Management Guidelines for Calabrian Pine Reforestations Carried Out in Southern Italy in the 1950s-70s

After the Second World War of the past century in Italy extended plantations were carried out. In Southern Italy the Calabrian pine （Pinus laricio Poiret） has been the most used species, for its ability to take root in many difficult conditions. Currently the extension of this vegetation is about 36,000 hectares, in great part established in Calabria. They have reduced hydrogeological risks, they have carried out an important social role and have improved the landscape and the environment of huge hill and mountain territories. After the realization of these stands, no forest management has been made in order to define purposes and silvicultural operations. All stands are currently vulnerable in order to abiotic （fire, breakages） and biotic （Traumatocampa （--- Thaumetopoea） pityocampa （Denis ＆ Schiff.） and Heterobasidion annosum （Fr.） Bref.） agents. For the future, the silvicultural management of these stands will not be able to avoid planning choices, in order to improve the structural stability and the bioecological functionality and to consider the recent opportunities offered from the agroenergetic field.

Large earthquakes along slow converging plate margins:Calabrian Arc paleoseismicity based on the submarine turbidite record

The Calabrian Arc subduction-rollback system hosts seismogenic faults capable of generating earthquakes exceeding magnitude 7.Since earthquakes are the result of long-term geodynamic processes,documenting seismic activity during a sufficiently long time interval is of fundamental importance for hazard scenarios.Instrumental and historical data provide critical information on seismogenesis,but they cover time periods shorter than the recurrence times of large earthquakes,especially in areas with low deformation rates such as Calabria.If onshore paleoseismological studies are fundamental to compile earthquake catalogs,they are sometime affected by the relatively poor continuity of sedimentation in the subaerial environment.In this study we applied the paleoseismological approach to the submarine environment to reconstruct the record of high-energy sedimentary events triggered by seismic activity.We analyzed three gravity cores collected in disconnected sedimentary basins to reconstruct resedimentation processes during the Holocene,integrating inland information for a better assessment of tectonic activity and seismogenesis.Multiproxy analyses of the sedimentary record constrained by radiometric dating allowed reconstructing event stratigraphy and linking resedimented deposits to specific earthquakes.Onshore and offshore data allow to identify large-magnitude earthquakes in the central Calabrian Arc subduction system during the Holocene,with inferred epicenters located either along normal faults onshore and/or related to the slab dynamics.The turbidite record reveals 20 major events during the last 10 ka,with sources including crustal faults in Calabria(i.e.Lakes,Rossano and Cittanova faults).Analyses of sediment samples and high-resolution seismic reflection images allowed identification of different types of resedimented deposits during the last 30–50 ka.The basin-wide occurrence of three megaturbidites/homogenites suggests they are related to megatsunamis sourced by far field earthquakes along the Hellenic Arc.Megaturbidites with a more limited spatial extent are interpreted as subduction-type events in the Calabrian Arc,while thinner seismo-turbidites record the activity of crustal structures including faults onshore.Results suggest a recurrence time of 2–3 ka for major Calabrian Arc events that needs to be considered for a reliable hazard assessment in the Mediterranean region.