基于作物Cd富集系数的土壤有效态Cd化学浸提方法筛选

土壤中镉(Cd)被作物吸收的程度及其生态风险取决于土壤中Cd的赋存形态,基于Cd有效形态的污染土壤风险评价及在此基础上制订污染土壤修复安全阈值是Cd污染农田土壤风险评价和治理亟待解决的问题。目前针对土壤中重金属有效态的化学浸提方法较多,但缺乏针对不同性质土壤中有效态Cd的普适性浸提方法已成为Cd污染土壤风险评价技术瓶颈。本研究采集了全国9个不同性质农田土壤,以水稻、小白菜和玉米为测试作物,通过外源添加方法制备Cd污染土壤,结合土壤培养和盆栽实验,测定了5种常用化学浸提方法,包括中性无机盐浸提方法(CaCl_(2)浸提法)、弱酸浸提法(HCl浸提法)、络合螯合剂浸提方法(DTPA和ETPA浸提法)和组合浸提方法(Mehlich-3(M3)浸提法)对不同性质土壤中有效态Cd浸提效果及其与作物Cd吸收的量化关系,筛选适用于不同性质土壤中有效态Cd的通用浸提方法。结果表明,不同化学浸提法提取的土壤有效态Cd含量间具有显著差异,不同浸提方法对土壤中Cd的浸提率(%)为DTPA≈EDTA≈HCl>M3≈CaCl_(2)。不同化学浸提态Cd与作物Cd吸收的相关系数间具有显著差异,基于综合相关系数方法,得出5种不同浸提态Cd与作物Cd吸收的综合相关系数为I M3=0.765,I EDTA=0.641,I DTPA=0.627,I HCl=0.606,I CaCl_(2)=0.711,M3浸提态Cd含量与不同性质土壤中水稻、小白菜和玉米植株地上部Cd相关性最高,可作为不同性质土壤中有效态Cd通用浸提方法。相关研究结果可为农田土壤中Cd有效态评价及Cd污染农田的修复提供理论依据。

典型矿区周边水田土壤Cd生物有效性研究

为遴选可有效表征农田土壤Cd生物有效性的指标,文章采集浙江某地20组稻米及其协同土壤,分析稻米Cd质量比、土壤的基本理化性质、Cd总质量比、不同浸提态Cd质量比及欧共体标准物质局(European Community Bureau of Reference,BCR)形态。结果表明:稻米Cd质量比为0.01~0.51 mg/kg,土壤Cd质量比为0.17~3.15 mg/kg,稻米Cd富集系数为0.04~1.42;土壤Cd主要以弱酸态(40.5%)和还原态(37.1%)存在,二乙烯三胺五乙酸(diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid,DTPA)浸提土壤Cd能力最强(15.6%);基于w(CaCl_(2)-Cd)构建的三次函数建立的回归模型可解释稻米Cd 57.4%方差,w(CaCl_(2)-Cd)可以作为表征水稻土壤Cd生物有效性的指标,基于水稻土壤Cd生物有效性可提高污染风险评价的科学性。

Graphene oxide influences bacterial community and soil environments of Cd-polluted Haplic Cambisols in Northeast China

Graphene oxide(GO),a carbon nanomaterial that is widely used in the environment and other industries,may pose potential risks to ecosystems,especially the soil ecosystem.Some soils in Northeast China are frequently polluted with cadmium(Cd) metal.However,there is no study on the influence of GO on the Cd-contaminated soil microbial community and soil chemical properties.In this study,Cd(100 mg kg^(-1))-polluted soils were treated with different concentrations of GO(0,25,50,150,250,and 500 mg L^(-1),expressed as T1,T2,T3,T4,T5,and T6,respectively) for 40 days.The treatment without Cd pollution and GO served as the control(CK).Then,we investigated the influence of the GO concentrations on the bacterial community and chemical properties of Cd-polluted Haplic Cambisols,the zonal soil in Northeast China.After GO addition,the richness and diversity indexes of the bacterial community in Cd-contaminated Haplic Cambisols initially increased by 0.05-33.92% at 25 mg L^(-1),then decreased by0.07-2.37% at 50 mg L^(-1),and then increased by 0.01-24.37%within 500 mg L^(-1) again.The species and abundance of bacteria varied with GO concentration,and GO significantly increased bacterial growth at 25 and 250 mg L^(-1).GO treatments influenced the bacterial community structure,and the order of similarity of the bacterial community structure was as follows:T4=T5> T1=T6> T2> T3> CK.Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria were the dominant bacteria,accounting for 36.0% and 26.2%,respectively,of soil bacteria.Different GO treatments also significantly affected the metabolic function of bacteria and further influenced the diversity of the bacterial community structure by affecting several key soil chemical properties:soil pH,organic matter and available potassium,phosphorus,and cadmium.Our results provide a theoretical basis for scientific and comprehensive evaluation of the environmental impacts of GO on the zonal forest soils of Northeast China.

活化剂添加对石灰性土壤中大豆生长及其富集Cd的影响

植物修复以其资源可回收、成本低、低碳绿色等优点逐渐成为土壤重金属污染原位修复的首选方式。然而石灰性土壤中重金属的生物有效性低,限制了植物修复技术的应用。为了探讨活化剂强植物修复技术对石灰性土壤重金属污染的修复效果,以大豆为模式植物,通过盆栽培养试验,研究添加不同浓度草酸、乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)和柠檬酸等活化剂对石灰性土壤中大豆生长及其富集Cd的影响。结果表明:添加低、中浓度的活化剂对大豆生长无显著影响,而高浓度活化剂在一定程度上会抑制大豆的发芽、生长及营养成分累积。添加活化剂可以促进大豆对Cd的吸收,其中添加1.0μmol·g-1EDTA和3.0μmol·g-1草酸的促进效果最显著,Cd去除率分别是对照组的3.99倍和3.96倍。添加活化剂降低了土壤pH值,改变了土壤中Cd的赋存形态,添加草酸和低浓度的EDTA能使土壤中的Cd从较稳定形态转化为植物易吸收态,从而促进大豆对土壤Cd的去除,而添加柠檬酸可以促进Cd的茎向传输从而提高大豆对Cd的去除率。此研究结果为石灰性土壤重金属污染植物修复技术的应用及推广提供参考。

Effects of Several Passivating Agents on Improvement of Cd Polluted Soil

Clay minerals,phosphates,alkaline materials,organic materials are common improvers in the management of Cd polluted soil. This paper systematically summarized types of common soil improvers and their passivation mechanism of Cd in soil. It reviewed advances in researches of soil improvers. Besides,it introduced major problems in four common passivating agents for management of Cd polluted soil. Finally,according to different mechanism characteristics of passivating agents,it came up with some recommendations.

无机-有机复配材料对Cd污染土壤的修复效应

利用大田试验方法,对无机-有机复配材料对Cd污染土壤的修复效应进行分析和研究。其中无机材料主要以海泡石、蒙脱土以及骨粉为主,而有机材料主要包括菌渣、鸡粪。经过研究发现,无机-有机复配材料能够有效提高Cd污染土壤的pH值,pH值最多增加0.96个单位。并且对不同的受污染土壤进行检测,土壤中的TCLP提取态Cd含量都降低。其中骨粉+有机材料对修复土壤的过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性效果最佳。因此,利用无机-有机复配材料对修复Cd土壤可以获得预期效果,可以在当前的Cd污染土壤修复过程中进行推广应用。

贵州部分水稻主产区土壤和大米Cd污染特征研究

为了解贵州水稻田土壤和大米Cd污染特征,对贵州部分水稻主产区开展水稻田土壤和对应水稻样品的采集,并测试土壤pH和所有样品的Cd含量。结果显示:研究区土壤pH为4.81~7.56,平均值为6.45;土壤Cd含量为0.37~3.22 mg/kg,平均值为0.88 mg/kg,点位超标(风险筛选值)率为96.43%,喀斯特地区土壤Cd含量整体高于非喀斯特地区;大米中Cd含量为0.00~0.44 mg/kg,平均值为0.04 mg/kg,超大米安全限量值的样品比率为3.65%。进一步分析发现,研究区土壤Cd除来自成土母质(母岩)贡献外,还受人为排放的影响;水稻在灌浆成熟期,由于水稻田水分条件不良,土壤出现氧化环境的频率高或者氧化环境持续的时间长,可能是导致大米Cd超标的主要原因之一。因此,在水稻种植过程中,人为保障灌浆成熟期水稻田供水充足是降低水稻Cd含量、避免大米Cd超标的有效途径。

锌冶炼厂周边农田土壤团聚体Cd、Pb分布特征及污染评价

为了解重金属Cd、Pb在土壤团聚体中的分布、赋存形态及其影响因素,以辽宁省葫芦岛市锌冶炼厂周边农田土壤为研究对象,采用Tessier五步提取法测定土壤各级团聚体中Cd、Pb形态,利用地累积指数法(Igeo)、原生相与次生相比值法(RSP)和风险评估编码法(RAC)评价其环境风险,并利用相关性与冗余分析明确影响Cd、Pb分布与形态的关键因素。结果表明,土壤Cd、Pb含量在水平方向上呈现以锌冶炼厂为中心,随中心距离的增加呈现先增加后降低的变化趋势;垂直方向上,表层土Cd、Pb含量分别为57.40、219.56 mg·kg^(-1),显著高于亚表层(55.06、135.99 mg·kg^(-1))。随着团聚体粒径的减小,Cd、Pb更趋向于在小粒径团聚体中富集,Cd富集能力强于Pb。重金属形态分布特征表明,Cd主要以可交换态和碳酸盐结合态赋存,占总Cd量的60%~94%,Pb主要以铁锰氧化物结合态和碳酸盐结合态赋存,占总Pb量的45%~93%。粒径为<0.002 mm的团聚体组分中可交换态和碳酸盐结合态Cd及铁锰氧化物结合态和碳酸盐结合态Pb含量占比显著高于其他三个粒径团聚体组分。三种评价方法均显示小粒径团聚体中重金属污染风险较高。RAC风险评估方法既考虑了重金属形态又考虑了重金属总量,评价结果更为准确。RAC结果表明研究区Cd污染为极高风险,Pb污染为中等风险。有机质(SOM)、表面积(SA)、阳离子交换量(CEC)和铁锰氧化物是粒径<0.002 mm团聚体组分产生特性差异的主要因素。SOM对粒径为0.25~2.00、0.053~<0.25 mm和0.002~<0.053 mm团聚体中残渣态和有机结合态Cd、Pb均有极显著影响。CEC对粒径为<0.002 mm团聚体组分中可交换态Cd分布具有显著的影响。铁锰氧化物对粒径为0.053~<0.25 mm和<0.002 mm团聚体组分中Cd、Pb形态具有一定影响,且对可交换态、碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态影响较大。Cd、Pb在污染农田中较高活性形态易在粒径为<0.002 mm团聚体组分中富集分布,具有较高环境风险,SOM、CEC和铁锰氧化物为Cd、Pb富集过程主要影响因素。

Cadmium Release in Contaminated Soils due to Organic Acids

There is limited information on the release behavior of heavy metals from natural soils by organic acids. Thus,cadmium release,due to two organic acids (tartrate and citrate) that are common in the rhizosphere,from soils polluted by metal smelters or tailings and soils artificially contaminated by adding Cd were analyzed. The presence of tartrate or citrate at a low concentration (≤6mmol L-1 for tartrate and ≤0.5 mmol L-1 for citrate) inhibited Cd release,whereas the presence of organic acids in high concentrations (≥2 mmol L-1 for citrate and ≥15 mmol L-1 for tartrate)apparently promoted Cd release. Under the same conditions,the Cd release in naturally polluted soils was less than that of artificially contaminated soils. Additionally,as the initial pH rose from 2 to 8 in the presence of citrate,a sequential valley and then peak appeared in the Cd release curve,while in the presence of tartrate the Cd release steadily decreased.In addition,Cd release was clearly enhanced as the electrolyte concentration of KNO3 or KC1 increased in the presence of 2 mmol L-1 tartrate. Moreover,a higher desorption of Cd was shown with the KC1 electrolyte compared to KNO3 for the same concentration levels. This implied that the bioavailability of heavy metals could be promoted with the addition of suitable types and concentrations of organic acids as well as reasonable field conditions.

Effect of Amendments on Growth and Element Uptake of Pakchoi in a Cadmium, Zinc and Lead Contaminated Soil

A pot experiment was carried out to study the effects of two amendments, lime and calcium magnesium phosphate, on the growth and Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, N, P and K uptake of pakchoi (Brassica chinensis)in a Cd, Pb and Zn polluted acid soil in the southern part of China. The growth of pakchoi was apparently improved by lime and calcium magnesium phosphate application, the uptake of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn by pakchoi was significantly depressed and the symptom caused by heavy metals pollution was eliminated.Meanwhile, the absorption of N, K and Mn was also inhibited by these amendments. Soil pH was the main factor controlling the uptake of the heavy metals by pakchoi. This suggests that lime and calcium magnesium phosphate could be used as effective amendments for eliminating the toxicity of heavy metals to the vegetable and inhibiting their absorption by the crop.

Cadmium in agricultural soils,vegetables and rice and potential health risk in vicinity of Dabaoshan Mine in Shaoguan,China

Soil cadmium(Cd)contamination resulted from mining and smelting is a major environmental concern,and health risk associated with Cd exposure to multi-media through muti-pathway is increasing.Cd concentrations in soils,vegetables and paddy rice were investigated,and potential non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks exposure to Cd were estimated at six villages around the Dabaoshan Mine,South China.A total of 87 soil samples were found to exceed the China's maximum permission level(MPL)for Cd,while the highest value of 4.42 mg/kg was found near irrigation ditch associated with Hengshi River in Xinyi(XY)Village.Cd contents in vegetables and rice exceeded the maximum permissible concentration by more than five times in every village.Cadmium accumulation in plants is in the order of celery>lactuca sativa L>Chinese cabbage>Romaine lettuce>asparagus lettuce>mustard>cabbage mustard>cabbage.The mean hazard quotient(HQ)of all villages is in the range of [5.29,25.75],and the mean values of cancer risk for investigated areas are more than 10 times greater than the USEPA(2009)threshold limit value of 10-4.Moreover,human non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks are mainly attributable to paddy rice intake,followed by vegetables intake,soil ingestion,inhalation,and dermal contact.The results indicate that Cd has a huge potential risk on human health for the local residents.

木醋液对不同品种小麦富集转运Cd以及根际土壤Cd形态转化的影响

为探讨木醋液在重金属污染农田土壤修复应用的可行性,采用田间小区试验,研究木醋液施用对Cd污染农田中当地3个普遍种植品种小麦的生长及对重金属镉(Cd)的富集、转运及根际土壤Cd含量和形态等指标的影响。结果表明:施用木醋液显著提高各品种小麦籽粒和秸秆的生物量(p<0.05),各品种小麦秸秆Cd分布系数提高8.91%~20.44%,而籽粒和根的分布系数分别降低13.93%~35.93%,4.76%~18.76%;各品种小麦秸秆和根的Cd富集系数显著提高(p<0.05),表现为C品种>A品种>B品种;各品种小麦Cd在根—秸秆转运系数(TF根—秸秆)显著提高(p<0.05),而Cd在秸秆—籽粒转运系数(TF秸秆—籽粒)除C品种外均显著降低(p<0.05)。各品种小麦根际土Cd含量比种植前分别降低0.26,0.23,0.21 mg/kg,施加木醋液处理根际土Cd含量比种植前降低13.11%~16.97%。小麦种植前后土壤Cd的赋存形态差异显著(p<0.05),可交换态和铁锰氧化物结合态显著提高(p<0.05),有机物结合态、残渣态显著降低(p<0.05)。因此,施加木醋液显著提高小麦各部位生物量(p<0.05),对籽粒Cd含量影响不显著,增加根部向秸秆的转运系数,有助于小麦秸秆对Cd的积累,但不增加小麦籽粒的超标风险,可通过秸秆离田这一措施将Cd从农田土壤逐步移除。

Microbial activity and community diversity in a variable charge soil as affected by cadmium exposure levels and time

Effects of cadmium(Cd) on microbial biomass,activity and community diversity were assessed in a representative variable charge soil(Typic Aquult) using an incubation study.Cadmium was added as Cd(NO3)2 to reach a concentration range of 0～16 mg Cd/kg soil.Soil extractable Cd generally increased with Cd loading rate,but decreased with incubation time.Soil microbial biomass was enhanced at low Cd levels(0.5～1 mg/kg),but was inhibited consistently with increasing Cd rate.The ratio of microbial biomass C/N varied with Cd treatment levels,decreasing at low Cd rate(<0.7 mg/kg available Cd),but increasing progressively with Cd loading.Soil respiration was restrained at low Cd loading(<1 mg/kg),and enhanced at higher Cd levels.Soil microbial metabolic quotient(MMQ) was generally greater at high Cd loading(1～16 mg/kg).However,the MMQ is also affected by other factors.Cd contamination reduces species diversity of soil microbial communities and their ability to metabolize different C substrates.Soils with higher levels of Cd contamination showed decreases in indicator phospholipids fatty acids(PLFAs) for Gram-negative bacteria and actinomycetes,while the indicator PLFAs for Gram-positive bacteria and fungi increased with increasing levels of Cd contamination.

Accumulation of cadmium and copper by female Oxya chinensis (Orthopera: Acridoidea) in soil-plant-insect system

One purpose of this research is to present accumulation of cadmium （Cd） and copper （Cu） by female Oxya chinensis （Orthopera： Acridoidea） in a simulated soil-plant-insect ecosystem treated with Cd. Fourth-instar nymphs of O. chinensis had been fed on wheat （Triticurn aestivum） seedlings contaminated with Cd and Cu for one month. In the ecosystem, the Cd concentration in wheat seedlings rose greatly with the increasing of Cd in the soil, but the Cu concentration in wheat seedlings was not found elevated. There was a highly significant difference（P〈0.05） in Cd concentrations of wheat seedlings and not any significant difference（P〉0.05） in Cu concentrations of wheat seedlings. The Cd and Cu concentration in different body part-head, thorax, abdomen, and hind femur, varied under different Cd concentrations in soil. There were significant differences （P〈0.05） in the four parts of Cd and Cu accumulations with all treatments. The order of Cd accumulation was thorax 〉abdomen 〉head 〉hind femur and the Cu was abdomen 〉thorax 〉 head〉hind femur. The results indicated that Cd and Cu were accumulated from the soil to grasshoppers through the plant; that is to say, Cd and Cu in environment could be transported to animal or human via food chain.

加剧酸化对土壤有效态Cd和水稻的影响

【目的】通过引用酸化材料加剧土壤酸化,探究Cd污染土壤酸化后,土壤pH值改变对土壤中Cd活性及水稻产量、质量的影响,为Cd污染土壤的修复治理提供理论支撑。【方法】开展土壤培养试验,分析Cd污染土壤施用酸化材料后土壤pH值及有效态Cd含量的动态变化,探究土壤pH变化对Cd活性的影响;开展水稻盆栽试验,分析土壤酸化后水稻生物量、产量及其构成因素、水稻植株及稻米Cd含量的变化,探究土壤pH降低对水稻产量、质量的影响。【结果】施用酸化材料能精准降低土壤pH,使试验土壤形成一定的pH梯度。土壤pH值降低0.33、0.67个单位,土壤有效态Cd含量分别增加0.04、0.07 mg/kg,增幅达21.05%、36.84%,土壤有效态Cd和土壤pH之间呈显著的负相关关系。土壤pH降低导致水稻生长受到抑制,植株瘦弱,与对照相比,pH 4.77、5.11处理的水稻地上部生物量分别降低9.61%、2.48%。水稻有效穂数、穗实粒数、结实率随土壤pH降低而减少,导致pH 4.77、5.11处理的水稻产量较对照减少11.58%、1.74%。土壤酸化致使重金属活化,导致水稻植株及稻米对Cd的富集能力增强,pH 4.77、5.11处理植株Cd含量较对照分别增加87.52%、1.13%,稻米Cd含量较对照分别增加134.55%、165.45%。【结论】土壤pH影响Cd的形态,土壤酸化使Cd的生物有效性增加,土壤有效态Cd和土壤pH之间呈显著的负相关关系。土壤酸化使水稻生长受阻,地上部生物量降低,成穗数与实粒数减少,产量降低,同时亦加剧土壤Cd活性,使水稻对Cd的吸收和富集能力增强,被重金属污染的风险也相应增加。

Spatial distribution of Cd and Cu in soils in Shenyang Zhangshi Irrigation Area(SZIA),China

Heavy metal contamination of soils,derived from sewage irrigation,mining and inappropriate utilization of various agrochemicals and pesticides,and so on,has been of wide concern in the last several decades.The Shenyang Zhangshi Irrigation Area(SZIA) in China is a representative area of heavy metal contamination of soils resulting from sewage irrigation for about 30 years.This study investigated the spatial distribution and temporal variation of soil cadmium(Cd) and copper(Cu) contamination in the SZIA.The soil samples were collected from the SZIA in 1990 and 2004;Cd and Cu in soils was analyzed and then the spatial distribution and temporal variation of Cd and Cu in soils were modeled using Kriging methods.The results show that long-term sewage irrigation had caused serious Cd and Cu contamination in soils.The mean and the maximum of soil Cd are markedly higher than the levels in second grade standard soil(LSGSS) in China,and the maximum of soil Cu is close to the LSGSS in China in 2004 and is more than the LSGSS in China in 1990.The contamination magnitude of soil Cd and the soil extent of Cd contamination had evidently increased since sewage irrigation ceased in 1992.The contamination magnitude of soil Cu and the soil extent of Cu contamination had evidently increased in topsoil,but obviously decresed in subsoil.The soil contamination of Cd and Cu was mainly related to Cd and Cu reactivation of contaminated sediments in Shenyang Xi River and the import of Cd and Cu during irrigation.The eluviation of Cd and Cu in contaminated topsoil with rainfall and irrigation water was another factor of temporal-spatial variability of Cd and Cu contamination in soils.

镉(Cd)胁迫下蓖麻蛋白质组学筛查及RcBSK7抗性功能研究

为揭示蓖麻(Ricinus communis)植株响应重金属镉(Cd)胁迫相关机制,筛选出蓖麻中参与Cd胁迫的抗性基因。本研究通过观察种子发芽及植株生长状态,最终确定以水处理的蓖麻植株为对照,研究其在3种剂量(300、700、1000 mg·L^(-1))Cd胁迫处理下的反应机制,以期为揭示蓖麻响应Cd胁迫的防御和解毒机制提供新思路。利用差异蛋白质组学分析蓖麻在Cd胁迫下的网络调控机制,即随着Cd胁迫浓度的增加,蓖麻植株分别通过阻隔根系对重金属Cd的吸收、提高自身抗氧化能力、抑制Cd^(2+)运转以及诱导细胞程序性死亡等防御解毒过程以抵抗Cd胁迫损伤。根据组学分析结果筛选出差异显著基因RcBSK7,通过在拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)中进行功能验证可知,该基因对提高蓖麻对Cd耐受性具有重要的作用。本研究增强了对蓖麻植株在3种Cd胁迫下多样性和复杂性的认识,为耐Cd基因鉴定和土壤中重金属污染修复提供了有价值的理论依据。

硫肥与磷肥联用对稻田土壤Cd有效性的影响

为探究硫肥与磷肥联用对稻田土壤中镉(Cd)的钝化效果,采用土壤培养试验,研究了2种硫肥(硫磺和硫酸钠)与钙镁磷肥联用对稻田土壤中Cd有效性变化规律和Cd形态转化的影响,共设置6种处理:对照(CK)、钙镁磷肥(P)、硫磺(S1)、硫酸钠(S2)、钙镁磷肥+硫磺(PS1)及钙镁磷肥+硫酸钠(PS2),并分析了土壤Cd有效性与有效硫、有效磷、pH及Eh的关系。研究结果显示,在土壤中施用不同钝化材料后,土壤有效Cd含量均明显降低,其中PS1处理有效Cd含量最低,较CK降低了49.8%;钙镁磷肥能够提高土壤pH值,较CK升高了0.39;硫磺能显著降低土壤Eh值,较CK降低了23.2%,并促进了SO_(4)^(2-)向S^(2-)的还原;硫磺和钙镁磷肥联合施用可以显著增加土壤有效磷的含量,与CK相比较,PS1处理土壤有效磷含量提高了81.9%;硫磺和钙镁磷肥联合施用,通过对Eh、有效硫和有效磷的调控,可协同促进土壤的可交换态Cd向残渣态Cd转化。研究结果表明,在缓解稻田Cd污染方面,硫磺和钙镁磷肥的联用具有潜在应用前景。

Combined Effects of Cadmium and Phenanthrene on DNA Sequence Diversity of Soil Microbial Community

The DNA sequence diversities for microbial communities in soils contaminated by heavy metal (HM) Cadmium (Cd) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) phenanthrene were evaluated by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis in pot and laboratory experiments. Fourteen random primers were used to amplify RAPDs from microbial community DNAs in four soils contaminated by HM or/and PAH. The products of 14 primers were separated in gel and generated 212 reliable fragments, of which 203 were polymorphic. The numbers of microorganisms (fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes) were also analyzed. The results showed that the total number of microorganisms in the soil polluted by Cd was lowest among the soils, about 67.4 % lower than the soil without pollution, especially the number of bacterial, about 73.8 %. In contrast, there was the highest number of microorganisms in the soil polluted by phenanthrene, about 180 % more than those in the control without pollution, especially the number of actinomycete, about 19 times of control. The number of microorganism of soil polluted by Cd + phenanthrene was fallen between Cd and phenanthrene, about 19.5 % lower than control. The number of fungi showed no significant differences among soils. However, increases in DNA sequence diversity were observed in all contaminated soil samples. The effects were stronger in the case of soil contaminated with PAH and HM than those in soils amended with HM or PAH, separately. The soil with Cd and phenanthrene had the highest richness, modified richness and Shannon-Weaver index. These results showed that HM or/and PAH might result in some changes for soil microbe’s DNA itself, such as sequence breakage or insertion and genomic rearrangement. The RAPD marker technique combined with traditional methods appears to be an effective approach for studying the combined effects of HM and PAH on DNA sequence diversity of soil microbial community.

沼渣腐殖质对Cd污染土壤的淋洗效果及性质影响

针对湖南水稻田土壤Cd污染问题,用沼渣中提取的腐殖质作为土壤淋洗剂,研究沼渣腐殖质溶液对农田土壤中重金属Cd的淋洗效果。通过室内模拟试验,采用振荡淋洗方式研究沼渣腐殖质溶液对不同含量Cd污染土壤中Cd去除效果和土壤性质的影响,并对淋洗过程中的土壤重金属含量进行动力学分析,最后初步探讨沼渣腐殖质溶液淋洗去除土壤中Cd的机理。结果表明:当液土比为4∶1(质量比),淋洗时间为120 min时,沼渣腐殖质溶液淋洗低含量和高含量Cd污染土壤对土壤中Cd去除率分别为57.73%和54.66%。沼渣腐殖质淋洗土壤的过程为非均相扩散过程。淋洗后土壤中可提取态Cd去除效果明显,同时有机质、氮、磷、钾等营养元素含量有所提高,酶活性先下降后上升。与淋洗前土壤上种植的水稻相比,淋洗后2种土壤上水稻种子发芽率以及幼苗株高、鲜质量和干质量都有所提高。沼渣腐殖质溶液淋洗Cd污染土壤可破坏土壤中的O-Cd键。说明沼渣腐殖质在Cd污染农田修复和Cd污染工业场地修复领域具有一定的应用潜力。