套基于全桥LLC谐振变换器变化负载下参数优化设计方法,以提高系统的稳定性和效率。方案不仅考虑谐振电感、电容和变压器的参数优化,还充分考虑负载变化对软开关行为的影响。文中介绍了全桥LLC谐振变换器的工作原理,并对电压增益与谐振网络阻抗特性进行较为细致的分析。根据上述设计方案搭建了一台500 W的车载充电机试验样机,在实验室条件下对样机进行测试,结果表明试验样机整机在参数优化后效率有所提升,最高效率可达96.36%。

平板触头小开距高电流密度下真空电弧特性的实验研究

平板触头被广泛应用于真空触发开关和真空有载分接开关中,为研究其在高电流密度下的真空电弧特性及阳极模式的转变,该文针对直径15、20mm的平板触头,在3、6mm开距下进行触发燃弧实验,并依次对电弧电压特性、电弧能量特性、电弧形貌、触头烧蚀情况进行分析研究。结果表明:峰值电流一定时,随着触头直径与开距的比值的增大,电弧电压和电弧能量减小。触头直径与开距的比值越小,电弧出现阳极模式的阈值电流越小,且触头烧蚀越严重。在开距6mm时,直径15mm触头电弧电压在大部分时间比较稳定,阳极羽流在电弧快熄灭之前出现,而直径20mm触头电弧电压在整个燃弧期间频繁波动,电弧模式不断变化,阳极羽流在整个燃弧期间都有出现。研究结果对于大电流真空开断具有理论指导意义。

多工况下的液驱多维力加载装置主轴速度控制

不同工况引起加载力之间的耦合效应降低了速度控制效果,为了更加精准控制不同工况下的主轴速度,提出一种多工况下的液驱多维力加载装置主轴速度控制方法。计算多工况下的液驱多维力加载装置主轴速度,以此作为控制器设计输入。在多种工况下,将液驱多维力加载装置主轴输入和输出速度之间的差值作为输入信号,通过模糊推理算法改进经典PID控制器,通过模糊检测调整改进后的控制器组建模糊自适应PID控制器,实现速度自适应控制。通过实验测试证明,所提方法可以精准地完成液驱多维力加载装置主轴速度控制,受工况影响较小。

一种应用于探测的可预测电流模式FSBB电路

探测器的能源供给离不开DC-DC变换器,先进的控制方法能提高工作效率。预测电流模式控制相比于传统的PI控制具有动态响应快、易于进行过流保护等优点,因此被广泛应用到电力电子控制领域。由于控制回路的问题,不能通过计算开环增益的方式对负载波动与输出电压变化的闭环传递函数进行有效地设计。因此,提出了一种在不加前馈控制的情况下,基于预测电流模式控制四开关Buck-Boost(four-switch Buck-Boost,FSBB)变换器补偿器的设计方案,该方法能提升负载动态响应,通过实验数据,证明了该方法的有效性。

面向多模态网络的SDN交换机流量调度方法

多模态网络需要识别和解析多种新型模态流量,以实现面向流表的定制化调度。SDN交换机的数据包调度能力决定整个系统的负载分配,对于系统性能起着至关重要的作用。通常情况下采用网卡提供的分流策略将数据包分发至不同的CPU核,但网卡分流策略仅适用于支持的数据包类型,难以满足多种新型模态流量的解析需求。针对上述问题,本文提出一种用于多核SDN交换机的支持预分类和适配分流策略加载的流量分发调度方法。通过协议无关的预分类确定模态所属的流水线集合,同时支持为不同模态加载适配分流策略,将模态流量均衡调度至对应流水线。在基于DPDK的POF交换机中实现了本文提出的调度方法,实验结果表明,相比原生POF交换机,新方法在处理多模态流量时提升约1.54倍的系统吞吐性能,并有效地降低了时延。

基于改进动态时间规整的直流电动机驱动负荷开关卡涩故障辨识

负荷开关在动作过程中可能会发生卡涩现象,其储能电动机电流形态能有效反映开关的机械状态。因此,本文提出一种基于改进动态时间规整(IDTW)的负荷开关卡涩故障检测方法。首先,利用滑动均值滤波实时处理电动机电流信号,滤除干扰信号。其次,制定动作电流的录波启动和停止判据,以确保记录完整的电动机动作电流。随后,通过距离公式调整、算法加速和存储空间优化对动态时间规整(DTW)进行改进。以开关正常状态的电流信号为标准波形,利用IDTW计算对比波形与标准波形的标准化距离,并制定边界阈值实现对开关状态的辨识。最后,设计一套在线诊断终端,实现所提算法的工程化。实验结果表明,所提方法具有较强的适应性,对两种型号的负荷开关均能实现正确录波,辨识准确率分别达到99%和99.37%,所设计的在线诊断终端能够在较短时间内完成对负荷开关卡涩状态的辨识。

一种基于电机电流的高压断路器与负荷开关弹簧操作机构故障诊断算法

为实现高压断路器与负荷开关的故障诊断,提高设备安全可靠性,有必要深入研究电机电流特性与高压断路器、负荷开关的弹簧操作机构状态之间的关系。由于传统BP神经网络存在易陷入局部最小点及网络收敛速度慢等缺陷,采用遗传算法对于BP神经网络进行优化可以提高判断准确率及诊断效率。诊断结果表明,GA-BP算法可以根据断路器、负荷开关电机电流数据快速准确判断设备所处的运行状态,且精确度高,对于工程实际具有广泛应用前景。

花瓣型配电网区域备自投系统控制策略优化研究及应用

针对花瓣型配电网发生故障后,若故障无法被保护可靠隔离时会导致区域备自投系统无法实现“花瓣”恢复供电的问题,基于控制策略对等式的思想,提出一种新型区域备自投系统控制策略。新型控制策略主动进行故障隔离并通过相邻开关房的信息交互,实现“花瓣”的恢复供电及恢复供电后线路过载时各开关房中负荷的智能选切功能,通过信息交互也确保了安全稳定系统切负荷功能的有效性;同时提出了经主保护闭锁的后备保护,解决了“花瓣”内合环运行时后备保护定值整定配合困难和工作量大的技术问题。现场应用结果验证了新型控制策略的有效性,对其他配电网区域备自投系统控制策略的研究具有一定的借鉴意义。

基于耦合负压原理的10kV直流负荷开关设计

为满足柔性直流配电系统负荷电流频繁投切对开关操作寿命的高要求,解决直接采用直流断路器方案成本高、体积大的难题,文中研究了一种基于耦合负压原理的直流负荷开关方案。首先对其拓扑和工作原理进行了介绍,然后设计了基于双动结构和电磁斥力机构的主支路快速机械开关、基于耦合负压装置的换流单元和采用反串联拓扑的电力电子开关阀单元,最后,根据苏州某换流站工程需求,研制出10 kV耦合负压型直流负荷开关样机并进行试验验证。结果表明:所研制的10 kV直流负荷开关可在3 ms内开断额定电流和最大开断电流,且能连续动作,体积为目前国内同等参数最小,并具有低损耗、高机械寿命和高可靠性的优点,完全满足工程要求,同时为后续直流负荷开关产品的开发提供了参考。

变电站直流开关电源负载功率控制系统设计

在变电站直流开关电源负载功率控制过程中,易受到外界干扰,出现电压、电流幅值振荡的现象,影响负载功率控制效果。为此,设计了变电站直流开关电源负载功率控制系统。采用电压、电流传感器,限制系统运行功耗,利用负载功率PLC控制器,结合PC机控制面板,完成接触机的连续合闸和分闸。使用恒功率负载Buck变换器,控制转换管状态。分析逆变器相位操作过程中的开关状态,计算输出电流值,处理每个采样时刻重复数据,构建电压、电流控制方程,设定电感、电容约束条件,实现负载功率有效控制。测试结果表明,该系统额定电压、电流幅值与实际波动幅值存在较小误差,仿真波形与实际波形基本一致,具有较好的控制效果。