Canine Myofascial Kinetic Lines: A Descriptive Dissection Study Including Related Function and Locomotion and Comparison of the Human and Equine Myofascial Kinetic Lines

Aim: This dissection study was conducted to verify if the Myofascial kinetic lines, outlined in detail in humans and recently documented in horses, were present in dogs. These dynamic lines present rows of interconnected muscles, myofascia and other fascia structures, which influence the biomechanics of the spine and limbs. Methods: Forty-two dogs of different breeds and genders were dissected, imaged, and videoed. Results: Similar kinetic lines were verified in the dog, as described in humans and horses, and additionally, three new branches of the lines were discovered. The kinetic lines described were three superficial lines: Dorsal, Ventral, and Lateral, which all started in the hindlimb and ended in the temporal and occipital regions. These lines act respectively in spinal extension, flexion, and lateral flexion. Three profound lines, which started in the tail and ended in the head. The Deep Dorsal Line followed the transversospinal myofascia. The Deep Ventral Line showed an additional start deep in the medial hind limb, continued in the hypaxial myofascia, and enveloped all the viscera. Also, the Deep Lateral Line started in the hindlimb but parted along the trunk in the deep lateral myofascial structures. Two helical lines crossed the midline two or three times and served to rotate the spine. The Functional Line established a sling from the axilla to the contralateral stifle and presented a new ipsilateral branch. The Spiral Line connected the head and the ipsilateral tarsus and additionally presented a new straight branch. The four front limb lines describe their motion: the Front Limb Protraction and Retraction, Adduction, and Abduction Lines. Conclusion: The canine lines mirrored the equine and human lines with exceptions due to differences in anatomy, foot posture, lumbosacral flexibility, and their biomechanical constitution as predator versus prey animals. Additionally, three new canine branches were verified and described.

河北阳原山神庙咀早更新世直隶狼(Canis chihliensis)新材料(英文)

于2006—2011期间的4次野外发掘中,在泥河湾盆地的山神庙咀遗址发现了大量犬科化石,材料包括残破颅骨、前颌骨、上颌骨、若干下颌骨及头后骨骼的主要部件,其中的头后骨骼是迄今在中国发现的早期犬属化石中最为完整的。依据有关形态特征和测量数据,将其归入直隶狼(Canis chihliensis)。具体特征如下:体形较大,I3强大,P4窄长,原尖发育,M1前后向变扁并具宽阔的齿带状次尖,m1具下后尖和下内尖,相对其M1大小而言,上、下第二臼齿较大,m2下跟座宽阔等。其头部骨骼及牙齿测量数据与现代灰狼的较为接近,但头后骨骼数据较后者明显为小。该种的最大特征是其下臼齿舌侧齿尖的退化和P4窄长及M1前后方向变扁。但山神庙咀犬属材料的m1舌侧齿尖的发育程度变异较大,因此,仅仅依据m1的特征不足以区分直隶狼和拟豺(Xenocyon dubius (=Cuon dubius)), 尽管后者的鉴定与分类问题尚存争议,但直隶狼与被归入拟豺的材料有更多相似之处,它们与非洲野犬(Lycaon pictus)差异很大。山神庙咀遗址化石层与邻近的小长梁遗址文化层时代相当或稍晚,大约为1.3 Ma。

Retrospective Study of clinical and hematological aspects associated with dogs naturally infected by Hepatozoon canis in Ludhiana,Punjab,India

Objective:To evaluate clinical and hematological aspects of dogs naturally infected with Hepatozoon canis(H.canis)presented at the Small Animal Clinics of Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University,Ludhiana.Methods:Blood films of 34 naturally infected dogs were examined for haematological alterations and parasitaemia.Signalment and clinical signs were recorded from the animals.Clinical histories were filled oul during the consultation.Results:Of the 34 positive dogs by Giemsa stained peripheral blood films.88.23%presented parasilaemia by H.canis only,while 11.77%had the combination of H.canis,Babesia sp.and Ehrlichia sp.Young male dogs less than oue-year-old,of nondescript breed,were the most commonly affected.And 26.47%were presented with anorexia/inappetence as the only clinical symptom.Other clinical symptoms were mild to moderate fever,pale mucosae and lethargy;a few were also showing the signs of vomiting and diarrhoea.Haematological alterations showed mainly normochromic-normocytic anaemia,leukocytosis and neutrophilia.Conclusions:The findings of this study substantiate that H.canis caused clinical and haematological alterations of the varied intensity in dogs,even with low parasilaemia.should he taken into consideration.

貉(Nyctereutes procyonoides)和狼(Canis lupus)毛发的红外光谱研究

【目的】了解貉和狼毛发的红外光谱特征。【方法】使用红外光谱对貉的绒毛和针毛、针毛的不同部位进行分析，并对貉和狼针毛的红外光谱进行了比较。【结果】结果表明，貉的绒毛和针毛都反映出该物种毛发的特征性成分，均可作为貉毛发识别的研究对象；貉的毛发中部图谱更能反映出毛发的物种特征，可作为有效的红外光谱检测部位；貉和狼针毛的红外图谱及其二阶导数谱能反映出二者的亲缘关系，也具有明显的种间差异，如655～685cm-。和640～624cm。范围内两种动物的峰形和出峰位置均有较大差异；貉的二阶导数谱在795cm。位置有一个典型特征性吸收峰，在706～769cm。波数范围内有7个较尖锐的单峰峰强依次减小，而狼的8个单峰的峰强变化较大。【结论】红外光谱分析方法可以应用于动物毛发的检测分析，二阶导数谱可更好地反映种问差异，在毛发的研究领域有广阔的应用前景。

Inhibition of <i>Ehrlichia canis</i>and <i>Babesia canis</i>transmission among ticks fed together on dogs vaccinated with Bm86 antigen

GAVAC (Heber Biotec S.A, Havana, Cuba) is a commercially available vaccine developed with the Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus Bm86 recombinant antigen. Bm86 is a “concealed” antigen that is present in the plasmatic membrane of tick gut epithelial cells with unknown function so far. It is well known that after vaccination in the last fifteen years in Cuba, there was a significant decrease of babesiosis (Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina) and anaplasmosis (Anaplasma marginale) in cattle. A reduced transmission capacity of ticks fed on tick-immune animals and humans has been reported for several tick-borne pathogens. Recent experiments have demonstrated that an anti-tick vaccine may contribute to the control of tick-borne pathogens not only by decreasing the exposure of susceptible hosts to ticks, but also by reducing the vector capacity of ticks. In this study, the potential of Bm86 vaccination to interfere with pathogen transmission among ticks was evaluated by using as experimental model the brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus and the tickborne Babesia canis and Ehrlichia canis pathogens. Dogs, vaccinated and not vaccinated, were infested with pathogen-infected ticks and noninfected nymphs of R. sanguineus. After feeding, the pathogen transmission to newly molted adults from co-feeding uninfected nymphs was studied by conventional PCR and qPCR. Results suggest that the anti-Bm86 antibodies could be able to block the transmission of B. canis and/or E. canis from infected to non-infected ticks.

Molecular detection of <i>Ehrlichia canis</i>in ticks population collected on dogs in Meshkin-Shahr, Ardebil Province, Iran

Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis is a disease which can cause death in dogs and cats by the Ehrlichia canis and transmitted by hard ticks. The main vector is Rhipicephalus sanguineus which is a common tick in Iran and common ectoparasite on dogs. Few researches has been done to show Ehrlichiosis situation in dog’s ticks. Animal husbandry in Meshkin-Shahr County from Ardebil province (North-West Iran) is the main job of people. Specimens were collected on dogs’ ears, neck, shoulder and toes and they were transferred to the Entomology Laboratory, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. After DNA extraction, Ehrlichia agent was detected by nested-PCR, 16 s rRNA amplification. Determination of sequence homologies have been done in Gen-Bank. 146 ticks were identified which included 29.44% female and 47.94% male. Rhipicephalus sanguineus were the most prevalent ticks. Ehrlichia spp and Anaplasma spp were found in 43.84% of all the specimens containing Anaplasma ovis, and Ehrlichia sp. and Herlichia canis. Rhipicephalus sanguineus is widely spread and the most common ticks on dogs. As far as we know, this is the first report of E. canis in vector from Iran. Nested PCR showed that hard ticks can contain Anaplasma ovis, Ehrlichia spp and E. canis. These results warrant studying on vector competence of ticks for the Ehrlichiosis agents.

Arginine kinase in Toxocara canis:Exon-intron organization,functional analysis of site-directed mutants and evaluation of putative enzyme inhibitors

Objective: To determine exon/intron organization of the Toxocara canis(T. canis) AK(TCAK) and to test green and black tea and several other chemicals against the activity of recombinant TCAK in the guanidino-specific region by site-directed mutants. Methods: Amplification of genomic DNA fragments containing introns was carried out by PCRs. The open-reading frame(1 200 bp) of TCAK(wild type) was cloned into the BamH 1/SalI site of pM AL-c2X. The maltose-binding protein-TCAK fusion protein was expressed in Escherichia coli TB1 cells. The purity of the expressed enzyme was verified by SDS-PAGE. Mutations were introduced into the guanidino-specific region and other areas of pM AL/TCAK by PCR. Enzyme activity was measured with an NADH-linked assay at 25℃ for the forward reaction(phosphagen synthesis). Results: Arginine kinase in T. canis has a seven-exon/six-intron gene structure. The lengths of the introns ranged from 542 bp to 2 500 bp. All introns begin with gt and end with ag. Furthermore, we measured the enzyme activity of site-directed mutants of the recombinant TCAK. The K_m value of the mutant(Alanine to Serine) decreased indicating a higher affinity for substrate arginine than the wild-type. The K_m value of the mutant(Serine to Glycine) increased to 0.19 mM. The Km value(0.19 mM) of the double mutant(Alanine-Serine to Serine-Glycine) was slightly greater than in the wild-type(0.12 mM). In addition, several other chemicals were tested; including plant extract Azadiracta indica(A. indica), an aminoglycoside antibiotic(aminosidine), a citrus flavonoid glycoside(rutin) and a commercially available catechin mixture against TCAK. Green and black tea(1:10 dilution) produced 15% and 25% inhibition of TCAK, respectively. The extract of A. indica produced 5% inhibition of TCAK. Moreover, green and black tea produced a non-competitive type of inhibition and A. indica produced a mixed-type of inhibition on TCAK. Conclusions: Arginine kinase in T. canis has a seven-exon/six-intron gene structure. However, further studies are needed to identify a specific compound within the extract causing the inhibitory effect and also to determine the molecular mechanisms behind inhibition of arginine kinase in T. canis.

Immunochemical characterization of antigens of Brucella canis and their use in seroprevalence study of canine brucellosis

Objective:To explore immunochemical characterization of antigens of Brucella canis(B. canis),and the use in seroprevalence study of canine brucellosis.Methods:External hot phosphate buffer saline extract(HPBSE) and internal sonicated(SA) antigens were prepared from B.canis strain MEX 51 and imniunochemically characterized.These antigens were used to test 527 serum samples of dogs by 2-mercaptoethanol-tubc agglutination test(2 ME-TAT), agar gel immunodiffusion test(AGID).dot-ELISA and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(I-ELISA) to assess the seroprevalence of canine brucellosis.Results:The protein content of HPBSE and SA antigens was 0.387 mg/ml.and 0.195 mg/mL,respectively,whereas carbohydrate content was 0.174 mg/mL and 0.150 mg/mL,respectively.The sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(12.5%) of HPBSE and SA,revealed 6 and 8 visible peptide bands ranging from 18-80 kDa and 12-45 kDa,respectively.Western blot analysis showed immunodominant bands of MW 12.28.39 and 45 kl)a for HPBSE and 20-24 kl)a for SA. The AGII) revealed HPBSE as more specific antigen than SA but both I-ELISA and dot-ELISA indicated SA antigen to be more specific and reliable than HPBSE.The seroprevalence of canine brucellosis was 2.27%by 2ME-TAT.1.5%by AGID.3.03%by dot-ELISA and 16.12%by I-ELISA. Conclusions:On the basis of the results of present study,we concluded that HPBSE is suitable antigen for AGID,which is more specific:whereas SA antigen is suitable for I-ELISA,which is highly sensitive.Therefore,initial screening of serum samples should be carried out by I-ELISA followed by confirmation with AGID.

Factors Determining Coyote (<i>Canis latrans</i>) Diets

Although studies have documented the potential for coyote (Canis latrans) food use to negatively affect wildlife populations and domesticated animals, they are often equivocal, possibly because most are of small spatial extent, and little is known of factors determining coyote diets. Our objectives were to quantify the diet and identify factors determining coyote food use, particularly game species and livestock, over a large spatial and temporal extent. Contents of gastrointestinal tracts were identified from 263 coyotes opportunistically obtained from hunters, trappers, and as road-kills throughout Florida, 2011-2015. We employed logistic regression in an information-theoretic framework to understand determinants of coyote food use. Coyotes were opportunistic and omnivorous foragers with a diverse diet of vegetation, insects, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and more than 25 species of mammals (including important game species and livestock). They commonly consumed 11 food items (Virginia opossum [Didelphis virginiana], non-mast vegetation, feral hog [Sus scrofa], northern raccoon [Procyon lotor], insects, rabbits (Sylvilagus spp.), skunks [Mephitis mephitis and Spilogale putorius], white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), mast, birds, and cows [Bos taurus]). Food use was determined by coyote age, sex, and body mass, season of the year, deer hunting and fawning seasons, livestock calving season, and coyote collection method and location/region. As coyotes expand their range and numbers, conservationists may find it useful to understand how this opportunistic and adaptable predator uses available food sources to reduce conflict across the landscape.

犬蛔虫（Toxocaracanis）对感染鼠的细胞免疫和IL－1、IL－2免疫调节作用的影响

应用犬蛔虫（Ｔ．ｃａｒｎｉｓ）的感染性虫卵口饲感染Ｃ３Ｈ／ＨｅＮ鼠，体外培养后观察脾细胞的免疫学变化。感染第１－４周的脾细胞用ＣｏｎＡ刺激，Ｔ细胞的增殖反应，ＩＬ－２的诱生均明显地受到抑制，而且感染鼠脾细胞抑制了正常鼠脾细胞对ＣｏｎＡ的反应。感染鼠的脾细胞经ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－１０过柱后，Ｔ细胞则不显示被抑制作用。表明影响Ｔ细胞被抑制作用的是感染鼠的巨噬细胞。相反，感染第１－４周的鼠所产生的ＩｇＧ和ＩｇＭ等抗体的Ｂ细胞活性增强；用ＬＰＳ刺激巨噬细胞诱生的白介素（ＩＬ）ＩＬ－１也增多。

Antidermatophytic Activity of Essential Oils against Locally Isolated <i>Microsporum canis</i>—Gaza Strip

There is a need for new antimicrobial drugs due to the continuous development of resistance. Natural antimicrobials are of utmost importance due to safety issue and availability. The antifungal activity of four essential oils (Mentha piperta, Thymus vulgaris, Cymbopogon citratus, and Oreganum majoranum oils) against locally isolated Microsporum canis was determined by disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration was determined using broth dilution method. Mentha piperta oil showed the highest antifungal activity among tested oils in this study. The total inhibition attached when 0.046% was used with M. piperta, the total inhibition obtained with the 0.133% of C. citratus oil, which is accounted as the second essential oils, also T. vulgaris and O. majoranum oils achieved reductions at 0.133%. The present work has revealed that all oils have been used in low concentrations and produced promising results in comparison to the positive control (Clotrimazole).

Characterization of insect-fauna of the free-ranging urban dog, Canis domesticus (L.) carcass in tropical region of Pakistan: A tool for forensic entomology

As the authors’ request, the following paper published in Vol.1, No.2, 29-37, 2013 has been withdrawn from the website.

Effect of Milbemycin oxime on Toxocara canis Eggs and Larvae

Toxocara canis(T.canis)is one of the most important zoonotic parasites of dogs.The aim of the present study was to perform an in vitro analysis of the effect of Milbemycin oxime on T.canis eggs following exposure to a concentration gradient of the drug and to determine the inflammatory reaction produced by the infective T.canis larvae in mice.The present study was undertaken using the model nematode,T.canis,to investigate the effect of Milbemycin oxime on T.canis eggs and larvae.T.canis eggs were exposed to a concentration gradient of Milbemycin oxime in vitro,the higher concentration of Milbemycin oxime was,the lower percentage of infective stage larvae was.Light micrographs showed that Milbemycin oxime induced eggs dissolved and eggshell broken.Histological analyses of mice that stained with hematoxylin and eosin(H&E)showed in lower dosing(10-7 and 10-8 g·mL-1)drug-treated groups,atrophy of alveolar space and interalveolar septum thickening appeared,inflammatory infiltrates accompanied with erythrocytes around blood vessels and bronchioles presented.In higher dosing(10-6,10-5 and 10-4 g·mL-1)drug-treated groups,low-grade or no pathological changes occurred,indicating that Milbemycin oxime could obviously decrease the inflammatory reaction produced by the infection of T.canis larvae in vivo.

Efficacy of Once-Monthly Doses of Oral Afoxolaner and Afoxolaner/Milbemycin Oxime in a Well-Controlled Study for the Treatment of Canine Generalized Demodicosis

The efficacy of oral treatment with chewable tablets containing afoxolaner 2.27% w/w (NexGard?, Merial, now part of Boehringer-Ingelheim) or 1.875% w/w of afoxolaner and 0.375% w/w milbemycin oxime (NexGard Spectra?, Merial, now part of Boehringer-Ingelheim) was each assessed in eight dogs diagnosed with generalized demodicosis in this parallel group designed, blinded, randomized, single center negative controlled, efficacy study. Afoxolaner at the therapeutic dose (as close as possible to 2.5 mg/kg) was administered to Group 2 dogs, and afoxolaner (as close as possible to 2.5 mg/kg) with milbemycin oxime at 0.5 mg/kg was administered to Group 3 dogs on Days 0, 28 and 56. All dogs were observed once daily for general health starting on Day -7 until Day 84. All dogs were clinically examined on Days -7, -2, 14, 28, 42, 56, 70 and 84. Dogs were weighed on Days -7, -2, 27, 55, and 84. Live mite counts (based on five scrapings per dog and occasion) and clinical assessments, including photographic documentation, were performed on Days -2, 28, 56 and 84. Three monthly treatments with NexGard or NexGard Spectra against generalized demodicosis in dogs were highly effective resulting in a 99.9% and 100% efficacy against mites, respectively. After treatment with NexGard, only three live mites were recovered in five scrapings in one dog on Day 84. After treatment with NexGard Spectra, no mites were recovered in any scraping on any dogs in this group by Day 84. Both treatments resulted in a marked reduction of skin lesions and >90% hair-regrowth at three months after the initial treatment. Reduction of live mite counts was consistent with reduction in the extent and severity of the skin changes. Although the arithmetic mean mite numbers in the negative control group decreased slightly during the study, infection persisted in 7 of the 8 control dogs until Day 84. Both treatment groups of dogs showed a marked improvement of the associated dermatologic signs with steady improvement over the three-month treatment period.

Effects of Potassium Dichromate on Distribution of Toxocara canis Larvae within Brain of Mice

The frequency of the infective larvae of Toxocara canis, the common parasite of the dog was assessed in brain portions of male Albino mice ingested two doses： 200 mg/Kg and 400 mg/Kg of potassium dichromate-hexavalent （VI） as an indicator. Only 2,000 ova of the parasite were inoculated orally to twenty seven healthy young male mice. Frequency of the parasite was tested 13 weeks post-inoculation. Using bio-statistical analysis （one way analysis of variance） the frequency of detected larvae of both doses in the brain portions of the experimental animals showed an insignificant difference （P〉 0.05） in comparison with control. The results indicate the safety of small and mild intoxication doses of the potassium dichromate on distribution of Toxocara canis in brain portions of mice.

Multifocal granulomata in presumed Toxocara canis infection in adult

Human infection of Toxocara canis in eye is usually an outcome of accidental ingestion of the embryonated eggs. The average age at diagnosis of ocular Toxocariasis is 7.5 years, ranging from 2 to 31 years. It constitutes 1%-2% of uveitis in children. Diagnosis is based upon the clinical features observed in a young patient and confirmed by the presence of specific Ig G in the serum or aqueous humor by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test. We report a case of Presumed Toxocara infection in 45-year-old male which is unique in presentation with multifocal granulomata in retina. Our Pub Med search could not produce case with similar presentation. Probably this is the first reported case of multifocal granulomata in presumed ocular Toxocara in any age

Diagnostic Evaluation of Ehrlichia canis Human Infections

Ehrlichiosis is an infection of the group of Vector Borne Diseases (VBD), caused by different echrlichia species (spp). Ehrlichiae are primarily recognized as causers of animal diseases, later as human diseases—Humane Monocytic (HME) and Humane Granulocytic (HGE) ehrlichiosis. The dogs, cats and rodents have natural reservoirs of ehrlichial agents. Ehcrlichiae are spread to human’s trough, the bites of infected ticks, sometimes resulting from contact with animals, possible to the transfusion. In period from 2008 to 2013, we analyzed 250 patients suspect of VBD. On examination, there were included clinical, laboratory and epidemiological methods. The confirmation of Ehrlichia canis was in serum of 64 patients, thanks to Indirect Immune fluorescent Assay (IIF). The other laboratory and serological methods (Elisa, IIF, and Western blood) are utilized for differential diagnosis, and detection of co-infective forms of diseases. Ehrlichia canis infection has been reported in humans as a cause of serious illnesses characterized by non specific symptoms: fever, headache, musculoskeletal pain, enlarged liver, neurological, hematological dysfunction. Co-infections with E. canis due to causers of different VBD have been documented in humans. In 53 cases, we detected co-infective participation of E. canis with Rickettsia conorii in 24 cases, Coxiella burneti in 6, and Borrelia burgdorferi in 23 cases. The preferred drug for both human ehrlichiosis is doxycycline, except children to 8 years, pregnant females. Ehrlichiosis is a difficult infectious disease to diagnose and prognose because of dominant non specific symptoms and co-infections.

西藏吉隆县发现亚洲胡狼(Canis aureus)

2018年7月7日,西藏生物影像保护(TBIC)组织的'世界之巅'环珠峰地区自然科学考察队的一个拍摄小组(组员董磊、彭建生、熊娟、徐波、余天一),在从中尼边境朗吉措垭口(海拔4 300 m)驾车返回吉隆镇途中,在海拔3 400 m处(北纬28°23’32″,东经85°24’27″)发现一只犬科动物正从山坡往下移动。该动物穿越公路后,停下来观望数秒,迅速转头进入山坡下的灌丛。

基于红外相机陷阱技术的卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区狼(Canis lupus)的活动节律

通过红外相机陷阱技术,对新疆卡拉麦里有蹄类自然保护区乔木希拜区域野放普氏野马天敌狼的活动节律进行了研究。结果发现,不同月份狼的日活动差异指数α和昼行性指数β均存在极显著差异(α指数:t=8.009,df=7,P<0.01;β指数:t=13.526,df=7,P<0.01),且β=0.45<13/24,表明在研究区狼为夜行性动物。2011年、2012年和2013年季节活动峰型存在显著差异(2011年:χ2=13.087,df=2,P=0.041 1;2012年:χ2=12.452,df=2,P=0.023 4;2013年:χ2=18.998,df=2,P=0.032 6),因此,不同年份不同季节狼的活动节律存在差异。

新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区狼(Canis lupus)与社区牧民冲突的调查分析

近5 a来,卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区狼捕食家畜事件频繁发生,给当地社区牧民造成经济损失并带来心理恐慌,狼与牧民冲突日益尖锐。2012年7—8月,采用入户面对面访谈的方法,调查了卡拉麦里山保护区内狼的危害状况以及当地社区牧民与狼之间的冲突。结果表明:①6个乡的牧民普遍认为在冬牧点或河谷定居点周围有狼,但是其数量有明显的差异;②在卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区狼捕食家畜的顺序是:绵羊、牛、骆驼、山羊和马,狼对绵羊明显存在捕食偏好。每户被狼捕杀家畜的数量与家庭家畜拥有量呈极显著正相关;③狼袭击家畜的时间存在极显著的差异,以夜晚最为频繁,并且多发生在牧民的冬牧场,即在冬季捕食率较高;④狼一般远离道路和人类活动频繁的矿点、旅游点,而在靠近冬牧点和水源点的地方捕食家畜;⑤60.5%的牧民认为狼对草原生态系统是有害的。