Corn is a high starchy cereal crop with the highest production and provides over 85%of the starch produced worldwide.Various by-products,differentiated by technological process features such as steep liquor,corn germ,...Corn is a high starchy cereal crop with the highest production and provides over 85%of the starch produced worldwide.Various by-products,differentiated by technological process features such as steep liquor,corn germ,corn bran,gluten,are created largely during corn starch processing.They are inexpensive,nutrient-rich,and vary widely in chemical composition such as proteins,oils,carbohydrates,and minerals.In an increasingly resource-constrained modern world,the utilization approach of these by-products for non-starch industrial processing is attractive widely considering both nutritive value and economic aspects.In fact,at present,applications of these by-products can often be found in feed,fermentation,nutrient extraction and other industries.For example,protein-rich corn gluten can be used as a good animal feed,and corn germ can be used as a raw material for the high-quality edible oil industry.Undoubtedly,increasing utilization means that these by-products will no longer be treated as waste but will be transformed into high value-added products.In this work,the separation process and chemical composition of several main by-products of the corn starch industry is briefly described,and the application in many industrial fields of these by-products over the last ten years are discussed in particular.This review attempts to summarize all aspects of the application and research of these by-products.For the by-products of the corn starch industry,the most promising way is to be utilized in high value and used to produce high value-added products.According to the characteristics of their chemical composition,they have a better application prospect and research significance in the industries directly related to human beings,such as medicine,green food and health care products.In fact,in recent years,some researchers have recognized this and carried out the research.It is clear fromthese studies that the main issues to be faced nowand in the future are how to produce efficiently while maintaining the quality of the product and using it effectively.The retrospective discussions also provide some ideas for other grain and oilseed crops to be fully utilized.展开更多
研究多元化种植模式下,不同前茬秸秆还田与水氮管理对水稻产量形成、干物质积累分配及氮素吸收利用的影响。2018—2019年以杂交稻F优498为材料,采用三因素裂裂区设计,主区设置油菜-水稻(Py)、小麦-水稻(Px)、青菜-水稻(Pq)3种种植模式...研究多元化种植模式下,不同前茬秸秆还田与水氮管理对水稻产量形成、干物质积累分配及氮素吸收利用的影响。2018—2019年以杂交稻F优498为材料,采用三因素裂裂区设计,主区设置油菜-水稻(Py)、小麦-水稻(Px)、青菜-水稻(Pq)3种种植模式秸秆还田,裂区设置常规淹水灌溉(W_(0))和干湿交替灌溉(W_(1))2种水分管理方式,裂裂区设置不施氮处理(N_(0))、常规施氮处理(N_(1))、精量减氮处理(N_(2))3个施氮水平,分析测定了拔节期、齐穗期和成熟期不同处理下秸秆还田的腐解率、氮素释放率、水稻各器官的干物质积累分配、植株氮素吸收利用以及籽粒产量。结果表明,Py的平均产量分别较Px、Pq增加2.55%、13.99%,主要原因是其有效穗数和千粒重较高;Py可促进各营养器官干物质和氮素积累,有利于干物质分配、提高茎鞘氮素贡献率和氮肥利用率,Py各时期的平均干物质积累总量、氮素积累总量分别比Px和Pq增加5.25%、7.48%和14.60%、17.30%,Py的氮肥偏生产力较Pq显著增加24.90%,但Py的秸秆腐解率和氮素释放率较低。3种模式下W1处理的水稻产量分别比W0处理增加5.10%(Py)、1.76%(Px)和4.80%(Pq),W1处理可促进秸秆腐解和氮素释放,促进干物质积累和氮素吸收转运,有利于Py和Px模式下的干物质分配,进而提高氮肥利用率。同一秸秆还田和水分管理下,N2处理可促进秸秆腐解和氮素释放,有利于干物质分配和氮素转运,提高了齐穗期、成熟期茎鞘和叶片氮素积累量,进而提高氮肥利用率,N2处理的产量、干物质积累量较N1处理略有下降,但二者差异不显著。综合考虑分析,油-稻种植模式下,油菜秸秆还田配合干湿交替灌溉与精量减氮(120 kg hm^(-2))有利于干物质积累分配、氮素吸收转运,进而提高氮肥农学利用率、氮肥偏生产力,并可节约20%氮肥投入,实现水稻稳产高效生产。展开更多
基金The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the Doctor Research Fund of Henan University of Technology(2020BS009)Science,Technology and Innovation in the Soybean and its Alternative Crops Chain(SQ2019YFD100114).
文摘Corn is a high starchy cereal crop with the highest production and provides over 85%of the starch produced worldwide.Various by-products,differentiated by technological process features such as steep liquor,corn germ,corn bran,gluten,are created largely during corn starch processing.They are inexpensive,nutrient-rich,and vary widely in chemical composition such as proteins,oils,carbohydrates,and minerals.In an increasingly resource-constrained modern world,the utilization approach of these by-products for non-starch industrial processing is attractive widely considering both nutritive value and economic aspects.In fact,at present,applications of these by-products can often be found in feed,fermentation,nutrient extraction and other industries.For example,protein-rich corn gluten can be used as a good animal feed,and corn germ can be used as a raw material for the high-quality edible oil industry.Undoubtedly,increasing utilization means that these by-products will no longer be treated as waste but will be transformed into high value-added products.In this work,the separation process and chemical composition of several main by-products of the corn starch industry is briefly described,and the application in many industrial fields of these by-products over the last ten years are discussed in particular.This review attempts to summarize all aspects of the application and research of these by-products.For the by-products of the corn starch industry,the most promising way is to be utilized in high value and used to produce high value-added products.According to the characteristics of their chemical composition,they have a better application prospect and research significance in the industries directly related to human beings,such as medicine,green food and health care products.In fact,in recent years,some researchers have recognized this and carried out the research.It is clear fromthese studies that the main issues to be faced nowand in the future are how to produce efficiently while maintaining the quality of the product and using it effectively.The retrospective discussions also provide some ideas for other grain and oilseed crops to be fully utilized.
文摘研究多元化种植模式下,不同前茬秸秆还田与水氮管理对水稻产量形成、干物质积累分配及氮素吸收利用的影响。2018—2019年以杂交稻F优498为材料,采用三因素裂裂区设计,主区设置油菜-水稻(Py)、小麦-水稻(Px)、青菜-水稻(Pq)3种种植模式秸秆还田,裂区设置常规淹水灌溉(W_(0))和干湿交替灌溉(W_(1))2种水分管理方式,裂裂区设置不施氮处理(N_(0))、常规施氮处理(N_(1))、精量减氮处理(N_(2))3个施氮水平,分析测定了拔节期、齐穗期和成熟期不同处理下秸秆还田的腐解率、氮素释放率、水稻各器官的干物质积累分配、植株氮素吸收利用以及籽粒产量。结果表明,Py的平均产量分别较Px、Pq增加2.55%、13.99%,主要原因是其有效穗数和千粒重较高;Py可促进各营养器官干物质和氮素积累,有利于干物质分配、提高茎鞘氮素贡献率和氮肥利用率,Py各时期的平均干物质积累总量、氮素积累总量分别比Px和Pq增加5.25%、7.48%和14.60%、17.30%,Py的氮肥偏生产力较Pq显著增加24.90%,但Py的秸秆腐解率和氮素释放率较低。3种模式下W1处理的水稻产量分别比W0处理增加5.10%(Py)、1.76%(Px)和4.80%(Pq),W1处理可促进秸秆腐解和氮素释放,促进干物质积累和氮素吸收转运,有利于Py和Px模式下的干物质分配,进而提高氮肥利用率。同一秸秆还田和水分管理下,N2处理可促进秸秆腐解和氮素释放,有利于干物质分配和氮素转运,提高了齐穗期、成熟期茎鞘和叶片氮素积累量,进而提高氮肥利用率,N2处理的产量、干物质积累量较N1处理略有下降,但二者差异不显著。综合考虑分析,油-稻种植模式下,油菜秸秆还田配合干湿交替灌溉与精量减氮(120 kg hm^(-2))有利于干物质积累分配、氮素吸收转运,进而提高氮肥农学利用率、氮肥偏生产力,并可节约20%氮肥投入,实现水稻稳产高效生产。
