Dynamic performance of cable-stayed bridge tower with multi-stage pendulum mass damper under wind excitations——I:Theory

In this paper, wind-induced vibration control of a single column tower of a cable-stayed bridge with a multi- stage pendulum mass damper （MSPMD） is investigated. Special attention is given to overcoming space limitations for installing the control device in the tower and the effect of varying natural frequency of the towers during construction. First, the finite element model of the bridge during its construction and the basic equation of motion of the MSPMD are introduced. The equation of motion of the bridge with the MSPMD under along-wind excitation is then established. Finally, a numerical simulation and parametric study are conducted to assess the effectiveness of the control system for reducing the wind-induced vibration of the bridge towers during construction. The numerical simulation results show that the MSPMD is practical and effective for reducing the along-wind response of the single column tower, can be installed in a small area of the tower, and complies with the time-variant characteristics of the bridge during its entire construction stage.

Dynamic performance of cable-stayed bridge tower with multi-stage pendulum mass damper under wind excitations—Ⅱ: Experiment

The possibility of using a multi-stage pendulum mass damper （MSPMD） to control wind-induced vibration of a single column tower of a cable-stayed bridge during construction was studied theoretically in part I of this work. In this paper, the performance of the MSPMD for reducing bridge tower vibration is studied experimentally. A MSPMD model and a tower model of the bridge with geometry scaling of 1：100 were designed and manufactured. Calibration of the MSPMD model with different wire lengths is conducted to verify the analytical model of the damper. A series of tests for the uncontrolled freestanding tower, tower with cables, and tower with MSPMD model are then performed under harmonic and white noise excitations. The experimental results show that the responses of the tower model significantly decrease with the installation of the MSPMD model, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the M SPMD to mitigate the vibration of the bridge tower.

Comparative Study on Structural Redundancy of Cable-Stayed and Extradosed Bridges Through Safety Assessment of Their Stay Cables

This study provides new insights into the comparison of cable-stayed and extradosed bridges based on the safety assessment of their stay cables.These bridges are often regarded as identical structures owing to the use of inclined cables;however,the international standards for bridge design stipulate different safety factors for stay cables of both types of bridges.To address this misconception,a comparative study was carried out on the safety factors of stay cables under fatigue and ultimate limit states by considering the effects of various untoward and damaging factors,such as overloading,cable loss,and corrosion.The primary goal of this study is to describe the structural disparities between both types of bridges and evaluate their structural redundancies by employing deterministic and nondeterministic methods.To achieve this goal,three-dimensional finite-element models of both bridges were developed based on the current design guidelines for stay cables in Japan.After the balanced states of the bridge models were achieved,static analyses were performed for different safety factors of stay cables in a parametric manner.Finally,the first-order reliability method and Monte Carlo method were applied to determine the reliability index of stay cables.The analysis results show that cable-stayed and extradosed bridges exhibit different structural redundancies for different safety factors under the same loading conditions.Moreover,a significant increase in structural redundancy occurs with an incremental increase in the safety factors of stay cables.

Parametrically excited oscillation of stay cable and its control in cable-stayed bridges＂

This paper presents a nonlinear dynamic model for simulation and analysis of a kind of parametrically excited vibration of stay cable caused by support motion in cable-stayed bridges. The sag, inclination angle of the stay cable are considered in the model, based on which, the oscillation mechanism and dynamic response characteristics of this kind of vibration are analyzed through numerical calculation. It is noted that parametrically excited oscillation of a stay cable with certain sag, inclination angle and initial static tension force may occur in cable-stayed bridges due to deck vibration under the condition that the natural frequency of a cable approaches to about half of the first model frequency of the bridge deck system. A new vibration control system installed on the cable anchorage is proposed as a possible damping system to suppress the cable parametric oscillation. The numerical calculation results showed that with the use of this damping system, the cable oscillation due to the vibration of the deck and/or towers will be considerably reduced.

Dynamic Characteristics Evaluation of Innovative UHPC Pedestrian Cable Stayed Bridge

KICT (Korea Institute of Construction Technology) is conducting a project called “SUPER BRIDGE 200—Development of Low Cost and Long Life Hybrid Cable Stayed Bridge”. This project aims to reduce the construction and main- tenance costs of long-span bridges by 20% and double their lifetime through the exploitation of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC). This paper presents the design and construction of the first pedestrian cable stayed bridge using UHPC developed by KICT. UHPC, compared to conventional concrete, has not only high compressive and tensile strengths but also high ductility. The UHPC developed at KICT is a steel fiber-reinforced cement compound presenting design compressive strength larger than 180 MPa and design tensile strength exceeding 10 MPa with water-to-binder ratio below 0.24 and admixing of 2 volume percentage of steel fiber. To show the applicability of UHPC to structures, a pedestrian cable stayed bridge (Super Bridge I) exploiting the characteristics of the developed UHPC has been planned, designed and erected at KICT. The dimension of UHPC deck is 2.7 m × 7 m as a precast segment with a typical thickness of deck of only 7 cm. However, harmful crack was observed in the deck at the time of the fabrication of the deck segments. Accordingly, new fabrication method was conceived and applied to prevent cracking of the UHPC slender deck. Four UHPC deck segments were fabricated successfully without any crack. After construction, the dynamic characteristics (natural frequencies and mode shapes) were evaluated through vibration tests since several users felt excess vibration. A vertical tuned mass damper (TMD) was proposed and installed on the parapet of the bridge. The TMD reduces the acceleration by about 30% from 0.0316 g to 0.0244 g when two pedestrians are crossing the bridge.

Study on longitudinal wind load calculation method of cables for cable-stayed bridge

Along with the expanding of span of cable-stayed bridge,wind load becomes a more and more important controlling factor for bridge the design.A very large proportion of the wind load acting on cables has exceeded that acting on deck.There was not any detailed prescript in Chinese code for calculation of longitudinal wind load on cables due to lack of theoretical research and experiment,and conservative simplified calculation was adopted during design,which leads to conservative and uneconomical design of structures.To resolve this problem,cable force experiment was carried out during the design of Sutong Bridge.By comparing with international research results,the calculation formula of longitudinal wind drag coefficient for cables was advanced to fill the blank of bridge wind resistant code of China,and has already been adopted in the Highway Bridge Wind Resistant Design Code(JTG/T D60-01-2004)with great significance for bridge engineering.

Genetic Algorithms-based Optimization of Cable Stayed Bridges

Optimum design of cable stayed bridges depends on number of parameters. Design of Cable stayed bridge satisfying all practical constraints is challenging to the designers. Considering the huge number of design variables and practical constraints, Genetic Algorithms (GA) is most suitable for optimizing the cable stayed bridge. In the present work the optimum design is carried out by taking total material cost of bridge as objective function. During problem formulation most of the practical design variables and constraints are considered. Using genetic algorithms some parametric studies such as effect of geometric nonlinearity, effect of grouping of cables, effect of practical site constraints on tower height and side span, effect of bridge material, effect of cable layout, effect of extra-dosed bridges on optimum relative cost have been presented. Data base is prepared for new designers to estimate the relative cost of bridge.

Rolling Fatigue Test of Large-Sized UHPC Member for Cable Stayed Bridge

Recently, research strives to apply Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC) to large-sized structures owing to its remarkable mechanical performance and durability compared to normal concrete. The Korea Institute of Construction Technology proposed SuperBridge800, an edge girder type UHPC cable stayed bridge with central span of 800 m, through its detailed design. The bridge is designed to be erected through the connection of precast UHPC segments. The precast UHPC segment is monolithically composed of one ribbed deck slab and edge girders at each side. The connection between the precast segments is achieved by steel bars at the edge girders and by UHPC cast-in-place wet joint at the slab. Despite of the outstanding mechanical performance of UHPC, the fabrication of large-sized members is a difficult task since UHPC hardens faster than normal concrete and requires a special curing process. Therefore, the constructability of large-sized UHPC segment should be secured to achieve SuperBridge800. Besides, the performance of the connection between segments should also be guaranteed, especially in terms of the fatigue performance of the UHPC cast-in-place joint, which constitutes a weak point. To that goal, two half-scaled UHPC segments are manufactured and the constructability is examined by fabricating a large-sized UHPC member connected with respect to the design conditions. This study conducts rolling fatigue test on the so-fabricated large-sized UHPC member. Rolling fatigue test is carried out up to 2 million cycles considering actual vehicle load at each center and quarter points of the member. The test results confirm that the service limit state is satisfied.

A simplified fragility analysis of fan type cable stayed bridges

A simplified fragility analysis of fan type cable stayed bridges usingProbabilistic Risk Analysis (PRA) procedure is presented for determining their failure probabilityunder random ground motion. Seismic input to the bridge support is considered to be a riskconsistent response spectrum which is obtained from a separate analysis. For the response analysis,the bridge deck is modeled as a beam supported on springs at different points. The stiffnesses ofthe springs are determined by a separate 2D static analysis of cable-tower-deck system. The analysisprovides a coupled stiffness matrix for the spring system. A continuum method of analysis usingdynamic stiffness is Used to determine the dynamic properties of the bridges .The response of thebridge deck is obtained by the response spectrum method of analysis as applied to multi-degree offreedom system which duly takes into account the quasi - static component of bridge deck vibration.The fragility analysis includes uncertainties arising due to the variation in ground motion,material property, modeling, method of analysis, ductility factor and damage concentration effect.Probability of failure of the bridge deck is determined by the First Order Second Moment (FOSM)method of reliability. A three span double plane symmetrical fan type cable stayed bridge of totalspan 689 m, is used as an illustrative example. The fragility curves for the bridge deck failure areobtained under a number of parametric variations. Some of the important conclusions of the studyindicate that (ⅰ) not only vertical component but also the horizontal component of ground motionhas considerable effect on the probability of failure; (ⅱ) ground motion with no time lag betweensupport excitations provides a smaller probability of failure as compared to ground motion with verylarge time lag between support excitation; and (ⅲ) probability of failure may considerablyincrease for soft soil condition.

Study on Fatigue Behavior of Anchorage of Cable and Girder of Long Span Cable-Stayed Bridge

A full scale model test is done and a FEM model is established to investigate the fatigue behavior of the Nancha cable stayed bridge of the Nanjing Second Yangtz River Bridge, a long span steel bridge with a main span of 628 m. The results of test and FEM are analyzed and compared. It is shown that they are in good agreement. It is verified that the fatigue characteristic of the anchorage structure of cable and girder of the bridge satisfies the requirements specified by Chinese, British and American codes.

Closure technique for the hybrid girder cable stayed bridge of Edong Bridge

Based on Edong Yangtze River Bridge, which is the second longest hybrid girder cable stayed bridge with 926 m long main span, the influencing factors and crucial techniques of the main span closure method for long span hybrid girder cable stayed bridge are studied. After theoretical analysis, numerical evaluation and practical test, the loading assistant closure method is employed in Edong Yangtze River Bridge. The loading assistant closure method, with better thermal adaptability and less influence on bridge line and the forced status, can meet the requirements of the unstressed state control method. Based on the mentioned advantages, the loading assistant closure method is applicable to long span hybrid girder cable stayed bridges. The conclusion can provide a reference for the further design of the similar brid^es.

Nonlinear Dynamic Reliability of Coupled Stay Cables and Bridge Tower

Nonlinear vibration can cause serious problems in long span cable-stayed bridges.When the internal resonance threshold is reached between the excitation frequency and natural frequency,large amplitudes occur in the cable.Based on the current situation of lacking corresponding constraint criteria,a model was presented for analyzing the dynamic reliability of coupling oscillation between the cable and tower in a cable-stayed bridge.First of all,in the case of cable sag,the d'Alembert principle is applied to studying the nonlinear dynamic behavior of the structure,and resonance failure interval of parametric oscillation is calculated accordingly.Then the dynamic reliability model is set up using the JC method.An application of this model has been developed for the preliminary design of one cable-stayed bridge located on Hai River in Tianjin,and time histories analysis as well as reliability indexes have been obtained.When frequency ratio between the cable and tower is approaching 1∶2,the reliability index is 0.98,indicating high failure probability.And this is consistent with theoretical derivation and experimental results in reference.This model,which is capable of computing the reliability index of resonance failure,provides theoretical basis for the establishment of corresponding rule.

Key Technologies for Design of Changqing Yellow River Super-long Bridge of Zhengzhou Ji'nan HSR

Changqing Yellow River Super-long Bridge of Zhengzhou-Ji'nan HSR is a partial cable-stayed bridge with concrete main girder and a unit length of 1,080 m.Studies are carried out on the key technologies of bridge design,and the main conclusions are as follows:The whole unit adopts the supporting system of tower pier consolidation and tower-beam separation,and each pier is provided with seismic mitigation and isolation bearing;shaped-steel reinforced concrete bridge tower is adopted to bring into full play the tensile performance of steel and the compressive performance of concrete,and avoid the construction challenges of setting up multi-layer and multi-stirrup reinforcement while improving the bearing capacity of section;a new type of double-side and bi-directional anti-skid anchorage device is adopted for the cable saddle of wire divider pipe in order to withstand the unbalanced cable force,and verify the reliability of the anti-skid anchorage device by solid model test;and large-segment cantilever pouring design is adopted for the main girder with a maximum segment length of 8 m to effectively shorten the construction period of the bridge.

收缩徐变对高速铁路斜拉桥单箱单室混合梁位移的影响及调控

以某主跨300 m的高速铁路无砟轨道混合梁斜拉桥为背景,运用Midas/Civil有限元软件建立其数值模型,进行桥塔、桥面板、箱梁等混凝土构件收缩徐变对主梁位移影响研究,并提出主梁位移调控措施。结果表明:成桥10年后,混凝土收缩徐变引起的跨中主梁向下位移共计79 mm,桥塔、桥面板、箱梁收缩徐变的影响占比在施工阶段分别为58%,32%和10%,在运营阶段分别为48%,38%和14%;跨中主梁向下位移的主要原因是桥塔和桥面板变形,混凝土收缩徐变缩小了桥塔竖向及桥面板纵桥向尺寸,改变了斜拉索锚点位置及索力,导致主梁在施工阶段和运营阶段分别产生56和18 mm的向下位移;预抬高斜拉索的桥塔锚点位置10 mm,可消除混凝土收缩徐变引起的钢梁架设初始误差;混凝土桥面板预制后存放6个月、桥塔采用低徐变混凝土、成桥后延迟90 d铺轨等措施,能改善混凝土收缩徐变对单箱单室混合梁位移的不利影响,可减小跨中主梁向下位移3%~38%。

桥梁刚度变化对高速铁路独塔斜拉桥车⁃桥耦合振动的影响分析

以高速铁路独塔斜拉桥为研究对象,建立车-轨-桥耦合系统的空间多体动力学分析模型,开展高速铁路斜拉桥的车-轨-桥耦合振动的仿真分析。通过改变材料弹性模量的方式调整桥塔和主梁刚度,研究桥梁刚度变化对桥梁车-桥-耦合振动的影响规律。研究结果表明,随着桥塔刚度的增大,主梁跨中竖向和塔顶纵向位移响应逐渐减小,其峰值减幅分别为7.57%和10%;随着主梁刚度的减小,主梁跨中竖向位移和塔顶纵向位移峰值呈逐渐递增趋势,主梁刚度变化对车体竖向加速度和Sperling竖向舒适度指标影响相对较大;相比于桥塔刚度的变化,主梁刚度变化对车-桥振动响应的影响更大;整体上,列车运行的安全性和平稳性指标满足规范要求。

武汉市江汉四桥拓宽工程主桥设计关键技术

武汉市江汉四桥拓宽工程主桥采用与旧桥外形一致、呈反对称布置的主跨232 m独塔混合梁斜拉桥,跨径布置为(232+70+40+20)m,采用刚构体系。主梁采用钢-混叠合梁与预应力混凝土梁组成的混合梁,钢-混结合面位于主跨距桥塔中心线9 m处,主跨采用双边工字形叠合梁,桥面宽23.5 m,标准梁高1.6 m;边跨采用预应力混凝土边主梁和箱形截面主梁,桥面宽23.5~27.0 m,标准梁高2.1 m。桥塔采用“A”形混凝土塔,塔高114.5 m,其下布置整体式承台,采用18根ϕ2.8 m的群桩基础。斜拉索按空间扇形双索面布置,共104根斜拉索,采用标准强度1770 MPa高强平行钢丝索,主跨梁端采用锚拉板锚固,边跨梁端设置槽口锚固,塔端采用锚固齿块锚固,主塔斜拉索锚固区纵、横桥向均配置有无粘结预应力钢棒。汉阳岸边墩采用T形钢筋混凝土板墩及钻孔桩基础;汉口岸边墩、辅助墩均采用钢筋混凝土独柱墩及钻孔桩基础。桥塔塔柱采用爬模施工;边跨主梁采用支架现浇施工,主跨主梁采用悬臂拼装施工。结构计算结果表明,大桥结构刚度及应力均满足要求。

考虑不确定性斜拉桥参数的重要性与易损性分析

许多结构参数对桥梁数值模型的计算结果产生影响,结构的恒载、阻尼以及相关材料特性等参数涉及的不确定性被称为建模不确定性。研究表明建模不确定性的存在使得结构易损性曲线的偏差程度达到70%,因此在地震易损性分析中考虑不确定性很有必要。文章采用一种基于随机森林(random forest,RF)模型的概率地震需求模型(probabilistic seismic demand model,PSDM)易损性计算方法,分析桥梁构件的材料特性、荷载条件和构件几何特性等不确定因素对桥梁易损性的影响,并从中筛选出重要的不确定性参数。借助随机森林模型的学习与预测功能对结构易损性曲线进行预测。

矮塔斜拉桥拉索设计及施工关键技术研究

斜拉索是斜拉桥的重要组成部分和重点关注对象,其设计及施工质量关系到桥梁后期服役的安全及寿命。以安徽淮-宿-蚌城际铁路淮河特大桥(124+248+124)m矮塔斜拉桥为工程背景,相继阐述了斜拉索的构造、HDPE管焊接及安装、单根拉索安装及张拉、索力调整和斜拉索防护等内容,并对斜拉索设计和施工过程中的关键技术进行了探讨与分析,可为类似工况斜拉桥的设计和施工提供借鉴和参考。

丹江口水库特大桥钢-混凝土组合围堰施工技术

丹江口水库特大桥为主跨760 m双塔双索面部分地锚式混合梁斜拉桥,主墩采用整体式承台+大直径群桩基础,主墩承台平面为八边形,尺寸为48 m(横桥向)×26 m(顺桥向)×6.5 m(高),承台底部设置26根直径2.8 m钻孔灌注桩。为适应库区倾斜裸岩地形,降低施工难度及施工费用,主墩围堰采用下部混凝土挡墙围堰+上部单壁钢围堰的钢-混凝土组合围堰方案。下部混凝土挡墙围堰采用衡重式挡墙围堰及抗滑桩挡墙围堰,高3~11 m;上部单壁钢围堰分块设置,其长度与下部挡墙围堰匹配,高8 m。钢-混凝土组合围堰施工时,首先根据地形条件进行挡墙围堰分段,之后采用破碎锤开挖混凝土挡墙围堰基础;混凝土挡墙围堰采用分层、分块施工,顶部圈梁与挡墙围堰同步浇筑;上部单壁钢围堰采用加工厂预制+现场分块安装,并预留竖向型钢接长部分;最后进行单壁钢围堰底部及组合围堰山体连接处止水混凝土施工,完成钢-混凝土组合围堰施工。钢-混凝土组合围堰的应用,有效缩短了基础施工周期,降低了围堰施工难度及施工费用,经济合理,满足现场施工各项要求。

独塔非对称钢-混混合梁斜拉桥抗震性能研究

【目的】研究独塔非对称钢-混混合梁斜拉桥的抗震性能,并探明非对称结构地震响应的差异。【方法】以长沙香炉洲大桥西汊航道桥为依托,采用MidasCivil软件建立非对称钢-混混合梁斜拉桥全桥有限元模型,分别采用反应谱法和非线性时程分析法对其进行地震响应分析,并重点研究了结构非对称性对斜拉桥辅助墩、过渡墩及其桩基抗震性能的影响。【结果】独塔非对称钢-混混合梁斜拉桥的动力特性和地震响应规律呈现出明显的非对称性,非对称布置的两过渡墩和两辅助墩在地震作用下的内力响应存在较大差异,结构的非对称性对横向地震更加敏感,在抗震设计时应予以重视;除两过渡墩桩基外,长沙香炉洲大桥按照静力计算设计的结构尺寸及配筋形式均能满足各工况地震作用下的抗震性能目标;塔身、墩身在横向+竖向地震作用下的安全储备均大于纵向+竖向地震的,桩基在横向+竖向地震作用下的安全储备几乎都小于纵向+竖向地震的;受结构非对称性的影响,边跨的27#过渡墩桩基总是先于主跨的31#过渡墩桩基发生破坏;在横向地震作用下,受群桩承台影响横向各排桩基地震轴力有较大差异。【结论】从经济性和抗震合理性角度出发,应对独塔非对称钢-混混合梁斜拉桥进行差异化的抗震设计,研究成果可为非对称斜拉桥及其他非对称桥梁结构的抗震设计提供有益参考。