T-type calcium channel expression in cultured human neuroblastoma cells

Human neuroblastoma cells （SH-SY5Y） have similar structures and functions as neural cells and have been frequently used for cell culture studies of neural cell functions.Previous studies have revealed L-and N-type calcium channels in SH-SY5Y cells.However,the distribution of the low-voltage activated calcium channel （namely called T-type calcium channel,including Cav3.1,Cav3.2,and Cav3.3） in SH-SY5Y cells remains poorly understood.The present study detected mRNA and protein expres-sion of the T-type calcium channel （Cav3.1,Cav3.2,and Cav3.3） in cultured SH-SY5Y cells using real-time polymerase chain reaction （PCR） and western blot analysis.Results revealed mRNA and protein expression from all three T-type calcium channel subtypes in SH-SY5Y cells.Moreover,Cav3.1 was the predominant T-type calcium channel subtype in SH-SY5Y cells.

Differential Effect of Calcium-Activated Potassium and Chloride Channels on Rat Basilar Artery Vasomotion

Spontaneous, rhythmical contractions, or vasomotion, can be recorded from cerebral vessels under both normal physiological and pathophysiological conditions. We investigated the cellular mechanisms underlying vasomotion in the cerebral basilar artery （BA） of Wistar rats. Pressure myograph video microscopy was used to study the changes in cerebral artery vessel diameter. The main results of this study were as follows： （1） The diameters of BA and middle cerebral artery （MCA） were 314.5±15.7 μm （n=15） and 233.3±10.1 μm （n=12） at 10 mmHg working pressure （P〈0.05）, respectively. Pressure-induced vasomotion occurred in BA （22/28, 78.6%）, but not in MCA （4/31, 12.9%） from 0 to 70 mmHg working pressure. As is typical for vasomotion, the contractile phase of the response was more rapid than the relaxation phase; （2） The frequency of vasomotion response and the diameter were gradually increased in BA from 0 to 70 mmHg working pressure. The amplitude of the rhythmic con- tractions was relatively constant once stable conditions were achieved. The frequency of contractions was variable and the highest value was 16.7±4.7 （n=13） per 10 min at 60 mmHg working pressure; （3） The pressure-induced vasomotion of the isolated BA was attenuated by nifedipine, NFA, 181]-GA, TEA or in Ca2＋-free medium. Nifedipine, NFA, 18^-GA or Ca2＋-free medium not only dampened vasomotion, but also kept BA in relaxation state. In contrasts, TEA kept BA in contraction state. These results sug- gest that the pressure-induced vasomotion of the isolated BA results from an interaction between Ca2＋-activated C1- channels （CaCCs） currents and Kca currents. We hypothesize that vasomotion of BA depends on the depolarizing of the vascular smooth muscle cells （VSMCs） to activate CaCCs. Depolarization in turn activates voltage-dependent Ca2＋ channels, synchronizing contractions of adjacent cells through influx of extracellular calcium and the flow of calcium through gap junctions. Subsequent calcium-induced calcium release from ryanodine-sensitive stores activates Kca channels and hyperpo- larizes VSMCs, which provides a negative feedback loop for regenerating the contractile cycle.

Effects of Rhynchophyline on L-type Calcium Channels in Isolated Rat Cortical Neurons During Acute Hypoxia

目的：研究钩藤碱对急性分离的Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠大脑皮层神经元低氧状态下Ｌ型钙通道的作用。方法：细胞贴附膜片钳技术，从－４０ｍＶ去极化至０ｍＶ激活Ｌ型钙通道。结果：低氧可激活皮层神经元Ｌ型钙通道开放，使平均开放时间延长，平均关闭时间缩短，开放概率增加。钩藤碱（１５和３０μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１）可浓度依赖性抑制低氧状态下此钙通道的激活，缩短其平均开放时间（从８８７ｍｓ缩至３０３ｍｓ和２２３ｍｓ，Ｐ＜０００１），延长其平均关闭时间（从９２３ｍｓ延至３８８４和５４４３ｍｓ，Ｐ＜０００１）并降低其开放概率（从０１４２降至００３１和００２５，Ｐ＜０００１）此作用与维拉帕米（１５μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１）相似，但稍弱。结论：钩藤碱对低氧大鼠大脑皮层神经元Ｌ型钙通道有阻滞作用，从而降低细胞内钙超载。

Transient Receptor Potential Ion Channels in the Etiology and Pathomechanism of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis

Chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) is a disabling condition of unknown cause having multi-system manifestations. Our group has investigated the potential role of transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels in the etiology and pathomechanism of this illness. Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) signaling is the primary intracellular calcium signaling mechanism in non-excitable cells and is associated with TRP ion channels. While the sub-family (Canonical) TRPC has been traditionally associated with this important cellular mechanism, a member of the TRPM sub-family group (Melastatin), TRPM3, has also been recently identified as participating in SOCE in white matter of the central nervous system. We have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TRP genes in natural killer (NK) cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in CFS/ME patients. We also describe biochemical pathway changes and calcium signaling perturbations in blood cells from patients. The ubiquitous distribution of TRP ion channels and specific locations of sub-family group members such as TRPM3 suggest a contribution to systemic pathology in CFS/ME.

CB_1 Cannabinoid Receptor-Dependent and-Independent Inhibition of Depolarization-Induced Calcium Influx in Oligodendrocytes

Ca2+稳态平衡的调节在少突胶质细胞功能和存活中起重要作用。大麻素CB1和CB2受体在许多细胞中调节Ca2+水平和/或K+电流。本文利用培养的少突胶质细胞中,通过增高细胞外K+浓度(50 mM诱导膜去极化,研究大麻素复合物在此过程引发钙内流中的作用。CB2受体激动剂ACEA导致去极化诱导的少突胶质细胞胞浆的Ca2+瞬变表达浓度依赖性抑制,最大效应为(94±3)%,半效应浓度(EC50)为(1.3±0.03)μM。这种作用可被CB2/CB2激动剂CP55、940、内源性大麻素类AEA和2-AG所模拟,但是CB2受体选择性激动剂J WH133没有作用。CB2受体拮抗剂AM251(1μM)也可减少细胞外高K+诱导的Ca2+反应,但不能防止ACEA(3μM)诱发的抑制效应。然而,ACEA和AEA减少去极化诱导的Ca2+瞬变的能力在CB2受体敲除小鼠和经百日咳毒素预处理的少突胶质细胞中明显降低。内流性K+通道阻断剂BaCl2(300μM)和CsCl2(1 mM)降低电压诱导的Ca2+内流并部分阻断ACEA的抑制效应。本文表明,大麻素抑制少突胶质细胞中去极化诱导的Ca2+瞬变是通过包括PTX-敏感的Gi/o蛋白和阻断K+内流通道的CB2受体依赖性和非依赖性机制。

环核苷酸门控离子通道及其功能的研究进展

环核苷酸门控(CNG)离子通道是一种非选择性的四聚体阳离子通道,可以直接被细胞内信使小分子——环核苷酸活化,是钙离子进入细胞的主要通道之一。CNG通道蛋白由6种不同基因编码:4个A亚单位和2个B亚单位。CNG离子通道的活性可被钙离子/钙调素(Ca2+/CaM)及磷酸化或膜上磷酸肌醇作用调节,从而改变细胞内钙离子浓度,参与多种生物学功能的调控。自从在视杆细胞中发现CNG离子通道以来,经历了对其生理功能、克隆相关基因、理解调控方式、解析晶体结构和开发相关的基因治疗方法等研究过程,在视觉和嗅觉感觉神经元(OSNs)的信号转导中发挥着重要作用。现就CNG离子通道的功能、结构、调控机制及其与相关疾病关系等方面进行简要综述,以期为CNG离子通道相关疾病的治疗提供理论依据。

Does closure of acid-sensing ion channels reduce ischemia/reperfusion injury in the rat brain?

Acidosis is a common characteristic of brain damage. Because studies have shown that permeable Ca2＋-acid-sensing ion channels can mediate the toxic effects of calcium ions, they have become new targets against pain and various intracranial diseases. However, the mechanism associated with expression of these channels remains unclear. This study sought to observe the expression characteristics of permeable Ca2＋-acid-sensing ion channels during different reperfusion inflows in rats after cerebral ischemia. The rat models were randomly divided into three groups： adaptive ischemia/reperfusion group, one-time ischemia/reperfusion group, and severe cerebral ischemic injury group. Western blot assays and immunofluorescence staining results exhibited that when compared with the one-time ischemia/reperfusion group, acid-sensing ion channel 3 and Bcl-x/I expression decreased in the adaptive ischemia/reperfusion group. Calmodulin expression was lowest in the adaptive ischemia/reperfusion group. Following adaptive reperfusion, common carotid artery flow was close to normal, and the pH value improved. Results verified that adaptive reperfusion following cerebral ischemia can suppress acid-sensing ion channel 3 expression, significantly reduce Ca2＋ influx, inhibit calcium overload, and diminish Ca2＋ toxicity. The effects of adaptive ischemia/reperfusion on suppressing cell apoptosis and relieving brain damage were better than that of one-time ischemia/reperfusion.

Piezo1通道激活促进大鼠冠脉平滑肌细胞内钙浓度升高的机制研究

目的:探讨机械敏感性离子通道Piezo1激活促进冠状动脉平滑肌细胞(CASMCs)内Ca^(2+)浓度([Ca^(2+)]i)升高的机制。方法:采用原代成年大鼠CASMCs为研究对象,用细胞免疫荧光技术观察Piezo1在CASMCs中的表达与亚细胞定位情况;利用Western blot检测用si RNA敲减CASMCs中Piezo1和基质相互作用分子1(STIM1)后CASMCs中的蛋白表达情况;利用激光共聚焦显微镜,通过基于Flou-4 AM负载的细胞内Ca^(2+)成像技术,测量CASMCs[Ca^(2+)]i的变化。结果:细胞免疫荧光染色结果显示,Piezo1在原代大鼠CASMCs中表达;Piezo1与肌浆/内质网Ca^(2+)-ATP酶2(SERCA2)、线粒体外膜蛋白TOM20和核膜蛋白lamin B1共定位程度较高。Western blot结果表明,si RNA转染后STIM1和Piezo1蛋白表达下调(P<0.05)。激光共聚焦显微镜检测[Ca^(2+)]i结果表明:与对照组相比,Piezo1激动剂Yoda1诱导CASMCs的胞外Ca^(2+)内流增加(P<0.01),抑制L型钙通道不影响Yoda1诱导的Ca^(2+)内流;Yoda1诱导CASMCs胞内Ca^(2+)释放增加(P<0.01),抑制内质网上的钙通道(雷诺丁受体和1,4,5-三磷酸肌醇受体)不影响Yoda1诱导的胞内Ca^(2+)释放;使用毒胡萝卜素(TG)排空内质网中Ca^(2+)后,Yoda1仍能诱导CASMCs中其它细胞器的Ca^(2+)释放(P<0.01);抑制L型钙通道后,使用钙库操纵性钙通道(SOCC)抑制剂BTP2或敲减STIM1使Yo‐da1诱导CASMCs胞外Ca^(2+)内流减少(P<0.01);敲减Piezo1使TG诱导的CASMCs内质网Ca^(2+)释放增加(P<0.05),但不影响TG诱导的胞外Ca^(2+)内流;抑制L型钙通道和SOCC后,敲减Piezo1导致Yoda1诱导的CASMCs胞内Ca^(2+)释放以及胞外Ca^(2+)内流均减少(P<0.01)。结论:Piezo1激动剂诱导CASMCs胞外Ca^(2+)内流主要通过细胞膜上的Piezo1通道和间接激活的SOCC,也可触发胞内细胞器Ca^(2+)释放,共同升高[Ca^(2+)]i。

山奈酚对缺氧/复氧损伤诱导心肌细胞凋亡的影响及机制研究

目的:探究山奈酚对缺氧/复氧损伤诱导心肌细胞凋亡的影响和机制。方法:利用随机数字法将H9C2大鼠心肌细胞随机分为三组,对照组细胞在常规孵箱培养,缺氧/复氧组细胞利用缺氧孵箱和常规孵箱交替培养,山奈酚组细胞在缺氧/复氧培养的基础上应用30μmol/L山奈酚。分别利用流式细胞仪和多核苷酸链断裂技术检测各组细胞凋亡水平,利用蛋白印迹技术检测凋亡相关蛋白和钙离子通道蛋白含量,利用免疫荧光技术检测细胞中钙离子浓度。结果:和对照组比较,缺氧/复氧组细胞凋亡增加,钙离子通道蛋白Cav1.2表达和细胞中钙离子含量增加(均P<0.05);和缺氧/复氧组比较,山奈酚组细胞凋亡减少,钙离子通道蛋白Cav1.2表达和胞内钙离子浓度减少(均P<0.05)。结论:山奈酚可能通过减少钙离子通道蛋白Cav1.2表达和胞内钙离子浓度抑制缺氧/复氧损伤诱导的大鼠心肌细胞H9C2凋亡。

Exploiting MCF-7 Cells’ Calcium Dependence with Interlaced Therapy

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate MCF-7 cells’ dependence on calcium for growth and to exploit that dependence to improve chemotherapy efficacy. Fura-2 fluorescence imaging shows that MCF-7 cells maintain a higher basal intracellular calcium concentration than non-tumorigenic MCF-10A cells. Blocking T-type calcium channels with mibefradil reduced MCF-7 intracellular calcium concentration. Flow cytometry shows that knocking down T-type calcium channel expression with siRNA caused an increase in MCF-7 cells in G1 phase and a decrease in cells in S phase. Proliferation assays of MCF-7 cells treated with EGTA and thapsigargin reveal the dependence of MCF-7 cell growth on extracellular and intracellular calcium sources, respectively. In vitro, interlaced treatment that alternated the T-type calcium channel blocker NNC-55-0396 with paclitaxel more effectively reduced MCF-7 cell number than chemotherapy alone. In a mouse in vivo model, interlaced mibefradil and paclitaxel more effectively reduced MCF-7 xenograft size than chemotherapy alone. These findings indicate that MCF-7 cells are dependent on calcium for proliferation, particularly in passing the G1/S cell cycle checkpoint. Further, this dependence on calcium can be exploited by alternating treatment with T-type calcium channel blockers with paclitaxel in an interlaced therapy scheme that increases the efficacy of the chemotherapy.

The changes of neuronal Ca^（2＋） channel and its effects on BBB permeability and cerebral edema associated with brain injury

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Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 3 and Intracellular Calcium in Natural Killer Cells in Multiple Sclerosis

Background: Natural killer (NK) cell phenotypes have reported to be implicated in the pathomechanism of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Several investigators have observed reduced peripheral numbers, reduced cytotoxic activity, and altered CD56Dim and CD56Bright NK cell phenotypes. This current project, for the first time, investigates the NK cell cytotoxicity, calcium mobilisation and transient receptor potential melastatin 3 (TRPM3) surface expression. Methods: NK cell cytotoxic activity and calcium signaling were examined in CD56Dim and CD56Bright NK cells before and after stimulation using Ionomycin, Pregnenolone sulphate, 2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate and Thapsigargin. Purified NK cells were labelled with antibodies to determine TRPM3, CD69 and CD107a surface expression using flow cytometry. Results: Twenty-two MS patients and 22 healthy controls were recruited for this project. Twelve of the 22 previously received Alemtuzumab (Lemtrada&reg;) and the remaining ten reported nil medication. We report TRPM3 was significantly increased in untreated MS patients compared with healthy controls and treated MS patients (p-value 0.034). There was a significant decrease in CD69 surface expression on CD56Dim NK cell phenotype for untreated MS patients (p-value 0.031) and treated MS patients (p-value 0.036). We report altered calcium mobilisation in CD56Bright NK cells and to a lesser extent CD56Dim NK cells between healthy controls, treated and untreated MS patients. Conclusion: This investigation suggests variations in TRPM3 expression and calcium mobilisation of NK cells may be implicated in the pathogenesis of MS. Further investigation is required to determine the mechanism by which alemtuzumab alters calcium signaling in NK cells.

K^(+)和Ca^(2+)通透性离子通道调控血管干细胞作用的研究进展

干细胞具有自我更新和多向分化潜能,参与维持机体稳态、组织修复和再生过程。近年来研究发现血管上存在多种不同类型的血管干细胞,被特定条件激活可分化为内皮细胞和平滑肌细胞,参与血管损伤后修复和结构功能重塑。离子通道是生物电信号产生的基础,是细胞与周围环境进行物质交换和信息交流的门户,在维持细胞正常形态和功能调控中发挥重要作用。但目前对血管干细胞离子通道的研究相对较少。K^(+)和Ca^(2+)是细胞内的重要信号分子,通透K^(+)和Ca^(2+)的离子通道协调调控生理和病理状态下血管的舒缩活性和功能重构。最新研究表明,这些离子通道参与调控干细胞的增殖、迁移和分化,预示其在血管干细胞的生物学活性调控中具有潜在作用。本文将对血管上主要分布的可通透K^(+)和Ca^(2+)的离子通道在干细胞中作用的研究进展进行综述,揭示这些离子通道对干细胞生物学活性调控的作用机制,进一步探讨在血管干细胞的增殖、迁移和分化过程中这些离子通道的结构重塑和电重塑机制,为心血管疾病的防治和靶向性药物的研发提供参考。

离子通道与长QT综合征的研究进展

长QT综合征患者临床上表现为心肌动作电位复极过程紊乱,心电图显示QT间期延长,常导致不定期反复性晕厥、癫痫、恶性心律失常甚至猝死等,而心脏结构没有任何异常。研究表明,长QT综合征与钙离子通道、钾离子通道、钠离子通道以及钙调蛋白等基因突变相关。本文综述了离子通道与长QT综合征的研究进展,总结了离子通道基因突变诱发长QT综合征的作用机制,以及临床上长QT综合征的治疗现状,为长QT综合征的防治提供一定的参考依据。

经典瞬时受体电位通道在骨骼肌疾病中作用的研究进展

经典瞬时受体电位通道(TRPC)是位于细胞膜上的一类非选择性阳离子通道,对细胞正常的电生理活动具有重要的作用。病理状态下,TRPC对Ca^(2+)的选择性更高,它可破坏骨骼肌细胞内Ca^(2+)稳态,使其发生钙超载,进而发生多种骨骼肌疾病。研究TRPC通道在骨骼肌疾病中的作用与机制,有助于为该疾病治疗提供新思路。

多机制多通路参与哮喘新说

目的哮喘发病机制十分复杂,涉及许多方面,对哮喘发病机制的最新研究成果进行综述。方法参阅国外公开发表的相关文献26篇,从炎症及神经体液机制、气道高反应性及气道重塑机制、主要的离子通道等方面阐述了哮喘的发病机制。结果哮喘的发生发展涉及支气管炎症、机体的免疫反应、神经体液信号分子、平滑肌细胞膜及浆膜钙离子通道和钾离子通道等。结论对哮喘发病机制的阐明将为其治疗提供新的思路,同时也为抗哮喘药物的研发奠定基础。

内皮素对离体大鼠心肌细胞的影响

本文应用离体成年大鼠心肌细胞,研究内皮素作用的细胞机制,发现10^(-9)—10^(-7)mol/L内皮素可引起心肌细胞挛缩、胞浆乳酸脱氢酶漏出和细胞总钙量增加,且具有剂量-效应关系。内皮素可促进^(45)Ca内流,其作用为钙通道阻断剂维拉帕米所拮抗。预先用负载荧光染料Fura-2的心肌细胞与内皮素孵育,可见胞浆游离钙显著增加,其作用亦可为维拉帕米抑制。结果提示:内皮素主要通过电位依赖的钙通道促进心肌细胞Ca^(2+)内流,产生其生物学效应。

牛磺酸镁对缺氧/复氧致大鼠心肌细胞钙离子通道异常的影响

目的观察牛磺酸镁配合物(taurine magnesium coordination compound,TMCC)对缺氧/复氧损伤所致大鼠心室细胞异常L-型钙电流(ICa,L)的影响,以探讨其抗心律失常作用机制。方法酶解法分离大鼠单个心室肌细胞,应用全细胞膜片钳技术记录低(100μmol·L-1)、中(200μmol·L-1)、高(400μmol·L-1)3个浓度的牛磺酸镁及胺碘酮(24.24μmol·L-1)对缺氧/复氧大鼠心室细胞ICa,L的影响。结果缺氧/复氧使大鼠心室肌细胞ICa,L峰值从(3.35±0.50)pA/pF增大到(5.69±0.25)pA/pF(n=6,P<0.01),TMCC(100、200、400μmol·L-1)可使缺氧/复氧损伤模型增大的ICa,L峰值分别恢复到(5.28±0.18)pA/pF(n=6,P>0.05)、(4.41±0.22)pA/pF、(3.82±0.21)pA/pF(n=6,P<0.01)。24.24μmol·L-1胺碘酮使其恢复为(3.66±0.27)pA/pF(n=6,P<0.01)。与正常对照组相比,缺氧/复氧使钙激活曲线左移,激活加快,失活曲线右移,失活减慢,TMCC(200、400μmol·L-1)和胺碘酮(24.24μmol·L-1)可恢复左移的激活曲线,使激活减慢,恢复右移的失活曲线,使失活加快。结论 TMCC可通过促进钙通道的失活以及抑制钙通道的激活过程,浓度依赖性地恢复缺氧/复氧损伤引起的钙电流增大,其作用与胺碘酮相当,TMCC对钙电流的抑制作用可能是其发挥抗心律失常的机制之一。

锌对心肌保护作用机理的探讨

应用电镜、电子示踪技术和立体计量测试法，从形态学上观察异丙基肾上腺素对心肌膜系统的影响及锌的保护作用，同时应用标准玻璃微电极技术和微机实时分析方法，研究异丙基肾上腺素致心肌损伤及锌对心肌保护作用的机理。实验结果表明：异丙基肾上腺素可引起心肌细胞膜系统损伤，此时心肌细胞的去极化和复极化过程均发生改变；经锌前处理后，心肌损伤程度明显减轻，心肌细胞的复极化过程得到明显改善。锌对心肌的保护作用，主要是通过阻断心肌细胞膜慢通道、减少平台期钙离子内流、防止细胞内钙超载来实现。