Two rice varieties, Xiushui 110 with high cadmium (Cd) tolerance and Xiushui 11 with low Cd tolerance were used to study the effects of Cd stress on seed germination, seedling growth and amylase activities. The low ca...Two rice varieties, Xiushui 110 with high cadmium (Cd) tolerance and Xiushui 11 with low Cd tolerance were used to study the effects of Cd stress on seed germination, seedling growth and amylase activities. The low cadmium concentration had little effect on seed germination rate. However, cadmium stress could significantly inhibit plumule and radicle growth, especially for radicle growth. Germination index, vigour index, radicle length and amylase activities of Xiushui 11 decreased more significantly with the increasing cadmium level compared with Xiushui 110. The cadmium content in seedlings of Xiushui 11 was higher than that in Xiushui 110 when the cadmium concentration exceeded 5 μmol/L, which caused lower mitotic index in root tips and amylase activities, and more serious cadmium toxicity in Xiushui 11.展开更多
To determine biochemical changes during the germination of rice grains （Oryza sativa L. subsp, indica var. Mottaikaruppan） and to improve germination rate using gibberellic acid and surfactants [sodium dodecyl sulfa...To determine biochemical changes during the germination of rice grains （Oryza sativa L. subsp, indica var. Mottaikaruppan） and to improve germination rate using gibberellic acid and surfactants [sodium dodecyl sulfate （SDS） （1.0 g/L） and Triton-X-100 （1.0 mL/L）], whole rice grains soaked in distilled water for 12 h at 30℃were germinated in the dark at 30℃ for five days. The highest germination rate （77.1%） was obtained on the 5th day. An increase in the content of reducing sugars from 7.3 to 58.1 mg/g DM （dry matter） was observed from the 1st day of germination. Free amino acids and soluble protein contents increased to 3.69 and 5.29 mg/g DM, respectively on the 5^th day of germination. Total protein content decreased from 100.5 to 91.0 g/kg DM during germination. Increases in amylolytic （1.1 to 190.0 U/g DM） and proteolytic （0 to 0.12 U/g DM） activities were observed during germination. Effects of different concentrations of gibberellic acid on the germination of rice grains were evaluated and 0.1 g/L was found to promote germination. When effects of gibberellic acid （0.1 g/L） and surfactants were evaluated individually and together, higher germination rate was observed in the control experiment （grains germinated in distilled water）, whereas giberellic acid and surfactants decreased the germination rate. Therefore, the flour obtained from the grains germinated for four days using distilled water to obtain high content of soluble materials and enzyme activities can be used in preparation of bakery items.展开更多
This study investigated the symbiotic and adverse consequence of hypogeal germination periods on nutrients and non-nutrient characteristics of brown rice(Oryza sativa).Brown rice paddy was subjected to hypogeal germin...This study investigated the symbiotic and adverse consequence of hypogeal germination periods on nutrients and non-nutrient characteristics of brown rice(Oryza sativa).Brown rice paddy was subjected to hypogeal germination for 0–72 h using one-factor design-response surface methodology(OFD-RSM)and evaluated for nutrients and non-nutrient characteristics.The results showed that hypogeal germination caused a significant(p<0.05)change in the proximate composition:protein(9.42–12.36%),fat(0.88–1.38%),ash(1.87–2.50%);anti-nutrients:saponin(2.03–2.22%),oxalate(2.44–3.45 mg/100 g),phytate(6.99–8.81 mg/100 g);functional properties:water absorption capacity,WAC(121.23–147.78%),oil absorption capacity,OAC(121.39–147.26%);antioxidants properties:2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH(35.30–43.60%),ferric reducing antioxidant power,FRAP(0.054–0.119 mMolFe^(2+)),metal chelating activity,MCA(44.28–52.99%),total phenolic content,TPC(0.623–0.798 mg gallic acid equipvalent per gram(mgGAE/g)),total flavonoid content,TFC(43.47–50.63 mg rutin equivalent per gram(mgRUTIN/g));and mineral content:calcium(36.0–41.76 mg/100 g),phosphorus(82.53–94.32 mg/100 g),and magnesium(162.70–168.36 mg/100 g).Germination had significant symbiotic effects(linear and quadratic)on the proximate,DPPH,FRAP,MCA,TPC,WAC,OAC,and anti-nutrients.Whereas,adverse effects(linear and quadratic)of germination were noted in total flavonoids and anti-nutrients.Optimum hypogeal germination period of 72.18 h was established and corresponding protein(12.37 g/100 g),fat(1.37 g/100 g),fibre(2.15 g/100 g),moisture(10.07 g/100 g),DPPH(43.66%),FRAP(0.105mMolFe^(2+)),TPC(0.08mgGAE/g),TFC(50.25MgRUTIN/g),WAC(147.99%),OAC(147.29%),Calcium(41.77 mg/100 g),iron(0.207 mg/100 g),zinc(5.89 mg/100 g),phosphorus(94.77 mg/100 g).Phenolic compounds profile of the optimized germinated brown rice showed the presence of gallic acid(2.84 mg/100 g),4-hydroxy benzoic acid(3.41 mg/100 g),caffeic acid(4.63 mg/100 g),vanillic acid(6.19 mg/100 g),catechin(3.88 mg/100 g),chlorogenic acid(1.93 mg/100 g),ferulic acid(4.16 mg/100 g),and quercetin(1.27 mg/100 g)whereas,the non-germinated rice showed gallic acid(2.05 mg/100 g),4-hydroxy benzoic acid(2.53 mg/100 g),caffeic acid(4.11 mg/100 g),vanillic acid(6.08 mg/100 g),catechin(3.35 mg/100 g),chlorogenic acid(1.89 mg/100 g),ferulic acid(4.23 mg/100 g),and quercetin(1.29 mg/100 g).Hypogeal germinated brown rice could find application as a functional ingredient in food formulation.展开更多
【目的】探讨发芽-挤压膨化-高温α-淀粉酶协同处理对速食糙米粉的冲调性、流动性、色度、风味和淀粉消化性能等品质特性的影响,为高品质速食糙米食品的加工提供理论依据。【方法】糙米经发芽处理后采用高温α-淀粉酶辅助挤压膨化协同处...【目的】探讨发芽-挤压膨化-高温α-淀粉酶协同处理对速食糙米粉的冲调性、流动性、色度、风味和淀粉消化性能等品质特性的影响,为高品质速食糙米食品的加工提供理论依据。【方法】糙米经发芽处理后采用高温α-淀粉酶辅助挤压膨化协同处理(Extrusion-Germinated Brown Rice-Enzyme,EGBRE),以糙米发芽直接挤压膨化处理(Extrusion-Germinated Brown Rice,EGBR)、糙米不发芽分别采用高温α-淀粉酶辅助挤压膨化协同处理(Extrusion-Brown Rice-Enzyme,EBRE)和直接挤压膨化处理(Extrusion-Brown Rice,EBR)3种方式作为对照,分别比较分析糙米粉的水溶性指数、吸水性指数、冲调结块率、分散时间、粘度以及其色度、挥发性物质、淀粉消化性能等品质特性,并进行整体感官评分。【结果】高温α-淀粉酶处理能显著提高糙米粉的溶解性,其中,EGBRE较EGBR水溶性指数提高2.11倍,EBRE较EBR水溶性指数提高2.55倍;而发芽处理对糙米粉的溶解性影响不显著。高温α-淀粉酶处理能显著降低糙米粉冲调后的粘度,其中,EGBRE较EGBR粘度下降60.0%,EBRE较EBR粘度下降31.3%;而发芽处理对糙米糊粘度影响不明显。高温α淀粉酶处理还能显著增加糙米粉中挥发性物质总量,而发芽处理能降低其脂质氧化产物的含量。发芽、挤压膨化和高温α-淀粉酶三者协同处理能显著降低糙米粉的冲调结块率、缩短分散时间,其中,EGBRE较EGBR、EBRE和EBR的冲调结块率分别下降55.4%、74.8%和84.0%,分散时间分别缩短27.2%、17.3%和52.5%。同时,发芽-挤压-淀粉酶协同处理能显著影响糙米粉的休止角,改善粉体流动性能,但会适当提高粉体的色度。此外,发芽-挤压膨化-高温α-淀粉酶协同处理较直接挤压膨化处理,糙米粉中快消化淀粉比例显著提高,抗性淀粉比例显著降低。【结论】发芽-挤压-淀粉酶协同处理可以显著改善速食糙米粉的品质特征与冲调性,降低结块率,缩短分散时间,降低冲调粘度,提高淀粉的消化性能,适当增加挥发性风味物质含量。展开更多
基金supported by the Project of National Key Basic Research and Development, China (Grant No. 2002CB410804)the Natural Science Foundation of Guizhou Province, China (Grant No. 20072058)the Foundation for Young Scholars Scientists of Guizhou University (Grant No. X060036), China.
文摘Two rice varieties, Xiushui 110 with high cadmium (Cd) tolerance and Xiushui 11 with low Cd tolerance were used to study the effects of Cd stress on seed germination, seedling growth and amylase activities. The low cadmium concentration had little effect on seed germination rate. However, cadmium stress could significantly inhibit plumule and radicle growth, especially for radicle growth. Germination index, vigour index, radicle length and amylase activities of Xiushui 11 decreased more significantly with the increasing cadmium level compared with Xiushui 110. The cadmium content in seedlings of Xiushui 11 was higher than that in Xiushui 110 when the cadmium concentration exceeded 5 μmol/L, which caused lower mitotic index in root tips and amylase activities, and more serious cadmium toxicity in Xiushui 11.
文摘To determine biochemical changes during the germination of rice grains （Oryza sativa L. subsp, indica var. Mottaikaruppan） and to improve germination rate using gibberellic acid and surfactants [sodium dodecyl sulfate （SDS） （1.0 g/L） and Triton-X-100 （1.0 mL/L）], whole rice grains soaked in distilled water for 12 h at 30℃were germinated in the dark at 30℃ for five days. The highest germination rate （77.1%） was obtained on the 5th day. An increase in the content of reducing sugars from 7.3 to 58.1 mg/g DM （dry matter） was observed from the 1st day of germination. Free amino acids and soluble protein contents increased to 3.69 and 5.29 mg/g DM, respectively on the 5^th day of germination. Total protein content decreased from 100.5 to 91.0 g/kg DM during germination. Increases in amylolytic （1.1 to 190.0 U/g DM） and proteolytic （0 to 0.12 U/g DM） activities were observed during germination. Effects of different concentrations of gibberellic acid on the germination of rice grains were evaluated and 0.1 g/L was found to promote germination. When effects of gibberellic acid （0.1 g/L） and surfactants were evaluated individually and together, higher germination rate was observed in the control experiment （grains germinated in distilled water）, whereas giberellic acid and surfactants decreased the germination rate. Therefore, the flour obtained from the grains germinated for four days using distilled water to obtain high content of soluble materials and enzyme activities can be used in preparation of bakery items.
文摘This study investigated the symbiotic and adverse consequence of hypogeal germination periods on nutrients and non-nutrient characteristics of brown rice(Oryza sativa).Brown rice paddy was subjected to hypogeal germination for 0–72 h using one-factor design-response surface methodology(OFD-RSM)and evaluated for nutrients and non-nutrient characteristics.The results showed that hypogeal germination caused a significant(p<0.05)change in the proximate composition:protein(9.42–12.36%),fat(0.88–1.38%),ash(1.87–2.50%);anti-nutrients:saponin(2.03–2.22%),oxalate(2.44–3.45 mg/100 g),phytate(6.99–8.81 mg/100 g);functional properties:water absorption capacity,WAC(121.23–147.78%),oil absorption capacity,OAC(121.39–147.26%);antioxidants properties:2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH(35.30–43.60%),ferric reducing antioxidant power,FRAP(0.054–0.119 mMolFe^(2+)),metal chelating activity,MCA(44.28–52.99%),total phenolic content,TPC(0.623–0.798 mg gallic acid equipvalent per gram(mgGAE/g)),total flavonoid content,TFC(43.47–50.63 mg rutin equivalent per gram(mgRUTIN/g));and mineral content:calcium(36.0–41.76 mg/100 g),phosphorus(82.53–94.32 mg/100 g),and magnesium(162.70–168.36 mg/100 g).Germination had significant symbiotic effects(linear and quadratic)on the proximate,DPPH,FRAP,MCA,TPC,WAC,OAC,and anti-nutrients.Whereas,adverse effects(linear and quadratic)of germination were noted in total flavonoids and anti-nutrients.Optimum hypogeal germination period of 72.18 h was established and corresponding protein(12.37 g/100 g),fat(1.37 g/100 g),fibre(2.15 g/100 g),moisture(10.07 g/100 g),DPPH(43.66%),FRAP(0.105mMolFe^(2+)),TPC(0.08mgGAE/g),TFC(50.25MgRUTIN/g),WAC(147.99%),OAC(147.29%),Calcium(41.77 mg/100 g),iron(0.207 mg/100 g),zinc(5.89 mg/100 g),phosphorus(94.77 mg/100 g).Phenolic compounds profile of the optimized germinated brown rice showed the presence of gallic acid(2.84 mg/100 g),4-hydroxy benzoic acid(3.41 mg/100 g),caffeic acid(4.63 mg/100 g),vanillic acid(6.19 mg/100 g),catechin(3.88 mg/100 g),chlorogenic acid(1.93 mg/100 g),ferulic acid(4.16 mg/100 g),and quercetin(1.27 mg/100 g)whereas,the non-germinated rice showed gallic acid(2.05 mg/100 g),4-hydroxy benzoic acid(2.53 mg/100 g),caffeic acid(4.11 mg/100 g),vanillic acid(6.08 mg/100 g),catechin(3.35 mg/100 g),chlorogenic acid(1.89 mg/100 g),ferulic acid(4.23 mg/100 g),and quercetin(1.29 mg/100 g).Hypogeal germinated brown rice could find application as a functional ingredient in food formulation.
文摘【目的】探讨发芽-挤压膨化-高温α-淀粉酶协同处理对速食糙米粉的冲调性、流动性、色度、风味和淀粉消化性能等品质特性的影响,为高品质速食糙米食品的加工提供理论依据。【方法】糙米经发芽处理后采用高温α-淀粉酶辅助挤压膨化协同处理(Extrusion-Germinated Brown Rice-Enzyme,EGBRE),以糙米发芽直接挤压膨化处理(Extrusion-Germinated Brown Rice,EGBR)、糙米不发芽分别采用高温α-淀粉酶辅助挤压膨化协同处理(Extrusion-Brown Rice-Enzyme,EBRE)和直接挤压膨化处理(Extrusion-Brown Rice,EBR)3种方式作为对照,分别比较分析糙米粉的水溶性指数、吸水性指数、冲调结块率、分散时间、粘度以及其色度、挥发性物质、淀粉消化性能等品质特性,并进行整体感官评分。【结果】高温α-淀粉酶处理能显著提高糙米粉的溶解性,其中,EGBRE较EGBR水溶性指数提高2.11倍,EBRE较EBR水溶性指数提高2.55倍;而发芽处理对糙米粉的溶解性影响不显著。高温α-淀粉酶处理能显著降低糙米粉冲调后的粘度,其中,EGBRE较EGBR粘度下降60.0%,EBRE较EBR粘度下降31.3%;而发芽处理对糙米糊粘度影响不明显。高温α淀粉酶处理还能显著增加糙米粉中挥发性物质总量,而发芽处理能降低其脂质氧化产物的含量。发芽、挤压膨化和高温α-淀粉酶三者协同处理能显著降低糙米粉的冲调结块率、缩短分散时间,其中,EGBRE较EGBR、EBRE和EBR的冲调结块率分别下降55.4%、74.8%和84.0%,分散时间分别缩短27.2%、17.3%和52.5%。同时,发芽-挤压-淀粉酶协同处理能显著影响糙米粉的休止角,改善粉体流动性能,但会适当提高粉体的色度。此外,发芽-挤压膨化-高温α-淀粉酶协同处理较直接挤压膨化处理,糙米粉中快消化淀粉比例显著提高,抗性淀粉比例显著降低。【结论】发芽-挤压-淀粉酶协同处理可以显著改善速食糙米粉的品质特征与冲调性,降低结块率,缩短分散时间,降低冲调粘度,提高淀粉的消化性能,适当增加挥发性风味物质含量。
